^#  \r  ^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


I 


IQ       hil2£   I2S 


1.1 


11.25 


i 


itt  lii   12.2 


WMU 


6" 


Photograidiic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


1 


rO^ 


\ 


,v 


<^ 


^. 


-s^v 


;\ 


33  WBT  MAIN  STMIT 

WIKSTIR.N.Y.  U5M 

(716)S72-4S03 


^^' 
^ 


4^4 


r 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


Tha 
tot 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographlcally  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  Images  In  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I   Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  et/ou  peiiicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  inic  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


D 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
RellA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  Mure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  ia  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  iorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  fiim^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'll  lui  a  At*  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sent  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibllographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthode  normale  de  f llmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  peliiculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxec 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 


|~~|    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I   Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r7~|/ Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


Tha 
pos 
oft 
film 


Orl] 
beg 
the 
sior 
oth( 
first 
sior 
oril 


□Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 


rO^Showthrough/ 
I — I   Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


D 

D 


Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplAmentaire 


The 
shal 
TIN 
whi 

iVIai 
diffi 
enti 
begi 
righ 
reqi 
met 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feulllet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6x6  film^es  it  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  ia  mellleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  fiimi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


aire 

i  details 
ues  du 
t  modifier 
ger  une 
I  fiimage 


idea 


The  copy  filmed  here  haa  been  reproduced  thanica 
to  the  generoaity  of: 

La  BibliothiqiM  da  la  Villa  da  Montreal 


The  imagea  appearing  here  are  the  beat  quality 
poaalble  conaldering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  Iceeping  with  the 
filming  contract  apecificationa. 


Original  copiea  in  printed  paper  covera  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  laat  page  with  a  printed  or  illuatrated  imprea- 
aion,  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copiea  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
firat  page  with  a  printed  or  illuatrated  imprea- 
aion,  and  ending  on  the  laat  page  with  a  printed 
or  illuatrated  impreaaion. 


The  laat  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
ahali  contain  the  aymboi  ^»-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  aymboi  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appiiea. 


L'exemplaire  fllmA  f ut  reprodult  grice  k  la 
gAnAroait*  de: 

La  Bibliothiqua  dt  la  Villa  do  Montrtel 


Lea  imagea  aulvantea  ont  At*  reproduitea  avec  le 
plua  grand  aoin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  lea  condltlona  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 

Lea  exemplairea  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  eat  imprimte  aont  filmfo  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  aoit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illuatratlon,  aoit  par  le  aecond 
plat,  aelon  le  caa.  Toua  lea  autrea  exemplairea 
originaux  aont  filmAa  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illuatration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  dea  aymbolea  auivanta  apparaltra  aur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  aelon  le 
caa:  le  aymbole  -^  aignifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
aymbole  V  aignifie  "FIN". 


ire 


Mapa,  piatea,  charta,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Thoae  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  expoaure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrama  illuatrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartea,  planchea,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  *  dea  taux  de  reduction  diff*renta. 
Loraque  le  document  eat  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reprodult  en  un  aeul  clichA,  il  eat  film*  *  partir 
de  Tangle  aupArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  baa.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagea  n*ceaaaire.  Lea  diagrammea  auivanta 
illuatrent  la  m*thode. 


ly  errata 
ad  to 

nt 

ne  pelure, 

ipon  d 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

TH] 


AOTI 


#*  ^4 


JS.WPS' 


THE 


VIVITED  STATEIS 


■# 


AND 


THE  OTHER  DITISIOrVS 


OF 


THE  AMERICAN  CONTINENT 


By  Timothy  Flint, 


AOTHOR  OF  "  RECOLLECTIONS  Of  tHE  LAST  TEN  YEARS  IN  TttB 
MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY."  , 


mf 


SALVE  MAGNA  PARENS.' 


■Hr 


IN  TWO  VOLUMES 


VOL.  II. 


Cincftinati: 

E.  H.  FLINT  AND  L   R.  LINCOLN 
1832. 


-«^'.  . 


■^       • 


.  ADVERTISEMENT 


TO 


VOLUME  SECOND. 


It  will  be  sulTicicntly  obvious,  that  the  preceding  physical  geography 
of  the  Valley  of  the  Alississippi,  modified  to  meet  the  recent  changes 
occasioned  by  its  rapidly  increasing  population,  originally  made  the  chief 
part  of  an  entire  work,  intended  simply  for  readers,  who  wished  to 
acquaint  themselves  with  that  vast  country,  constituting  the  greater  por- 
tion of  the  surface  of  the  United  States;  and  at  no  distant  period  to  con- 
tain the  greater  part  of  our  entire  population.  It  was  objected  to  the 
original  work,*that  it  was  too  sectional.  In  attempting  to  obviate  that 
objection,  a  brief  view  is  here  presented  of  the  United  States,  of  each  one 
of  the  Atlantic  States,  and  of  the  whole  continent  of  America  from  the 
latest  and  most  approved  authorilics.  Our  object  has  been  to  find  a  way, 
if  we  could,  between  the  unsatisfactory  dryness  of  a  mere  abridgement, 
and  the  prolixity  of  uninteresting  detail;  in  a  word  to  present  all  the 
important  and  interesting  information,  touching  our  country  and  conti- 
nent, that  could  be  compressed  into  the  limits  of  our  pages. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  llie  year  eighteen  Imndrcd  and  thirty  one  b^ 
TiMOTuv  Flint  in  tlic  Clerk's  ollicc  of  the  District  Court  of  Ohio. . 


CINCIAXATI. 
Press  of  L.  R.  Lincoln. 


*r 


>f« 


.'  , 


^h 


d  <*- 


BRIEF  GENERAL   VIEW 


rr  '■ 


t  •  I 


OP   THE 


-,> 


UNITED  STATES. 


The  United  States  are  bounded  N.  l)y  British  America ;  E.  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean;  S.  by  the  Mexican  Republic;  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
The  length  of  the  line  of  the  sea  coast,  from  Passamaquoddy  to  the 
Sabine,  is  about  2800  miles.  The  northern  line  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
tlie  Pacific  is  more  than  3000.  The  present  number  of  states  is  24 ; 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Con- 
necticut, New  York,  Now  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland, 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Ohio,  Kentucky, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Tennessee,  Missouri,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Lou- 
isiana. 

There  are  three  organized  territories,  that  send  delegates  to  Congress; 
that  is,  Michigan,  Arkansas,  and  Florida.  These  will  shortly  become 
states,  increasing  the  number  to  27.  Beside  these,  there  is  the  North 
Western  Territory,  between  Michigan,  and  the  Mississippi ;  at  present  in- 
cluded in  the  limits  of  Michigan ;  but  very  remote  from  it,  considerably 
settled,  and  soon  to  become  an  organized  territory;  the  preliminary 
steps  for  that  purpose  having  already  been  taken  by  congress.  West  of 
the  Mississippi,  and  Northwest  of  the  state  of  Missouri  is  the  Missouri 
Territory,  as  yet  unorganized,  having  few  civilized  inhabitants,  except 
hunters  and  trappers;  extending  from  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri, 


',  ■■   * - 


»► 


4  •  DRISV   OGNERAI.   VIEW 

west  and  northwest,  t«)  tlie  Rocky  Mountiiina,  Houlli  of  White  River,  and 
weat  of  the  Territory  of  Arkansas,  spreads  another  immense  territory  of 
prairies,  bounded  south  by  the  Mexican  Republic,  west  by  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  north  by  the  Territory  of  Missouri,  aiul  east  liy  the  Territory 
of  Arkansas.  The  Territory  of  Oregon,  as  yet  unorganized,  but  contain- 
ing a  considerablo  number  of  actual  American  settlers,  includes  the 
country  belonging  to  the  United  States,  between  the  torritoriul  limits  of 
the  Mexican  Republic,  in  California,  on  the  south,  the  Pacific  Ocean  on 
the  west,  the  country  claitncd  by  Great  Britain  on  the  Northwest  Coast 
on  the  north,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  cast.  Beside  these,  there 
is  the  District  of  Columbia,  containing  the  scat  of  the  general  govern* 
ment,  and  under  the  jurisdiction  and  legislation  of  that  government. 

This  vast  country  spreads  from  49°  to  24°  20'  N.  L;  and  from  10°  E,, 
L.  to  48°  25'  W.  L.  from  Washington;  comprising  an  area  of  more  than 
2,000,000  square  miles.  No  government  exercises  territorial  jurisdiction 
over  so  much  extent  of  compact  surface,  except  that  of  Russia. 

The  United  Stales  are  divided  either  by  physical  landmarks,  or  by  dis- 
tinct climates  and  productions,  into  northern,  middle  and  southern,  and 
eastern  and  western  states.  The  northern  states  include  New  England, 
or  all  the  states  east  of  Hudson  River.  The  middle  states  include  all  the 
states  between  Hudson  River  on  the  east,  and  Potomac  on  the  south  and 
west;  including,  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  In- 
diana, IlHnois,  and  Missouri.  The  southern  states  include  the  country 
south  and  west  of  these  limits. 

Mountains,  The  United  States  are  physically  divided  by  two  great, 
and  two  lesser  chains,  of  mountains.  The  two  great  chains  are  the  AUe- 
ghanies  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  lesser  chains  are  the  Green  and 
the  Ozark  Mountains.  The  Green  Mountains  stretch  from  Canada 
through  Vermont,  and  Connecticut  to  Long  Island  Sound.  The  Allegha 
nies  commence  in  two  continuous  and  parallel  ridges  in  New  York ;  be- 
come three  parallel  ridges  in  Pennsylvania;  and  preserving  this  conform- 
ation, stretch  through  Virginia  and  the  southern  states  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  The  Ozark  Mountains  commence  near  the  Warm  Springs,  in 
the  Territory  of  Arkansas,  and  stretch  northwardly  along  the  sources 
of  White  River  and  St.  Francis;  and  pass  through  the  state  of  Missouri  in 
the  mine  country.  The  Rocky  Mountains  preserve  a  general  distance  of 
about  1,200  miles  in  a  right  line  west  of  the  Alleghanies.  They  rise  in 
the  Mexican  Republic,  and  stretch  northwardly  on  the  western  boundary 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley;  and  running  parallel  with  the  Mississippi  on  the 
east,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  west  they  terminate  in  the  arctic  re- 
gions of  British  America.  Groups  of  isolated  and  detached  mountains 
spring  up  near  these  grand  ranges,  which  to  common  observation,  seem 


or  Tiu:  r.MTri)  stati;!!. 


independent;  biil  wliicli  nre  easily  traopj,  ly  ilic  eye  of  tlio  geologial,  as 
connected  I)ranche3  of  tlicso  ruiiL'oe.  'J'ho  Rooky  iMountnins  are  by  far 
the  longest,  loftiest  and  broadest  l.'e'.t  tif  llieac  cIkiiiis,  showing  nnnicrotis 
peaks  of  a  much  higlier  elevalioii,  thnii  lias  geiicrnlly  hern  assigned  to 
them,  many  of  them  Icing  nhovo  the  region  of  pcrpeliial  eongel;ition. 
From  one  point  in  this  range,  and  at  no  great  diilaucc  from  each  other, 
are  the  head  sotirces  of  the  smithwostern  braiiflips  of  the  Missouri,  Co- 
lumbia, the  great  lake  and  river  Biirnovont  lira,  the  Yellow  Stone,  Platte, 
Arkansas,  Red  River  of  the  Mipsissii'.pi,  Rio  del  Norte,  and  Colorado,  or 
Red  River  of  California,  recently  explored  from  its  licail  f<prings  to  its 
junction  with  the  Pacific  in  tlio  gidf  .jfCaiiibrnia  by  James  O.  Pattic. 

Lakes.  See  Michigan  Territory  and  Canada. 

Rivers.  For  those  that  belong  to  the  Mississippi  Valley,  sec  Western 
States,  The  chief  rivers  of  llic  Atlantic  States,  as  we  pass  from  north 
to  south,  are  Kennebec,  Connecticut,  Hudson,  Delaware,  Siisiiiiehannah, 
Potomac,  Roanoke,  Pedcc,  Santee,  S:iv;iiinah  and  Chattahouv-^hy.  Of 
these  the  Susquehannah  is  thelarge.-t. 

Geology  and  physical  aspect.  The  northern  division  of  the  Atlantic 
belt  of  the  United  States  is  primitive  in  formation,  and  aboinids  in  rock 
of  granitic  character.  Towards  the  Alleghany  Ridges  is  a  belt  on  either 
side  of  them  of  transition  character.  We  have  seen,  that  the  western 
valley  is  of  secondary  formation.  Tlie  Atlantic  country  is  a  long  belt  of 
a  gentle  and  eqtiable  slope  from  the  fo  ii  of  the  Alleghany  Ridges  to  the 
sea.  It  is  subdivided  into  a  long  and  narrow  line  of  soil  of  sandy  cliar- 
acter,  apparently  won  from  the  sea;  or  alluvial,  and  of  a  more  fertile 
character,  the  formation  of  rivers.  'J'his  belt  extends  from  the  sea  shore 
to  the  upper  limits  of  the  tide  waters.  It  is,  for  the  most  pet.  an  ex- 
tended plain.  The  next  division  stretches  from  the  sandy  be:  o  the 
foot  of  the  Alleghany  Ridges.  It  is  of  a  loamy  and  more  fertiic  soil, 
pleasantly  variegated  by  hill  and  d;de,  and  comprises  the  more  wealthy 
and  productive  agricultural  division  of  the  Atlantic  country. 

Climate.  To  pursue  the  details  of  this  article  would  alone  require 
a  volume.  The  United  States  embrace  every  variety  of  temperature, 
from  the  cold  sea  air  of  Passamaquoddy  to  the  dry,  clastic  and  severe  tem- 
perature of  the  White  and  Green  Mountains;  softening  through  all  the 
degrees  of  Fahrenheit's  scale  to  the  climate  congenial  to  the  olive,  sugar 
cane,  and  sweet  orange.  The  variableness  of  the  climate  has  generally  been 
overcharged.  The  range  of  the  mercury  in  the  thermometer  is  indeed  great 
and  sudden;  sometimes  amounting  to  25  and  30  degrees  in  a  day.  This 
rapid  mutability  of  temperature,  probably,  produces  a  beneficial  correspon- 
ding flexibility  of  constitution.  The  American  people,  from  some  cause, 
are  more  excitable,  and  rapid  in  muscular  movement,  than  the  European 


"'i  ..rn 


CM  gl 


/. 


J  nniF.p  <n:Ni:nAi.  vikw 

Block,  fVom  wliicli  llH'y  am  derivcil.     IVInny  «if  our  uonliliitr  invalids 
croM  the  Atlnnlic,  for  llio  Immu'IIi  u|"   rliniiilu;   <T('n('riil!y,  ii    is  li.liiiv 
edto  n  disndvnntngu.     Thcro  cnn  U>  no  tloiibt,  t!i  il  nvory  sjKiicH  (A' \ml 
ady,  nnd  |>hysical  iniinnity,  upon  uliicli  climattt  upcratrs,  may  lind  in  tU^ 
wido  and  strong  divcrsilios  ofcliinato,  rurnislu'd  hy  soino  portTon  of  om 
vaat  couniry,  nil  llio  alNjviatioii,  wliirli  can  Iki  rcasonalily  lin|K'(l  fVoni  this 
lourco.     Tlir  best,  as  well  as  tlio  most  fiivoralilr  jiulges  of  Anu^ricnn  cli 
mate,  are  those,  who  have  lun;,rcst   rxpiMinicnU'd  the  uidi-sl  r;iii<,r(>  ,,1' 
foreign  climates.     Om*  ennnlry  and  cliniiilc,  iM-coniiyiinlioii,  (•hiinutoi 
and  product  ions,  eorn^spoiul  more  nearly  (o  tiint  ofChinM,  llian  any  oilioi; 
and  are  probably,  as  favorable  to  pop'.iiation,  coinforlabic?  occiip;\iinn  fn 
the  open  air,  nnd  lon<.^evity,  aa  Ihoseof  eounlrics-nnuli  more  vauntoil  in 
these  rc8])ects. 

Soil.    The  Atlantic  country  has  every  variety  ol'sdil,  from  tlu!  pnorcbf 
to  the  best.     The  sandy  belt,  from  the  river  estiiari(>s  lo  tlic  hetul  of  liiK; 
waters, is  principally  a  thin  and  mea<rre,  tlioui^di  :i  warm  soil;  and  is  c;;(d 
pablc  of  great  fertility  from  artificial  eultivalioii.     The  be;!!  between  this 
and  the  mountains  is  variegated,  thoiigli  generally   fertile  and  loiuiiy. 
We  trace  this  belt  through  the  western  part  of  New  York,  the  middle 
region  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryliind;  amove  pleasiinf,  fertile,  and  pn; 
ductivo  country,  than  wliieh  eould  scarcely  lie  desired.  Tliis  bell  is  wurm- 
cd,  and  enriched  by  di.ssnlved  limestone  intermixed  with  the  soil,     'i'hc 
estuary  belt  of  New  England,  is  narrow;  and,  almost  innnediately  IVoiii 
the  sea,  it  swells  into  hills  indenliul  with  innumerable  vallies,  furnishiiii; 
charming  landscapes,  and  a  productive,  though  generally  hard  and  ruggetl 
9oil. 

Productions.  An  infinite  variety  of  plants,  shrubs  and  trees  are  indi 
genous  to  this  wide  country.  In  New  Kngland,  and  as  far  south,  as  Vire 
ginia,  the  most  common  fruits  are  apples  and  pears,  (contrary  to  tir 
general  impression  at  the  south,  cultivated  grapck)  and  the  silk  midbtrrv 
succeed  perfectly  well,  as  far  north  as  Boston.  The  peccan  andcatalp:! 
will  undoubtedly,  naturalize  there.  Peaches  do  not  succeed  well  n(Mtli 
of  New  Hampshire.  The  common  garden  fruits  arc  abundantly  raised  in 
this  whole  extent.  Maize  and  rye  are  the  chief  grains  cultivated  nortli 
and  east  of  the  Hudson;  maize  and  wheat  in  the  middle  states;  tobacco 
and  cotton  in  the  southern  states  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Tiie  sweet 
potatoe,with  care  in  the  cultivation,  is  raised  in  abimdanceand  of  excel- 
lent quality  in  New  Jersey. 

Articles  of  Export .  In  Maine,  lumber,  vessels,  biitter,  cheese,  bed' 
and  pork.  New  Hampshire  is  chiefly  a  grazing  state.  Having  but  a 
very  narrow  Imeof  sea  coast,  her  facilities  for  the  lumber  trade  are  coin- 
paratively  small.     Vermont  is  funed  for  the  tincst  beef,  and  the  richesl 


.% 


'J 


OF   THE    I"    Ti:i>  RTiiTGB. 


(,n/ir»^  in  iIip  Unitoil  Stnlos.  Since  its  coiinnctioii  with  New  York  by 
till-  Clinniplain  t-iiiial,  Vermont  lias  toinn  in  fur  a  shuru  in  tho  lumber 
biisiiu'sH.  M:isHacbus('ttH  i'liriUHlics  tlii<  i^'onerul  products  of  New  England, 
to^'Ctlicr  uitli  a  <irc>at  amount  of  called  uiid  pickled  tish,  the  product  of 
licr  extensive  finlieries.  She  has,  also,  u  natural  iiptitude  fur  various 
forts  of  manufae.tun^s,  lieini;  llie  v'l'eatcflt  manlll'a^tnrin^  fltutc  in  the 
union.  The  middle  states  add  to  the  iiriKhii-tionsof  New  Kngland  wheat 
and  (lour.  FiMm  the  sonlljeni  Atlantic  States  the  chief  exports  arc  to- 
bacco and  cotton:  and  iVoni  tlie  Sonlhern  Stales  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 
siif;ar  and  cotton.  Sine  (;  tin;  liomc;  trade  of  the  Uinteil  States  has  l)C- 
c'oinc  one  of  tlu;  most  important  elements  of  our  prosperity,  our  foreign 
trade  has  not  advanced  in  a  ra^io  so  <,M'cat,  as  in  past  jjeriuds.  The  cx- 
jwrtin;,'  states  nude  in  llie  following  order;  New  York,  Louisiana,  Massa- 
rhuHctts,  l*emisyIvania,Si>iilh  Carolina;  and  tlie  wiioh;  amount  generally 
ran;;ea  from  (U>  to  "<(>  niilliuns  of  dollars.  In  18"J9  it  was  7iJ,558,071 
ilullars. 

C/ntf  Town.t  will  he  noted  under  the  head  of  their  states.  They  rank 
?M  the  followiii",'  order;  New  York,  I'liiladelphia,  llaltimore,  Boston,  New 
Orleans,  Charleston,  ('incinnati. 

Canals  are  hisectiufi  the  comitry  in  every  direction.  So  strong  has 
iIk;  impulse  of  the  public  mind  rcM-enlly  lu'como,  in  the  direction  of  rnnk- 
inij  canals  and  rail  roads,  that  timid  IcLrislators  have  shrunk  from  these 
cnler|)rises;  as  learfnl,  lliat  the  spirit  was  running  beyond  the  limits  of 
sound  calculation.  Hut  tho  comnumity  is  daily  becoming  enlightened 
upon  the  subject,  by  the  sure  and  unerring  teaching  of  experience.  If 
sonic  great  calamity  do  not  arrest  the  onward  progress  of  our  country,  fifty 
years  will  not  (!la|)se,  before  wagons  drawn  by  nnimal  power  will  gener- 
ally have  given  place  to  canal  lioats,  or  rail-roa«l  cars  impelled  by  steam; 
and  the  whole  cnunlry  will  be  cluupieved  by  canals  and  rail-roads,  as  it 
now  is  by  the  bad  and  deepconnnoii  roads  of  the  country.  Details  in  re- 
gard to  tho  names,  nundierand  extent  of  tho  canals,  will  be  presented 
hereafter  in  a  tabidar  view.  There  are  not  far  from  1500  miles  of  canal 
now  in  actual  use,  and  .^)(I0  miles  more  are  laid  out,  as  in  actual  progress 
towards  comi)let ion.  Of  these  the  longest  and  most  important,  in  com- 
plete operation,  is  tho  New  York  and  Mrie  canal,  360  miles  in  length. 
The  canal  t'onnecting  Pliiladelphia  with  Pittsburgh,  in  u continuous  chain 
of  a  niunberofdil  '  tsnt  canals,  will  comprise  when  completed,  an  extent 
of  between  li  and  lUO  miles,  being  by  far  the  longest  iu  the  United  States, 
fhe  Ohio  and  Mrie  Canal  is  a  slupciulous  work  300  miles  in  extent, 
uniting  the  waters  of  Lake  line  with  the  Ohio.  The  Chesapeake 
Old  Ohio  canal,  uow  in  progress,  is  intended  to  unite  the  waters  of  the 
•I'oloiuac  at  VVasliinglun  citv  with  ihe  Oliiu  river,  and  Pemisvvania  canal 


'II 


I  ■ 
ll'il 


JT 


^-*^:- 


iiKlKi-  4;i:.M:it\i.   vip.w 


III  l'ill«lMir^.|i      0|  iliiriy  cnijiila  in  opi  r.iiii.n,  ur  |irof,'rrHM,  llifHo  «ro  the 
iixmi  iin|K)iliiiil. 

|{;iil  Uomh  iIhhi/'Ii   Icsm  r.\|M'i!iiiciiicil,  iirr  lirroiiiini;  ronmion  olijfcii 
(ifrcHifrrnphiliMii.     Om-  Inr  a  hIh'iI  i|i.m|;iim-(>  mi  (liiincy  in  Mii«»!h|iuh«»iib 
onnvryH  j^'iaiiilc  Iroiii  llm  qii.-irry  l«>  lidi-  wiilnn.     i  hu>  i'vum  llw  nuniinii  (»(' 
Maiicli  Cliiiiik  co.il  lull,  rniiiirrliii^r  ii  with  n  lii'aiK'li  of  |Im<  I'ciiiiAylvnnia 
ciiiial,  irt  ill  .siic('i-h.<riil  i>|M'i:itiniL.      A  rail  load  \u  cniiHtriicliii^  at  (.'linrl«>n. 
toll,  Suiilli  ('.iitdmi.     <  >nr  Is   nimplriril  <-oiiiii'rtiii^'  Alltaiiy  willi  Srlic- 
iH'ctaily  ill  \r\v  Voi'L       A  rail  load  citiiiu'cls   New  OrlcaiiH,  willi  luki! 
l*oii<-|inrtiaiii.     (hie  of  ojutiiitic  I'raliircs  im  hi  pro^rrHM,  niui  Iwd  nuiMiil 
fi'Mldi' .scTtioiiM  of  il  lilli^ll^d,  (<i  pasH  iVoiii  llir  ('lif.sa|Kviku  to  tilt;  < Hiio. 
f.ooHiiolivc  rail  cniH  liav(!  Imicii  ihiMii  iipun  lliis  widi  a  .s|)e(>d  and  Hici|. 
ity  to  jiistiry  all  die  rraHoiialik*  I'.xpi'tiutioiis,  lliat  Jiavc  Inn;!!  rniHcd  liy 
aci'oiiids  dl'  dieir  siircrsH  in  Mii^daiid.     <  >tli«M'M  arc  ciiiiiiiiriiciii^  in  \Mw\n 
loo  iiiiiiictiiiis  Id  iiiciilitin.     A  pr(i|('cl  .-"till    iiiMn;   llrrciilcan,  than  any 
yet  cniiiiiKiicnl,  ^as  cxt'iti'd  iiiiu'li  altctilioii  i|t  New  Yurii,.     Il  pnipomtn 
lo  make  a  rail  way  IVitiii  llial  rily  over  llic  Allc;.diany  inonnlaiiiH,  llir(iii)>|| 
llir  (dales  iifi  Miiii,  Indiana  and   IDiiiiiiN,  In  llir  Misninsippi,      1{au\  roailn, 
llH)ii,<r|i  ^'i()\viii<^r  inio  pnlilic  liivor,  Intin  lli(*ir  rapiility  oriranspurt,andllH; 
^u"i\\  clU'cl  of  lilt'  powt-r  applit'il  upon  llicni,  IouciIkt  uitli   llio  advanlii^c 
tlinl   they  arc  iiol  lialilc   liko  canals,  lo  tc  iiii|K'dcd  hy  I'roHl,  art*  Hiill  m 
rontparison  willi  canals,  inaltcr.s  ofipicstiuii,  in  i'c;^'ard  to  llicir  cuiiipar%- 
livtu'licapncss  and  utility. 

These  projects  wiaild  have  .sctMiied  \ir*i(»naiy  and  (hinicttcul,  had  not 
many  w»>rks,  which  were  viewed,  but  a  few  years  since,  etpially  ho,  Ixicn 
carried  into  execution,  with  reMidlsonlstiippinir  the  most  sanguine  calcu- 
lations. Il  lias  hcen  discovered,  as  a  new  (h-inonstrutioii  in  fM)liticnl 
economy,  that  snch  works,  if  wisely  «'xecnled,  enrich  inatendorimpovcr 
ishin^r  a  country.  Nothinir  hnt  physical  iii)|M)8sil)ililies,  are  hcyond  the 
sober  holies  ol'a  yreat  and  <,'rowini,'  people,  whose  national  wealth  is  nccu- 
miilntin^',  and  whose  physical  resources,  are  constantly  developing  by  new 
discoveries  ol"  the  materials  necessary  to  briiii(  those  resources  into  piny. 
The  number  of  miles  of  canal  and  rail  road,  which  will  l>e  in  use,  when 
the  public  works  of  tliis  sort,  now  under  contract,  shall  bo  completed, 
will  exceed  4200  miles. 

Population  ntlvnnces  with  a  steady  stop  with  these  improvements;  or 
ratlior  they  arc  the  scale  by  which  its  advance  may  be  measured.  Fresh, 
cheap  and  abundant  lands  tot^other  with  the  protection  and  encourage- 
ment of  free  institutions  are  the  natural  elements  of  a  rapid  increase  of 
population.  Instead  of  any  other  allenipt  at  illustrating  our  increase,  wc 
present  the  following  view  of  it,  as  presented  by  the  census  of  diflferont 
years.      In   1700,  il    was  3,020,M-J7.     In   1800,  r),;W)5,025.     In  1810, 


op  TUB  i;!vrriM>  hr\rr.nt 


♦ 


"J/JNlVni.      Ill  IN-,>0,U,aMN,|M|.      Fii  iKiO,  I'ANr.«,lN7.     OniiiHpopu 

Inlioiijlif  j/n'Mlcsl  iiriioiitit  mh  a  yivrti  H|»rirn  jh  litiind  in  Now  Kn^lund, 
|,nrli<'iiliirly  in  MiH5iiiliiiHrllH  iiml  ( '<»inu'«ti<Mil;  if  wo  «'\cf|»t  a  piirnllelo- 
frrniiinr)M|iiiilly  ilt'iiHt',  «tr  ^'rotifer  |H>|)iiliilinii,  exlriidiii^  woHtwnrdly  from 
the  Drlnw'iro  to  llii*  Hiisi|ii('liititiiili,  70  iiiil(><i  in  Ini^Mli,  ami  tti)  inilnii  in 
hrcmllli.  iMii.NHiirliiistliM  his '/■J  |m  rsoiiM  ii|M»in)arli  sc|iiaro  iniUxifitH  nxit' 
|in(!.  Homo  oI'iIh)  ucHicrn  sl.ilc.^  hwv.  tin)  iimn;  lliaii  our  |H>rKon,  on  an 
avnriif/n,  in  llicsanK'  •■nIciiI. 

Sc/inoh.  'I'lif  nolli'  ;in*l  truly  M|inl>liciin  syslctn  ftf  Iri'o  ■rliools  ciistH 
ill  New  Kii^;l'iii<l,  :iii<l  in  Olnq|  li  is  cxIrndiiKr  its  inllncncr)  in  nil  the 
tiorllinn  and  middle  SlatcM.  Nrw  VniK  Inn  dcvisinl  nnollirr  plan  (»f  j,'on- 
j'ral  cihu'alion,  <»l^'r«"!l  I'llicicni  y  and  HMHtnincd  with  a  iiiiinilicnncu,  in 
wliicli  ihiM  ^Tt'iif  Hialo  slandri  alniir.  S<lio<»|.s  .snp|iorlcd  hy  privato  con- 
Irdiiilioii,  scniinnrics,  a«'adcniit's,  lii<.'li  hcIiooIh  for  liotli  hoxch,  IvcciunH, 
nii'ilifid,  I'lW  and  iIk  oli.^^ical  srii  nl.s  uw  Hpiiiii.'in!jj  up  widi  rarli  new 
Hi'Hsion  ofllic  h'oi.Hliitnrcs.  Assniniit<i  llio  ntiinlin-  of  cliililrcn  (aiiglit  in 
IJicdilli'icnl  sihools  in  New  \  oil,.  :is  a  hasii-i,  we  inny  calriilali!  t|i(>  nuinlinr 
of  artiial  piipiis  in  till- I  jiili-d  Slutts  al  one  inillion.  AiioIIkt  iiiillioii 
aro  aH  yrl  iinlanulif.  Thirr  arc  ^A)  incDrporalcd  rollrufcs  in  iho  IJnit«!d 
SlalOM;  lind  in  New  Mn;rlan<'  and  Now  York  'i'iS>  in(-or[((>rat«'d  ncudu- 
inics.  Snppnsiiii!;  lliis  division  of  (lie  union  lo  conlain  lialf  of  tlioso  in 
llm  Uiiilrd  Slates,  tju-rn  will  hv  a  loial  (d"  IftN.  Tlic  , standard  of  tho 
rtMpiisilo  rliaractcr  and  tpialilicalions  of  inslrnctcrH  Ins  Ix'cii  ciovntcd 
hy  llir  mral  and  laiidaldr  rvcrtioiiH  of  assfH-ialions  of  h'aclu'rs.  'J'ho 
flcliool  hooks  arn  of  a  lii;/hrr  and  inort;  instructive  stamp.  In  no  dopart- 
mont  «>f  tlio  iinprovrnicntH  of  tho  aij;(!  has  inort!  hccn  done,  than  in  tho 
rniiso  of /general  education;  and  in  none  does  inon;  yet  rcmiain  to  bo 
iloiie.  Our  institutions  can  never  hehasc'd  on  th(M'i^dit  foundatimi,  until 
the  whole  coinnninity  receive  »  suhstantial  and  virtuous  education. 

llcliifion  is  left  to  the  voluntary  rhoice  of  the  people,  no  necl  being 
favored  by  the  laws  li(;yond  another,  it  beiiii*  an  essential  principle  in  the 
national  and  state!  tfovernnients,  that  U^j^islation  may  of  ri^dit  interfere  in 
the  concerns  of  pu!)lic  worship  only  so  far,  as  to  protect  every  individual 
in  the  uninolcste<l  exercise  of  that  of  his  choice.  Hence  all  the  sects  of 
('hristianity  are  abundantly  represented  in  our  country.  The  niethodists 
are,  probably,  the  nuist  nuiiM'roiis  deiioniinalion.  The  ''presbytcrians, 
ronffreijationnlists,  baptists,  episco[ialians,  and  Uoinan  Catholics,  proba- 
bly, rank,  in  point  of  numbers,  in  the  order,  in  which  they  are  here  men- 
tioned. The  Cumberland  presbyterians  and  Christians  are  growing 
denominations.  There  are  nearly  10,(100  fixed  congregations  of  the  dif- 
ferent denominations.  The  income  of  tiio  difl'ercnt  religious,  charitable, 
missionary,  bible,  tract,  education  and  Sunday  school  societies  is  about 
Vol.   II.  '2 


lU 


fe.: 


10 


BRIEF   GENERAL    VIEW 


500,000  dollars  annually.  There  are  25  theological  seminaries,  in  which 
young  gentlemen  of  the  different  denominations  are  trained  for  their 
respective  ministries,  from  which  between  2  and  300  are  annually 
graduated. 

Military  Force.  Beside  an  organized  militia  of  about  a  million,  the 
General  Government  keeps  up  a  small  standing  army,  distributed  in  sta- 
tions along  the  sea  board,  and  the  extensive  frontier.  The  remotest  posts 
are  at  St.  Peters  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  at  the  Council  Bluffs  on  the 
Missouri,  at  Kiamesia,  or  Kiiiichie,  on  Red  River,  and  at  Cantonment 
Jessup  not  far  from  the  Sabine.  The  rukval  force  consists  of  7  ships  of 
the  line,  10  frigates,  15  sloops  of  war,  and  7  armed  schooners,  and  is  as 
powerful  and  efficient  a  force,  measured  by  the  number  of  guns,  as  can 
be  shown  by  any  country.  In  1829  the  whole  tonnage  of  the  United 
States  shipping  was  1,741  j391.  The  same  year  there  was  freighted  from 
the  United  States  133,000  tons  of  foreign  shipping.  One-fourth  of  the 
shipping  is  owned  in  Massachusetts ;  and  the  next  largest  amounts  in 
New  York.  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  rank  next  in  order,  as  ship- 
owning  states. 

Hevcnue — Has  been  chiefly  derived  hitherto  from  customs,  or  duties 
paid  by  merchants  on  goods  imported,  and  from  the  sales  of  public  lands. 
It  is  in  common  years,  not  far  from  $25,000,000.  This  amount,  in  the 
ordinary  and  peaceable  progress  of  the  government,  exceeds  the  expendi- 
tures, and  the  interest  of  the  national  debt,  leaving  a  considerable  unap- 
propriated balance  in  the  national  treasury.  The  national  debt,  in  the 
present  course  of  things,  will  be  extinguished  in  a  few  years.  It  has 
already  become,  in  anticipation,  a  question  of  congressional  discussion, 
in  what  manner  the  surplus  remainder  shall  be  appropriated,  after  the 
national  debt  shall  have  been  liquidated. 

Federal  Constitution'  This  instrument  contains  the  compact  of  our 
national  confederation.  It  guarantees  religious  and  political  freedom; 
and  is  probably  the  most  simple  and  well  digested  charter  of  political 
liberty,  that  was  ever  penned.  This  instrument  is  too  well  known  to 
require  us  to  give  any  thing  more  than  some  of  its  prominent  features. 
The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  Congress,  composed  of  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives.  The  judicial  power  is  in  the  Supreme  and 
Circuit  Courts,  presided  over  by  judges  appointed  during  good  behavior. 
The  executive  authority  is  in  the  President.  Each  state  furnishes  two 
Senators;  and  Representatives  in  number  and  ratio  as  follows:  they  are 
chosen  by  the  people  bienr'.ally,  each  state  being  entitled  to  a  number 
proportionate  to  its  population,  in  a  ratio  in  the  states,  which  do  not  admit 
slavery  of  1  to  every  40,000  souls;  and  in  the  states  where  there  arc 
slaves  of  1  for  every  40,000  of  the  free  population,  and  one  for  every 


OP  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


11 


66,660  of  the  slaves.     The  relative  proportions  of  the  representation  are 
settled  every  tenth  year,  immediately  after  takinjj  the  census. 

It  is  an  unfortunate  fact,  that  the  purest  efforts  of  abstract  reason  and 
wisdom  cannot  be  divested  of  the  taint  of  the  passions.  This  instru- 
ment, devised  by  as  enlightened  men  and  as  pure  patriots  as  have  lived) 
is  still  a  human  production,  and  could  not  exercise  a  prophetic  ken,  to 
settle  questions  growing  out  of  relations  which  no  foresight  could  have 
foreseen.  It  has  become  as  the  apple  of  discord,  a  question,  how  far  it 
grants  powers  by  construction?  where  its  power  terminates,  and  that  of 
the  state  constitutions  commence?  And  what  umpire  shall  determine 
what  are  infractions  of  its  authority?  And  how  the  penalties  of  those 
infractions  shall  be  inflicted  ?  No  community  has  existed  that  could  fairly 
trace  a  greater  amount  of  political  prosperity  and  happiness  to  a  charter 
of  government,  than  the  United  States  to  the  operation  of  the  federal 
constitution.  Every  patriot  will  carry  il  by  acclamations,  to  which  all  but 
Catalines,  and  those  who  delight  in  political  storms  for  the  plunder  of  the 
wrecks,  will  resjwnd — esto  perpctua ! 

Aborigines.  From  the  apparent  incompatibility  of  the  Indian  char- 
acter with  the  modes  and  requirements  of  civilized  life,  this  ill-fated  race 
is  every  where  wasting  away,  when  brought  in  contact  with  people  of 
municipal  and  industrious  habits.  The  whole  number  existing  at  present 
within  the  territorial  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  more  probably 
falls  short  of  300,000,  than  exceeds  that  number.  Of  this  number  half 
reside  east  and  half  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  most  humane 
exertions  have  constantly  been  in  operation,  on  the  part  of  the  General 
Government,  to  preserve  the  race  from  extinction,  by  severe  provisions  to 
prevent  their  obtaining  ardent  spirits,  and  by  unwearied  efforts  to  train 
them  to  the  the  arts  and  agriculture,  and  to  impart  to  them  the  blessings 
of  education  and  Christianity. 

Under  the  system  adopted  by  the  government,  140  agents  and  sub- 
agents,  interpreters  and  mechanics  are  employed  ■  among  the  different 
Indian  tribes,  to  carry  these  purposes  into  effect;  and  the  President  is 
authorized  to  cause  the  stores  of  the  licensed  traders  to  be  searched,  and 
if  ardent  spirits  are  found  among  the  articles  for  sale,  the  whole  goods 
are  forfeited  to  the  government. 

The  whole  number  of  Indian  schools  established  amorig  them,  partly 
by  charitable  associations  of  the  different  religious  denominations,  and 
partly  by  pecuniary  aid  from  the  government,  is  44.  The  government 
bestows  upon  the  maintenance  of  these  schools,  about  ,^10,000  annually. 
The  whole  number  of  Indian  children  receiving  instruction,  amounts  to 
1»500.  .^*,  ■■^, 


M 


'iiif 


i    !.> 


r  I 

hlbh 


M^,.'Al 


m 


mSA 

'  -    '    r.>.  mi  ■ 


-'     it, 


19 


BRIEF   GENERAL   VIEW 


Public  Lands.  The  greatest  portion  of  tlie  unoccupied  lant's  of  tlie 
United  States  constitute  the  national  domain,  and  is  the  proj)erty  of  the 
United  States.  The  property  of  these  lands  has  been  acquired  by  the 
United  States  by  cession  of  the  individual  Stales,  by  acknowledged  ter- 
ritorial jurisdiction,  by  purchase  or  cession  from  foreign  states,  and  by 
the  extinction  of  the  Indian  title  to  them.  The  ofucers  of  the  Land 
Office  are  a  Register,  and  Receiver  of  public  monies. 

The  lands  are  surveyed  before  they  are  oflered  for  «ale,  aijd  are  divided 
into  townships  six  miles  square,  which  are  subdivided  into  36  sections, 
each  a  mile  square,  and  containing  (HO  acres.  These  arc  again  subdi- 
vided iito  half,  quarter,  and  half-quarter  sections,  the  smallest  tracts  sold 
by  the  government.  The  credit  system  is  abolished,  and  the  terms  of 
sale  are  cash  previous  to  the  entry,  or  government  deed.  The  lands  are 
first  exposed  to  sale  at  auction,  by  proclamation  of  the  President.  The 
highest  bidder  at  this  sale  failing  to  pay,  the  tract  is  otVered  again,  and  the 
failing  bidder  is  declared  incapable  of  purchasing  at  the  sales.  The 
minimum  price  of  land  is  one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  an  acre.  Lands 
forfeited  for  non-payment  must  be  offered  first  at  public  sale.  Choice 
tracts  and  favorite  positions  command  good  prices  at  the  public  sales. 
But  the  greater  portion  of  the  lands  remain  unsold,  after  the  public  sales, 
and  are  entered  at  private  sale.  Those  lands  for  which  $1  25  are  not 
offered,  remain  unsold,  and  the  property  of  the  United  States.  Salt 
springs  and  lead  mines  are  reserved  from  this  sale ;  but  may  be  leased  by 
the  President.  One  section  of  640  acres  is  reserved  in  every  township 
for  literary  purposes.  In  cases  of  different  applications,  at  private  sale, 
for  the  same  tract,  the  highest  bidder  is  to  have  the  preference.  By  this 
admirable  system  all  the  townships  and  subdivisions  are  in  regular  mathe- 
matical forms,  precluding  the  fruitful  source  of  litigation,  arising  from  the 
uncertainty  of  butts  and  bounds,  in  forms  with  curve,  meandering,  or 
zigzag*  lines.  Those  forms  so  universal  in  the  farms  of  the  old  set- 
tlements, are  not  only  difficult  matters  of  adjustment  between  contiguous 
owners,  and  exceedingly  inconvenient  for  fencing,  but  are  unsightly  and 
offensive  to  the  eye.  It  is  inconceivable  that  the  beautiful  square  forms 
of  the  present  land  system  should  not  have  been  suggested  to  the  first 
settlers  of  the  United  States. 

The  land  sales  unite  three  essential  objects,  the  right  of  selection  by  the 
highest  bidder  at  the  public  sales,  extreme  cheapness  at  the  private  sales, 
and  a  title  of  a  clearness  and  unquestionable  surely  commensurate  with 
the  stability  of  the  government.  The  convenience  and  excellence  of  this 
system  constitute  an  essential  element  in  the  rapid  population  of  the  new 
states. 


'W} 


">s- 


OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


la 


Public  Deht.  In  1«30  the  unfiindod  debt  amounted  to  $40,729,000; 
nnd  the  whole  national  debt  to  ,$4H,r){U?,l(K»;  an*lat  tlie  ratio  of  redemp- 
tion, in  seven  preceding  years,  will  all  be  paid  in  1S34. 

Appropriations.  The  whole  amount  of  approprialions,  in  the  year 
1830,  for  the  current  expenses  of  the  year,  was  ,<!;13,52(S,845.  This,  of 
course,  does  not  include  the  approprialions  of  former  years  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  public  debt,  and  various  instalments  due  from  the  govern- 
ment, amounting  to  $12,315,245 — making  the  total  estimated  expendi- 
tures of  the  year  $25,844,090. 

Manvfacturcs.  Under  this  head  we  only  mention  in  this  place  the  two 
recent  establishments  of  the  cotton  and  woollen  manufactures.  Thero 
are 400  cotton  factories  in  New  England,  and  280  in  the  remaining  por- 
tion of  the  United  States;  GSO  in  all.  Of  these  135  are  in  Massachu- 
setts; 110  in  Rhode  Island;  80  in  Connecticut;  and  50  in  New  Hamp- 
shire. It  is  calculated,  that  32,000,000  lbs.  of  wool  were  manufactured 
in  the  United  States  in  1829,  giving  full  or  partial  employment  to  100,000 
persons. 

General  Remarks,  The  Canal  and  Rail  Road  system  has  already 
presented  the  resources  of  our  great  country  in  an  entirely  new  aspect. 
The  rich  and  the  poor  of  the  northern  cities,  instead  of  banishing  the 
inclemency  of  winter  by  fuel  from  the  forests  of  Maine,  rafted  down  the 
rivers,  and  shipped  over  a  stormy  sea,  are  warmed  by  coal  dug  from  moun 
tains  in  the  interior  of  Pennsylvania,  which,  a  few  years  since,  could  not 
have  been  transported  to  New  York  or  Boston  for  four  times  its  value. 
It  is  now,  in  those  places,  a  cheaper  fuel  than  wood.  The  cities  are 
building  up  with  stone  and  marble  from  remote  points  of  the  interior, 
where,  according  to  the  former  modes  of  transport,  they  would  have  re- 
mained forever  unmoved.  The  wood  cutter  of  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie 
finds  in  its  forests  cabinet  woods  for  the  city  of  London.  The  northern 
shores  of  Ohio  send  their  cherry,  black  walnut,  and  maple  timber  to  the 
interior  of  Massachusetts.  The  rugged  mountains  of  the  Alleghanics, 
along  the  path  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  will  send  their  vast  piles  of 
nature-hewn  cubic  blocks  of  beautiful  white  sand  stone  to  build  up  the 
streets  of  Philadelphia. 

Every  month  is  disclosing  discoveries  of  minerals,  the  precious  metals, 
the  important  and  useful  fossils,  pit  coal,  beautiful  marbles,  quarries 
of  building  stone,  clays  and  earths  for  porcelain,  and  an  exhaustless 
abundance  of  ores  of  iron  and  lead,  and  salt  springs,  evincing  that  a 
country,  originally  pronounced  destitute  in  these  res|)ects,  compared  with 
the  mother  country,  is  singularly  rich  and  fortunate,  possessing,  in  great 
abundance  those  materials,  hidden  in  the  earth,  which  are  essential  ele- 
ments in  developing  national  wealth  and  power. 


0 


fe:  '''•■»■ 


% 


mUim 

WW 


1'  fi'i 


14 


iinii:i<'  uHNunM.  viiow 


I     ' 


A   witio  li<tl(,  lOhiiiimrin/!^  nii  llif  N<iii(lii<rii  HliiprM  of  tlio  inoiiiHuiiH 


»I|H 


ootiiiliy  ill  Vii^^iiiiii,  mill  niniiiu;^'  iImmid*  ilinni^li  INorlli  Cnroliiin,  Mniiih 
< 'iii'oliint,  iind  (ii'or^i.'i  mill  tli(<  |iii>|iltiii*lH  nC  Ahiliiiiii;i,  iuli:iliil)<il  Ity  ||m< 
('ri<<«l(N  iiihI  <  'lin'okcrx,  hiiH  Iti't'ti  iliMrovi'i'nl  williiii  ii  linv  yciiiH  lolit<  rirli  in 
ort'tt  iir^Mtltl.  Il  IH  IoiiikI,  Ini),  in  liiiiipH  of  ii;iliv«^  ji^olil.  Si)iii«<  of  tlir  l.'U^rrHi 
riiannoN  of  itnlivn  /^'oltl  tliiil  Imvo  vvvr  lirfii  iliHrovcnMl,  Invr  U'vu  i\\\uu\ 
how.  'riiirtrtxUwiMivr  lirll  iH  covi'I'imI  with  iIioiihiiikIh  of  iimimmn  iiml  uil- 
vtMiluiDm.     (irt'iil  tiiikoiiiiH  of  ^<oU\  »iv  tilr«'ii<ly  rnniiHliril  (n  lliit  iiniinnnl 


iiiiiit,  iiiiil  lliiH  ri<f(ii)ii  iMiiy  liiMc 


illrr  V 


10  ill  pimliirlivriioHM  wild  \\w  iiiiiii>Mnr 


lMi<\i(Mi  :iii(l  Prill.  WIu'IIkm'  tlioHi«  iiiiiirH  will  li«t  ii  iiiiliniiiil  rrnitiirn*  and 
ii(lviiiit:i^>t  ,  is  nil  r\|MM'iint<iil  llmt  iniiiiiiiiH  lo  lio  l«<Hl(t(l.  In  IMisHniiii, 
llliiKiiH,  iind  tlu«  iii'W  Tcriilory  oC  lliintii  ihimik  I'irli  loiiil  iiiiiu'M  iin  tlio 
world  cull  oIUm'.  TIio  iiurlluMii  |iiii'Ih  of  llir  hiltt'r  Irri-ilory  nlioiinil, 
tiho,  ill  <'(>|i|toi'.  'I'lio  }inm\  ]>i'(i|iorlii)ii  of  llio  Aliirririin  luvipln  (no 
tliriiKirN,  ('tiiii|iiii'in)r  with  (lio  lodil  «>!'  llioNr  rii^rii^roil  in  nil  nllirr  |)ni'HiiitM, 
n»  t\\v  to  ono,  'i'li<^  iniiiitin-  of  inrrrlinnlN  iil  pirsnnl  t<n^'ii,i.M<*l  in  <-nni 
lurt'ci*  is  iilioni  S(),00().  or  llirs<<,  in  |nu|»i>iliiin  lo  llio  whole  |K)|tnl,'ili()ii, 
Miclii^iiii  'rnriloiy  inriiinhi'H  tlir  Iiii'^ohI  |iro|ioi'liitii,  iVoiii  thr  niiinlior'ir 
|MM'Mon!4  oii^>a}{**il  III  tlii^  Inr  li'iidr,  lli<«  ti'inlcon  llio  IiiKoh,  aiul  iim  tni|>|)iii^ 
wooiltiinoii.  Mas.snf!iiiH«<ltN  lian  lli<<  ;^M'«Mit«<Hl  |M'n|  tort  ion  of  any  onr  orilm 
NiatOH,  niul  l.oiiiNiiuiii  llio  n«<\(  lar;L;<>Nl  n*lativ««  propoilion.  Thr  nnnilin' 
of  iiiaiintiK'tniri'M  iiin<ninlM  to  nraily  MHMKHI.      Tlai  niiinlH'r  of  iiiiniriN 

Tho  in«<an.i  nf  inroi'innlion  jtosscMscil  hy  lli«*  piMtplror  tlir  llnitoil  St.itrK 
may  1)0  inlonril  iVoiii  tlio  liict,  that  iiiorr  than  l,r>0()  |>(<rio«licalH,  rhiclly 
liowH|ia)Mti's,  ai'«f  cii'iMilalod  in  rvny  town  and  vilhi^T,  iVoni  Maino  to  llio 
Hnliiii(>,  hriii^  a  ;jfr«tat(>r  nninlicr  ol' poiioilicalH  than  t'irciilatrH  in  any  ollirr 
roiinliy.  Of  tho  rhaiiu'lrr  of  thrsc  poriodit-alK  it  iH  nnntuTSMaiy  la 
N|Mtakf      In  a  |>oii(>('tly   \'\vv  coiinliy,  it  is  a  inislortniio  iiiHrparalilo  IVi 


nil 


(VotuI 


oin,  tliiit  i^<;nonini'o  and  ( 


h'ft'pt 


ioii,aiul  Iho  passions  will  sp<<ak  alun^' 


with  truth.  IJnt  wlion*  truth  is  lol'l  pcrlr«'tly  iVi'o  to  ronihal  error,  the 
l>alan('(>  iiuist  always  inrlino  to  tlu<  aid  ol'  thr  dilliisioii «»!'  nsrliil  iiiroriuii- 
(ion  and  truth.  From  this  iiinn(iiis(<  nninhrr  of  papers  and  p(>riodi<-jilH, 
it  I'ollows,  that  every  htuly  is,  or  assnines  lol»e  a  politician  and  le<,Mslatov. 
Tlio  dispatch  oi'  the  mails  over  more  than  t(U),0(H)  miles  of  post  roads  is 
nipitl;  and  the  lnvst  proof  of  the  security  «»!'  mail  conveyance  is,  that  llio 
c»niv«yaiu'e  ef  inonoy  is  .siil'e.  The  ollicial  catal(»j;iH' ol"  lh<'  post  olliccs 
is  a  consideralile  volnnu*,  showin<<[  sitnu>  thiaisiiiids  of  post  ollices.  The 
IMMtpio  of  the  I  idled  Stali's  oiiijhl  to  lie  a  nation  of  orators.  l''roni  lli(» 
session  of  con.\!;ie»s  to  that  ol"  «'ach  slate  lei^'islature,  every  coiistiliieiit 
nssemldy,  every  one  of  the  almost  inmiiiKMalth^  meetiiins  «d'  the  pj-oplo 
riirniRho5  n  call  for  public  sprakin;,'.     fdoro  voice  and  hrentli  arc  expended 


Jt» 


m. 


iWr 


m 


or  TiiK  ii.Nrn:i»  i4t,\tiiM. 


U 


III  lliiM  wiiy  liy  llio  |HMi|ili)  of  ilic  lliiioii,  ill  |iro|Htrlioii  lu  llit^ir  iiiiuiIicik, 
lliiiiiiii  liny  ollior  roiinli'y.  'rt'dioiiMiit'NM,  prolixilVi  hihI  iiii  iiiiNpiiriiiK 
itii|H>i'lliiily  (if  WokIm  iii'o  rvilri  )^<<iirni|t>tl  liy  iIiin  oidor  of  lliiii^N.  Iliit 
wliilnl  ^ivi'M  liiiili  lu  iMiilliliMlrx  tif  wiixly,  iiiuiin  iiiiil  iiii|Mi(lfiil  ilriiin- 
^u^iH'H,  it  t'oniiNiil  llic'Hiillii)  tiliHi  !ill  iiiicniiiiiioil  |)lo|io|'linii  of  I)k:  coiil- 
iiiiiiiiiy  l<>  lliinil  iiidI  ^iiM-rliil  piiltlii-  M|M>iiKii^;. 

'I'lio  tiMidi-iiiy  til'  llin  ii^ii  ill  ^tuiniil,  :iii<l  of  our  coiiiilry  in  iiiiiticiiliir, 
in  In  iirliicvr  ;/ii'.'it  wnikH  jty  <'oi|ioi'aln  iiMMoniitiiiiiH.  IMni  jiiivtt  limiiMxl 
lliul  llioii'    iiiiliviilital   |io\vi  r  \n  iiMinimul   liy   iiiiikiii^'  ii  |(nil  nf  roi'|Mii'iil«) 


|iu\vrr, 


ll 


IN  IIII  i\\.\v  of  iiHNiM'iiitioiiM  I'ltr  lilcrnry  iiikI  t-liiiritiijilu  |iiir|i<iMrH. 


'I'Ik^  Vociil)iiliiry  III'  IrriiiH  Iiiim  lircii  cxIiiiiihIi-iI  Io  liiid  iimiiicn  for  IIki  iiii- 
iiicniiiN  Hor.irlicH  lliiil  liiivn  hihiiii;/  ii|i  williiii  llir  lew  piiHl  yi'iirH.  Aiiioii^ 
lliniii  iivny  |iliil:iiillii'u|)iiil  will  tinlirn  willi  plniMiiin  ilioHc  tliiil  Iiiivd  I)«m!|| 
riMiiK'tl  I'iir  lli<<  Hiippl'CNhioiMir  iiili'iiipri'iiiH'*',  riirllir  ikImiiicciihiiiI  oI'  nlii- 
(iilioii,  iiikI  I<m'  iIiii  iiKtIitiiiilioii  of  {\n\  «'oii<lilii)ii  <>r  lliit  pnor.  A  iimro 
Htiilun|(  illiiHtriitioii  of  llir  l«'ii<ltii<  y  ofHiKli  Hocii'licH,  iiiitl  wliicli  iit  wiiilli 
n  voliiiiin  ol'  iltM-liiiiiiilidii  oil  \\m  Hiiltjrrl,  raiiiiol  lir  ^ivi'ii,  lliiiii  iH  riinilHii- 
imI  iiy  tlio  liii-ljliMl  ill  llin  Minulrrily  ol'  ItuMtoti,  wilJiiiiMO  ywxn  piiHt,  llioni 
liiivtf  Imtii  <'ol|iu'.t(!il,  t'liirtly  by  ||i«!M«i  iiNHoc.iiiliotiM,  I'or  cli'iiiliililo  pur|Mim)H, 

.«;I,N(MMM'». 

Ill  nnrMi'il  to  llir  ^I'lioi'iil  iip|H'iiriiii('o  ol'  llu^  lliiilnl  SiiiUin,  Now  Kiig* 
bud  iH  iloll(«il  ill  rvmy  diiiii'tioii  willi  tinil  aiid  pnpiiloiiH  villa^<;N.  All 
tlic /^i'«'iil  itiaiiiilticliii'iii^  <<Mlal)lisliiiioiilH  collttcl.  villii^t-H  rMiiiid  tjinii;  iiH 
I'lIi^clM  ol'roiirHo.  I.owrll,  Wallliaiii,  mid  PiiwIiicKol.  may  Hcrvr  im  rttrik^ 
iiiji;  4>xain|)lrM.  I'iv«^i'y  iiill  Hiilo  opniiH  to  viow  tlicHo  iiohlo  rt'cc.tiuriR,  ntid 
jrliiddriiH  (Ik^  cyo  willi  Ilio  HpircH  of  cliiirclicH.  Ninv  Yorii,  in  itrt  wholo 
cxlt'iit,  <<H|HM-.iiilly  llio  woHlrrii  pari,  oIIIthii  Hartipio  of  lliiH  ordi^r  oriliiiip^N 
parliriihrly  lo  IIiohc,  who  ran  rcinciiilK'r,  when  tiir  coiiiilry  on  llio  lino  of 
till'  I'aiial,  and  llio  lioaiilit'iil  (-oiiiihy  of  llir  hiiimII  lakr.s  was  all  a  cniitinii- 
oiioand  iinltruKrn  CoirHl.  KnclirMlrr  risoM,  a  proud  indi-x  of  tlin  nntoit- 
iMliin;^M'litiii^r«'S  wroni^litin  lliiHroiintry  in  alow  yoars. 

I'rniiHylvaiiiii  and  Ohio  liiivo  not  fallen  hrhind,  in  thiH  mair.li  ofiin- 
provrinriit*  Many  neat,  now, ami  rlirorl'iil  Inoliin^  villn^^TS  aro  won  from 
llio  ItircHl  ('Very  two  «M'lliroo  years.  The  prodi^ridun  extent  of  Iriivol,  for 
liiisiiieHM  or  pleiisure, eHtaliliMhiii,\'  an  inhM-t'oiirrHe  of  kindness  hclwoon  tlin 
reiiiolt^  iiointN  of  thn  union,  have  mote  than  kepi  pace  willi  the  improvo 
iiieiit  of  roads,  canals,  sleiini  hoals,  hotels,  <'!irria;(es,  and  every  tiling 
(•,oniiecl«Ml  willi  transport  and  Iriivel.  This  tutler  of  ihin^^'H  is  visihiy  \vnn 
percept  ihio  in  the  slave  sl.'iles,  lliiin  I  Ik;  free  slattts;  and  leasl  of  all  in  tho 
Atlantic.  ntateH  s<nUh  of  the  1'oI*iiti;m;.  In  prociHtilin^'  in  ihiHdire'ction,  it. 
isilistincly  sc^eii,  Ihnt  tho  inlliH.'iico  of  slavfiry  is  advorw;  lo  greftt  national 
work?,  to  nont  and  nouiishiug  villa^ca,  niid  coinpiiclncsMofan  induntrious 


i'. 


'I  *| 


\A  '  't 


m< 


,  >t 


16 


Ultmr   UENBRAI.   view   OF  THE   TNtTEI)   HTATEH. 


W 


and  intelli^nnt  popiihtion.  Villii^oa  ntid  rhiiroh  Hpirrs  l>rronio  nira 
objects.  If(i>lat0(l  mansinns  nrisr  nt  ^rvM  (liHfnnrrH  from  rarli  otiirr,  hup 
foiiiHlcd  by  Iho  sinpiilnr  rnntniBl  of  iipjjro  bnvrl,«i.  Tluw  ninnsiojin,  it  \g 
tnio,  nni  pmicrully  tluj  nboch's  oftlw!  most  senfitivp  honor,  iiitrllij^roricf, 
nnd  hospilnlity.  Hut  tho  rontrnsi  of  tlu;  bovclH  nnd  tlu;  inansion  cnii 
never  co:»Ho  to  be  a  iviinfiil  spcclnrlr  to  lh(>  ("Vo. 

Tho  Colonization  sorinly  is  ciiIliiiL;  iho  public  nltrntioii  to  tbo  ^rncbinl 
nnd  illtinmto  rcniovMl  of  this  rvil,  ;irI<n«»\vbMljrod  by  ovory  ono  to  lio  of 
portiMitoiis  iis|)oct.  It  ronld  be  wiMlird,  that  writers  and  declaiuiers  n|)oi) 
thCHubjei't  of  the  evils  ofslnv«'ry  bad  been  in  all  caf^'S  sensible  and  sober 
men  (»fteinp(>rate  minds  and  a  Kind  spirit;  and  in  fact,  that  tliey  had 
be<<n  always  honest  men.  An^TV  and  unspariii«.r  de<'laination  and  appj^aJH 
to  the  vindictive  fei'lin/,'s  of  the  tinlhinkin;,'  in  (he  free  stat<>H  an^  not  the 
Irno  renuMJies  for  an  onler  of  things,  wiii<di  eonimone.od  in  the  p<Tin  of 
our  country's  rriowf It,  and  has  jrrown  up  with  il,  as  a  clinmic  malady,  to  Imj 
cured  by  slow  and  gentle  reiTiedies;  and  oidy  to  !«?  su<'<M>ssfully  trcnlod 
by  liumnnennd  lem|)orato  minded  men,  who  sjo  thin«js  as  ihey  arc.  Tlic 
prand  remedy,  as  it  seems  tons,  is  to  be  exp(M-,tcd  in  the  incrensinir  lijirlii 
and  humanity  of  the  nije.  At  »ouw  distant  period,  the  entire  extinction 
of  slavery  will  arrive,  as  a  certain  result  of  the  tendency  of  the  age 
towards  purer  reason  nnd  more  enii<j[hfenod  views  of  liberty. 

The  voice  of  the  IVaco  society  is  be<:jinninj,'  to  be  heard  in  the  land. 
It  ia  making;  ^reat  nnd  laudable,  and  w<;  will  hope  ultimately  Ruceesslnl 
exertions  to  inculcate  Pvacc  on  varth  ami  good  will  to  mm. 

On  the  whole,  it  is  believed,  that  no  coimt'v  contains  so  great  a  pro- 
portion of  educated,  well  housed,  fed  and  clolhed  population,  living  in 
HO  much  freedom  and  content,  ns  the  people  of  .he  United  States. 


\\ 


! 


I 


ffe,  ^' 


#■' 


i%TLAIVTI€  STyiTE$$. 


MAINE. 

TiiK  HliitCH  (!nat  (if  HiidaoipH  river  ami  New  York  arc  cnllod  New  Eng- 
Innd,  and  <'<)ininiH(;  Mninc,  Now  IliimpHliiro,  Vermont,  MaHsachusetts, 
RIukIo  Islnnd  and  ('onnccluMit.  Wc  ronirncncc  with  Maine,  constitute 
ing  the  north  east  extremity  of  the  United  States.  It  lies  hctwoon  43°  5' 
and  'IN'^  .T  N.  L.  and  (P  and  10^'  H'  K.  L.  from  Washington.  Item- 
braces  an  area  of  ;{2,(M)0  s<]naro  miles.  It  is  bounded  N .  and  E.  by  lower 
Canada  an«l  New  Brunswick ;  S  by  the  Atlantic ;  W.  by  New  Hampsliire. 

The  soil  is  generally  level  and  <layoy  along  the  seashore,  and  moderately 
fertile.  In  the  interior,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  it  is  fine.  The 
face  of  the  coiuitry  gradually  becomes  elevated,  ns  wc  ascend  from  the 
coast.  Towards  the  Canada  frontier,  it  becomes  rugged  and  mountain- 
ous. Agamcnti<;us,  an  isolated  mountain  of  considerable  height,  and 
a  noted  land  mark  for  inariiiors,  rises  in  York. 

Climate  is  severe,  with  five  months  of  decided  winter;  but  it  is  com* 
parativ(!ly  uniform,  and  very  salubrious. 

Productions  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  rye,  barley,  grass,  pulsOj  potatoes 
of  the  best  kind,  fine  pasturage,  and  the  products  of  pasturage,  immense 
amounts  of  timber,  masts  and  spars,  staves,  boards  and  plank,  wood  and 
lumber.     Most  of  the  sea  jwrts  of  Massachusetts  cast  of  Capo  Cod  are 
furnished  with  their  chief  fuel  from  this  state,  and  its  lumber  is  exported 
to  all  foreign  parts,  that  admit  our  lumber.     The  climate,  though  severe, 
is  so  uniform,  that  the  productions  arc  of  a  class,  that  could  not  be  ex- 
pected tVom  its  temperature.     Apple  trees,  for  example,  flourish  in  the 
interior;  and  there  are  hue  orchards  of  this  fruit,  and  more  especially  of 
pear  trees.     Among  the  wild  fruits  arc  gooseberries,  currranls,  wild  plums, 
<;herries  uiul  grapes  and  tho  greatest  abundance  of  cranberries.    The  ex- 
tensive strand  of  sou  coast  is  supplied  by  the  waves  with  vast  quantities 
of  rock  weed,  which  is  vUi  excellent  manure.     The  alluvion  of  Kennebec 
Vol.  II.  3 


'111  f'l'S^f*  '' 


.«,ifj* 


18 


ATl.ANTir    STATES. 


in  lM>Ch  fi'ililo  and  dulij^hiriil.  Nuhh;  lurosla  of  llic  (erel)inthiiift$<,  ever- 
greens, spruces,  firs,  iiiid  pines  aprcail  over  tlic  state,  wherever  tin;  lum- 
berer's or  the  niltivalor's  axe  lias  not  been  i)lic(l.  The  l)irch  and  lopch 
forests  arc  exceedingly  deep  and  heavy,  and  tho  lonj^  line  of  coast,  the 
numerous  bays,  and  navij.^able  waters  |L{ivo  these  forests  a  value,  which 
they  have  in  no  other  portions  of  the  forest  country  of  the  United  States. 
Harbors.  This  state  has  a  greater  extent  of  sea  coast,  and  more  good 
harbors,  than  any  other  in  the  union;  und  in  point  of  amount  of  tonnage 
of  shipping  owned,  ranks  the  fourth  among  the  maritime  states.  The 
counties  arc  ns  follows.  York,  York;  Cumberland,  Portland;  Lincoln, 
Wiacassct;  Hancock,  Castinc;  Washington,  Mackias;  Oxford,  Paris; 
KenneJKic  Augusta;  Somerset,  Norridgcwock ;  Waldo,  Belfast;  Penob- 
scot, Jiangor.  Population  in  IN20,  298,  335.  In  1830, 3!)5),1(J8. 
liaj/s — Arc  Casco,  Penobscot,  Frenchman's  and  Passama(pu)ddy. 
Rivers.  St.  Croix,  Penobscot,  Kennebec,  Androscoggin,  Saco,  Pis- 
cataqua,  und  muny  smaller  streams. 

Lakes.  Umbagog  and  Moose  head  are  the  largest.  In  the  northern 
parts  of  the  state,  which  arc  almost  unexplored  forest,  there  are  a  great 
many  lakes,  which  are  as  yet  but  partially  known.  Deep  clear  ponds, 
from  two  to  five  or  si.x  miles  in  circumference,  abound  in  the  inte- 
rior, and  alTord  the  finest  fresh  water  fish.  Immense  supplies  of  sea  fish 
arc  furnished  by  the  numerous  bays  and  inlets  on  the  sea  shore.  The 
salmon  and  shad  of  tho  larger  streams  arc,  also,  in  their  season  a  great 
resource  to  the  inliabitants. 
Manufojcturcs.  The  avails  exceed  3,000,000  dollars  and  arc  increasing. 
Towns.  Portland,  the  capital,  is  a  neat  and  handsomely  built  town  on 
a  peninsula  projecting  into  Casco  Bay  and  is  115  miles  N.  E.  from 
Boston.  Its  noble  safe  and  capacious  harbor  is  seldom  frozen.  Ite 
public  buildings  arc  ten  houses  for  public  worship,  a  state  house,  court 
house,  alms  house,  market  house,  town  house,  two  banks,  an  insurance 
office  and  an  academy.  There  arc  a  number  of  fine  boarding  schools, 
and  private  and  common  schools,  a  town  library,  and  one  for  apprentices. 
A  stone  light  house,  70  feet  high,  marks  tlie  entrance  of  the  harbor.  It 
is  defended  by  two  forts,  and  beautified  by  u  conspicuous  observatory  on 
the  pinnacle  of  Mount  Joy.  Its  relative  ixjsition  to  the  surrounding 
country  is  fine.  A  canal  was  projected,  sonic  years  since,  which  by  an 
excavation  of  five  or  six  miles,  would  give  this  town  a  command  of  water 
communications  of  40  or  50  miles  with  the  interior.  The  principal  ex- 
ports are  lumber,  fish,  beef  and  butter.  It  is  the  eighth  town  in  the 
United  States  in  the  amount  of  its  shipping,  owning  nearly  40,000  tons. 
It  is  a  wealthy,  handsome  and  growing  place.  In  1820  it  contained 
8,520  inhabitants,  and  in  1830,   12,601.     Bath  on  the  west  bank 


-.■.«*>"-  * 


m 


m  ■'^stt-' 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


19 


of  the  Kcnnol)OC,  10  miles  from  llio  sc;i,  owns  nmsidcnhlo  shipping,  und 
is  a  place  of  importuiico.  IJriiiiswicK,  WiHcissct,  Ilullowc;)!,  AuRUsta, 
York,  Casco,  Machias,  Biiiipror  and  \V;it(!rvillc  are  conHideraliic  towns. 
Brunswick  JH  on  I  ho  Andro«co;,';^Mn;  WiHcasHol,  on  tlio  Sliccpscol ;  and 
both  Hallowcll  nnd  Augusta  on  the  Kennebec.  These  towns  are  favora- 
bly aitualed  for  foreign  trade.  'J'he  state  abounds  in  sea  jjorts.  A 
number  of  fine  islands  along  the  coast  give  the  inhabitants  the  advantage 
of  an  interior  and  protected  navigation. 

Population.  At  the  close  of  the  hito  war,  the  advance  of  this  state 
was  at  a  pause.  Many  of  the  inhabitants,  in  discouragement, cither  emi- 
grated, or  were  propaiing  to  emigrate.  But,  possessing  the  essential 
elements  of  population,  fertile,  fresh  and  cheap  lands,  and  beside,  having 
peculiar  advantages  for  maritime  trade,  und  easy  and  numerous  commu- 
nications with  the  interior  by  large  and  fine  rivers  and  bays,  possessing 
an  excellent  soil  for  hay  and  pasturage,  a  salubrious  climate,  and  an  ad- 
venturous and  hardy  population,  it  soon  resumed  its  advancing  progress. 
The  natural  aptitude  of  the  American  people  for  communications  with 
the  sea  impelled  settlers  to  this  region.  The  gain,  since  the  last  tvnsus, 
is  out  of  proportion  greater  than  any  other  New  England  state,  i  ing 
101,138,  The  pursuits  of  a  great  portion  of  the  people  are  maritnne, 
and  their  liome  on  the  blue  water.  The  vessels  of  its  mariners  are  in 
overy  sea.  The  sailora  are  noted  for  the  reckless  daring,  with  which  they 
commit  themselves  to  small  sloops  of  30  or  40  tons,  to  encounter  the 
most  remote  and  stormy  seas.  They  have  a  habit  of  aflirming,  tliat  they 
have  learned  their  little  crafts  the  science  of  finding  their  own  way  amidst 
the  billows.  These  arc  the  mariners,  who  in  lumber  vessels,  manned 
with  two  hands,  and  sometimes  with  a  single  one,  dash  away  to  the  West 
Indies,  before  they  are  profoundly  acquainted  with  the  occult  science  of 
trigonometry,  and  logarithmic  tables,  and  of  whom  it  is  humorously 
said,  that  they  throw  shingles  overboard  at  intervals,  as  they  pass  out, 
by  which  to  find  their  way  back  again. 

Education.  Bowdoin  college  in  Brunswick  is  a  flourishing  institution, 
rich  in  funds,  with  resi)ectable  endowments  and  buildings,  and  a  libmry 
of  5000  volumes.  Theological  seminaries  are  established  at  Bangor, 
and  Wutcrville;  and  lycccms  at  Hallowell  and  Gardiner.  There  are 
twenty  two  incorporated  academies;  and  town  schools  and  common 
schools  are  diffused,  with  the  New  England  spirit,  over  all  the  towns, 
villages  and  settlements  of  the  stale. 

Religion.  In  this  new  state,  as  happens  throughout  our  country  in 
similar  circumstances,  the  several  denominations  have  emulated  each  other 
in  efforts  to  impress  an  ascendant  influence  upon  the  young  community. 


'■•'■a,  .4itl«'-3 


*'i'| 


l'^:* 


'  (I 


if  *l  ''  I U 


tME| 

IKl 


fm, 


# 


ATLANTIC    STATES. 


There  ore  nearly  4W  established  rcligioiw  nociuticfl,  amou)!  whirh  the 
congrogalionalists  nrc  at  present  most  numerous. 

Government.  Maine  was  united  with  MassHcJiusetls,  luidor  llie  name 
o4  the  District  of  Maine,  until  1N'J(),  when  the  union  was  amicably  ilis- 
solved,  and  Maine  was  received  into  the  union. 

General  Aspect.  A  panorama  of  this  extensive  stale  would  show 
three  fourths  of  its  surface  covered  with  a  dark  and  de«'p  forest  of  bircli, 
beech,  and  evergreens.  A  wi<lc  belt  along  the  sea  shore,  and  the  niivi/^'ahjo 
inlets  and  rivers,  and  waters,  u\Km  which  rafts  can  Ihiat,  would  he  seen 
denuded  of  their  forests.  The  cleared  squares  cut  out  of  the  forest  would 
be  soon  diminishing,  ns  wo  advance  towards  the  north,  until  we  reat^h  a 
wide  and  unbroken  forest.  Numberless  transparent  |ionds  would  he  scon, 
dotting  almost  every  township.  Far  in  the  interior  wo  should  see  the 
peculiar  class  of  interior  New  England  husbandmen,  like  the  |)eoplc  of 
the  west  clearing  their  lands;  and  in  the  spring  making  maple  su/'ar  and 
relying  solely  on  agriculture  for  subsistence.  We  should  see  tho  adven- 
turous mariners  spreading  their  sails  on  every  sea.  Innumerable  wood 
vessels  from  otlicr  states  would  bo  seen  ai)proaching  her  shores,  to  pay 
their  titlie  for  tho  privilege  of  carrying  her  fuel  over  the  stormy  sea,  tluit 
rolls  a  lido  upon  some  portion  of  her  shores  of  40  feet  in  hei;^ht.  Ilor 
lime,  tlic  most  beautiful  in  the  country,  would  be  seen  transported  to  the 
shores  of  Maryland  and  Virginia.  Rich  and  productive  lead  mines,  re- 
cently discovered,  would  be  seen  increasing  her  commercial  resources. 
If  overhung,  for  a  considerable  portion  of  the  year,  with  a  leaden  and  in- 
clement sky,  tho  inhabitants  the  while,  would  be  seen  gaily  sliding  over 
their  snowy  surface  in  sleighs,  breasting  tho  keen  air  with  u  spirit,  that 
finds  elasticity  and  vigor  in  triumphing  over  the  rigor  of  nature. 


mill 


iSi 


;r^ 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


Bounded  by  Maine  E.;  Lower  Canada  N.,  Massachusetts  S.  and  S.  E. 
for  a  distance  of  18  miles  by  the  Atlantic.  Area,  10,000  square  miles. 
Between  42°  12'  and  45°  11'  N.  L.;  and  4°  29'  andO°  19'  E.  L.  from 
Washington.     Its  shape  is  an  open  fan  witli  the  handle  to  the  north. 

Divisions.  Rockingham^  Portwiovfh;  Merrimack,  ^'onwn? ,-StratV<)rd, 
Dover,  Gilmantown;  Hillsborough,  Amherst;  Cheshire,  Keene,  Charlcs- 
toum,  WalpoU;  Grafton,  Hanover;  Haverhill,  Plymouth  Coos,  Lancas- 
ter; Sullivan,  Newport.  Population  in  185iO  241,101.  In  1830, 
269, 533. 


J^' 


ATl.ANTir    STATES. 


•1 


Xttitcct.  A  iKirrnw,  Handy  plniii,  iiidciitod  willi  Piiiidl  h(ni  inlets,  nkirtH 
lliclinc  ofcMiiHt.  Af  ltd  j^'ni.'il  <lisliinct',  iIk?  <-.onntiy  rises  into  liills  nn<l 
mnnnfnins.  N<'w  ll:nu|)sliirn  insiy  hr  jiiHily  drHi;,'iiiit(  d  ilio  stiito  of  liilln. 
TliK  iii^lu'st  |)<-:il\H  of  llu!  Hnldiini:  riiii^T  nf  tin;  Wliiic  MountiiinH  aro 
rnoro  oluvntcd,  tliiin  iiny  otiici'  nionntiiiuH  in  tlic  Dnilcd  StatrH,  (except 
tliut<out'llio  llocky  Moiinlains.  IMDiiadnock,  Monso  liill<i(d<,  Kcvirsai'i^c, 
Sunniii)uo,  iind  Ossipcc  arn  lii^^di,  interior,  (!(.<ta(dicd  inoiiidaiiiR.  Tliu 
iiutnb'Ji' of  uiuuntainH  and  liilLs  <i;ivc:s  llu!  stale  a  liiirsli  and  r()n.'j;li  aa- 
(icct;  and  tlu;  ininionar  inaswactf  ;4ranit(!  risinjj  upon  all  sides  have  pro- 
cured for  it  llio  appellation  u['\\\v.  granite  .stofr.  Hnl,  many  of  tiio  vallies 
tire licautifully  ^M'een,  slielleriMl  and  fertile.  'J'Ik;  rivers,  in  [lartieular, 
have  rich,  allnviai  bottoms.  Those  of  the  (Jonncctient  n«ay  he  ^'iveii,  as 
a  sample.  'JMic  soil,  thon^rh  often  cnciitnl.eriHl  with  stones,  has  a  ^o( id 
(Iryrco  of  fertility,  and  is  particularly  line  lor  |)astiiraf,'e.  The  conntry 
originally  was  heavily  timiiered,  and  in  tlx;  interior  are  still  <;onsi(l(<rahlo 
extents  of  forest  country.  There  are  extensive  plains  of  a  warm,  li^^ht, 
aandy  and  jwculiar  soil,  rescmhiiny,  when  <deared,  the  poorer  of  the  high 
western  prairies,  covered  in  their  natural  stale;  with  white  pine  and  called 
jmc  'plains.  The  climate  is  healthy.  The  lakes  and  rivers  aro  ordina- 
rily frozen  four  months  in  the  year.  Winter  commences  in  Novernher, 
and  tcrminntcs  in  April.  It  is  chielly  an  agricultural  state.  Of  hilo 
years,  however,  tlicpeo|)le  have  heguii  to  appropriate  their  frequent  and 
permanent  water  power  to  manufacturing  purjMJscs.  Beside  domestic 
manufactures  to  a  great  extent,  this  stale  has  large  manufactures  of  iron, 
woollen  and  cotton.  Tlierc  are  40  establishments  of  cotton  and  W(M)llen, 
10  of  paper,  and  u  number  of  iron  in  Franconia,  and  other  places.  Class 
is  also  manufactured.  Great  rnanidacturing  establishments  have  arisen 
at  Dover,  E.xctcr,  Peterborough,  Franconia,  and  Durham.  New  Ipswich, 
Keenc,  Milford,  and  Wal[)ole  arc  also  towns  which  possess  manufacturing 
establishments  to  a  considerable  extent. 

The  manufactures  of  this  state,  in  ISIO,  exceeded  $5,000,000.  They 
must  have  more  than  doubled  in  value  since. 

Lakes.  VVinni[)issiogee  is  a  romantic  and  beautiful  sheet  of  water  in 
the  centre  of  the  state,  23  miles  in  length.  It  is  sprinkled  with  numerous 
islands,  and  abounds  in  the  fmesl  kinds  of  fresh  water  fish.  LJnd)agog 
lake  lies  partly  in  this  state,  and  partly  in  Maine.  S(piani,  Ossipce, 
Sunnapee,  and  Newfound  lakes,  aro  considerable  colleclions  of  water. 

Rivers.  The  Connecticut  se[)arates  the  wesleiii  shore  of  the  state 
from  Vermont.  Merrimac,  Piscataipia,  Androscoggin  and  Saco,  all  con- 
siderable rivers,  rise  in  this  state.  l*iscata(|ua  has  almost  its  whole  course 
in  the  stale.      The  smaller  rivers  are  Upper  and  liower   Amnionoosuc, 


%m.''. 


i\ 


ff''' 


uMnii^n  t, 


M>  .ill? 


Sc'^hj'«'#ii 


m 


*^i 


^Ti.wrir  nTATi:H. 


MiijMr.  AnIiU(  )<•(,  Miiri^iillawiiy,  nnil  NiiHliiin.     'I'lio  Hiniilirr  null  NirrnnM 
nrtM).\<M<i>i!iii;;ly  iiiiinoroiiM  mid  li«iiuliriil. 

Toirnn.  I'orlHiiiuiitli,  oil  llii'  himiIIi  Itiiiik  ol'llut  INNrnliii|iiti,  llirn*  iiiili« 
froiii  ilN  jiiiH'liiMi  with  iIichim.  liiiHiiiu>itrilir  Niili'Nt  nii<liiinni  ('.iiiiiiiiotlioiiH 
linrltoin  ill  tliu  Hiiiltil  SIiiIcn.  Ii  is  novcr  IVu/.ni,  is  Ntroii^lytlci'tiiilctl  liy 
two  forlH,  'iihI  iiii<>lit  i<:iHily  btt  rnidrml  iiM|M'r^iiiil)lr.  A  li^'lit  lioiiNtt  mi 
<iniiil  IhIiiiiiI  iixlinilcH  tliiMMitranri!  (o  il,  anil  lliit  hr^rcft  Hlii|)ri  nni  coinu 
to  \Uv  whiirvi'H.  Il  is  liiNtiiiit  ril»  iiiilrii  norlli-ivinl  Iroiii  lloHton.  Il  in  \\n\ 
only  NiNi  |M)rl  in  llu'  hIiiIc.  Iih  imihiIioii  iH  pUMitianl  anil  HaliilirioiiH,  ami 
tli(>|i;rral<'i'  jKirt  of  IJiii  town,  liaviiif^  lii>i>n  rrltiiilt  iVoni  a  firii  noinr  yrari 
linn*,  in  very  liaiKJHoinriy  linill.  Il  i-onlaiiiHN  lionsrH  fur  piiMir  worHliip, 
nniong  wliicJi  llir  l''i|iiRrn|ial  cliuirli  in  iliHtiii;(niHlii<(l  fm  ilH  ni/.r  mu\  liivinly. 
Tlio  otlirr  pnlilir  Imiidin^N  ari<  a  court  Iiouhc,  jail,  alms  Iioiimi',  acadnny, 
ntliiMiu'iiin,  two  inarkri  lioiidri,  ln\vn  hall,  rnntoin  lioiiHr,  an  insuiMiiru 
oilier,  and  tiv«f  Itankn.  A  very  lianilHoino  Itrid^o  aciosH  llin  l'iM('iitii(|im 
I'onnrrls  il  with  Killury  in  Main«<<  On  Navy  iMland,  in  llio  rivi-r,  is  lim 
ITnilod  Slair?!  Ship  Yard,  wilh  all  thornpiiHili!  appiirli'iiaiucH  for  hiiildinf^ 
Rlii|>H  of  war.  'rwi>7'l  ^iiii  nhipi*  huvo  already  hi>«>n  htiill  hero.  TIh; 
town  possrsscA  ovur  V!.\(MK)  lonM  ol'  shipping.  Many  valiiahli;  pri/CH  were 
lii'oufiht  inio  this  harhor  dining  Ihn  lato  wur.  Il  has  iilino  inarkut,  iiiiiri> 
particniaiiy  lor  iish,  and  i(  dillcrs  tVoni  any  oIIkm-  New  Mn^land  town  in 
the  eirennintanre,  Ihal  many  femah-s  hrin^f  arlieles  to  inarkol,  de.5('eiidiii/i( 
tliR  l*iseala(|ua  in  skill'!*.      In  iNtiO  ihu  popnlnlion  was  7,:)'i7.     In  1n:((i, 

Kxoler  is  n  handsome  village,  1&  inilen  Hoiilh-west  of  PortsmoMtli. 
Small  sua  vessels  aieend  toil,  it  l;(<in^al  the  head  of  tide  water  on  Kxeler 
Kivpr.  Il  contains  a  nninlNM*  of  pnhlic  hiiildin^s,  and  lliree  chnrches,nn(| 
is  the  sent  of  very  coiistderahle  mnnnfaelnreH.  Phillip8^  Kxeler  Academy 
in  this  plnce  is  oiu;  of  ihi;  most  ancienl,  opulent  and  useful  instilntioiis 
in  the  Dniled  States,  having  many  of  Ihu  advanta^'es  and  endowments  of 
n  colle^'e. 

Concord,  sitnaled  on  both  sides  of  the  Merriinac,  central  to  the  state, 
and  tWi  miles  noiih  norlh-wusi  from  Boston,  is  the  political  motro|MiliM, 
and  the  seal  of  government.  The  compact  part  of  Iho  village  containn 
one  ncal  street  two  miles  in  lcn*{th,  in  which  an;  a  magnilicent  state- 
house,  and  a  state  prison,  hnth  of  stone.  There  are  a  numlier  of  oUier 
public  liuildin«:s.  Two  bridges  connect  the  chief  villafrc  with  the  villa^'c 
on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river,  it  issin^s  Ihreejira/.etles,  and  is  a  placn 
of  lar^e  and  growin^r  business,  and  contains  about  :),(NH)  inhabitants.  It 
has  a  luKitalilc  communication  wilh  Boston  by  the  river,  and  by  Middlesex 
Canal  connecting  with  it. 


ATl.XNTir    UTATTH.  W§ 

lliiiiovrr,  lliiverltill,  ('lirirU>nlnwii,  iiiiii  VViil|Hi|r  nn-  liir^'«<  aii.l  unit  vil- 
lii^fM  un  tlir  ('•mndcliriit ;  t\n  nri'  Kmu;  iiimI  AiiilirrMi  in  ilir  interior. 
DoviT  if)  (I  liir^'o  iii:iiiiiriirliiriiij|(  villii^r  on  llio  wcbI  liiiiik  of  iIki  l'iHr:iltu|ii«> 
Till!  rivrr  < 'nrlirro  Mown  llimiiuli  it,  linviti^r^n  it  fiillM  .■initnlini^iiiliniritlilrt 
wiitiT  |)rivilr|,'«'H.  li  intlic  sriit  orr«li'fi>4ivr  cuWttU  riclorirM,  iiiiil  ofHoiiir 
iron  workH.  It  Iiiih  ^tovvii  to  rn|M(l  roiif<i<i|fM<nri!  murr.  it  Iiiih  IxM-oiiin  tlio 
HUiil  ••('  Hiirli  extensive  niiiiniriietMrirN  It  Iiiih  ii  nuynl  ''r  <*f  pnlilic  liuild 
iiif^'H,  1111(1  is  (I  |ilaee  of  inen^iisiii^  iinpMrt'inre. 

LiUrttry  InslilutUms.  Dartinoiitli  ('olle^'o  raiiks  i\n  iIm;  third  literary 
iiiHtiliition  in  New  I'liif^iand.  It.t  endownierits,  lilirary  iiril  |t!iiloW)|iliieal 
n|i|iar(ittiH  are  r(<s|i<'ct(ilile,  nnil  it  lias  n  tneilical  seliool  of  (l(;servi<(l  rcpn- 
tation  attnclied  to  it.  I'liilli|m^  Kxeter  Acaileniy,  ofwliirii  we  huv(3((|iuknn, 
litis  fiinilH  totlie  ninonnt  of  *^N4>,<HNK  'I'liero  are  a  frreiil  nninlKT  of  lenii 
consMJerahly  endowed  neadeniies,  and  tlie  prinnry  and  otiier  hcIiu<iIh  nro 
on  till!  ^'en<<rai  footin^^Mif  the  l\(;w  Mn<^dan<l  nysteni. 

CharmUr  of  the  I'opulallon.  The  inhaliitanln  are  a  iH'allliy,  tnll, 
rohuBtjinihiHtrious,  well  iniortned  and  enlerprisin^ people,  iVii^nl,  reli^ioui, 
Aiiil  joaliMiH  of  their  ri^dits.  The  pr(!vai!ing  relij^iuiiH  dunoniinatioHH  aru 
(/iin^rc^^ationidifltH  and  Haptists. 

Cnmiiuri'v-  ChceHe,  hutler,  iMicf  and  purk>  lutnlK^r,  linun,  livsido  mnn- 
ufartureH,  aro  tho  chief  nrticloH  of  export.  Much  uf  the  ngricnitural 
jirodtictH  ^o  hy  lliu  Middloflox  (Janid  to  UoHton. 

Natural  VwUmtivH.  The  White  MountaiiiH  nllord  s(!enery  incxprcflni- 
bly  f^'rand,lioin}r  of  Alpine  elevation,  and  deriving  their  name  Prom  luting 
gonorully  white  with  «now.  Tho  lovers  of  nattire  come  to  those  wild 
retreats  from  great  di.Hlniu^cH,  to  contemplate  the  varied  nsperts  of  the<io 
iiihlimo  peaks,  to  hear  the  rour  of  the  motiiilain  wimlH,  and  the  tunihle  of 
their  ice-lormed  torrents.  The,  Nofrfi,  or  (!apf  is  a  striking  ohjert  of 
ciniosity.  'J'he  river  Saco  sweeps  liy  it,  forming  splendid  eascadiis.  An 
allccting  moral  interest  has  heen  associattvl  with  this  wild  spot.  In  1H25 
n  .v/t(/r',  ur  earth  avalanclu^,  in  a  night  of  storms,  huri<;(l  a  whole  family 
residing  here,  that  had  been  alarmed  hy  tho  crashing  of  its  first  disrup- 
tion, and  who,  in  attempting  to  fly  from  its  path,  were  arrested,  and  htiried 
under  the  superineninhent  mass. 

The  panorama  of  New  Hampshire  would  exhihjt  many  mountain  pnaki, 
innumerable  granite-covered  hills,  nmch  grand  scenery,  and  not  a  little, 
especially  on  the  shores  of  the  Connecticut,  of  surpassingfertility,  amen- 
ity and  beauty.  The  living  part  of  the  picture  would  show  as  hardy  a 
race  of  agriculturists  as  the  world  can  offor,  breasting  with  the  same  spirit 
of  defiance  the  storms  and  sleets  of  winter,  and  the  fervors  of  the  <log- 
day  sun.  The  winter  Sabbath  would  present  the  sleighs  gli<liiig  over  the 
snow,  Usariny  the  families  to  the  village  church.     During  tlie  long  winter 


m 
I 


H- 


iV' 


I  ■m^. 


k.  :i\y  '■  ■  •! ii^*  Jil 


24 


■>,'■. 


ATLANTK'    STATES. 


evenings,  when  the  wind  howls,  nnd  the  snow  storm  pours  along,  we  should 
sec  Ihcsc  families  around  Ih'c  Idazing  hearth,  the  mother  and  daughters 
occupied  in  the  quiet  domestic  occupations,  and  the  favorite  reader  of  the 
family,  in  a  tone  between  recitation  and  harangue,  reading  aloud  from  the 
hardly  earned  book  or  gazette. 


VERMONT. 

Bounded  north  by  Lower  Canada,  east  by  New  Hampshire,  south  by 
Massachusetts,  west  by  New  York.  Between  42°  42'  and 45°  N.  latitude 
and  3°  39'  and  5°  31'  E.  longitude.  It  contains  10,200  square  miles. 
It  resembles  a  fiin,  with  its  handle  towards  tlie  south. 

Civil  Divisionfi.  Bennington,  Bennington;  Windham,  Bratllchoro'; 
Rutland,  Rutland;  Windsor,  Windf!07';  Addison,  Middlcbury;  Chitten- 
den, Burlington;  Franklin,  St.  Albans;  Orange,  Newbury;  Caledonia, 
Danville;  Essex,  Guildhall;  Orleans,  Derby;  Washington,  Monteplicr; 
Grand  Isle,  Alhurgh.    Populat  ion,  in  1 820, 235,764.     In  1830, 280,079. 

Physical  Aspect.  Charmingly  picturesque,  no  country  showing  greater 
variety  of  hill,  dale,  declivity,  green,  wooded  mountain  peaks,  roaring 
torrents,  subsiding  into  cool,  mountain,  trout  streams,  than  the  Green 
Mountains,  which  run  in  a  broad  mountain  belt  through  the  whole  state 
from  north  to  south.  The  highest  peaks  of  this  chain  are  Killington 
Peak,  Camel's  Rump,  and  Mansfield  Mountain.  Ascutney  is  a  detached 
mountain,  showing  to  great  advantage  from  Windsor.  These  peaks  have 
an  elevation  of  from  3  to  4,000  feet.  This  chain,  stretching  north  and 
south  in  a  line  interminable  to  the  eye,  makes  a  majestic  appearance  seen 
in  the  distance,  as  we  approach  the  mountains  either  from  the  east  or  the 
west  side.  The  western  declivities  are  the  most  precipitous,  and  arc 
clothed  with  a  dark  forest  of  evergreens.  From  the  perennial  verdure  of 
the  terebinthine  forests,  the  range  and  the  state  have  obtained  tiimr  name. 

Forests-^AxG  heavily  timbered  with  pine,  hemlock,  larch,  birch,  beach, 
maple,  ash,  elm,  and  white  walnut,  here  known  by  the  name  of  butternut. 
Productions.  Maize,  barley,  rye,  oats,  potatoes,  pulse,  grass  and 
fruits  prosper  here ;  and  wheat  on  the  west  side  of  the  mountains,  the 
soil  being  fine,  with  small  extents  excepted,  even  on  the  mountain  sides 
and  summits.  Dark,  rich  and  loamy,  and  admirably  calculated  to  sustain 
drought,  it  aifords  the  finest  pasturage  of  any  state  in  the  Union.  Tlie 
world  cannot  oiler  finer  beef  than  is  fed  on  the  rich,  white  clover  pastures 
of  Vermont,  and  tiic  butter  and  cheese  are  universally  known  for  their 
excellence- 


pitous,  and  are 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


25 


Climate.  The  winter  is  sliorter  than  in  New  Hampshire,  though  it  is 
more  exposed  to  sudden  alternations  and  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 
The  snow  on  the  north  sides  of  the  mountains  falls  deep  and  lies  long. 
The  winter  commences  with  December,  and  ends  with  March. 

Character  of  the  Population.  The  Green  mountaineers,  the  Scotch 
of  the  United  States,  are  remarkable  for  their  strength  and  robustness  of 
body,  and  acuteness  of  mind.  They  are  a  determined,  adventurous,  wan- 
dering people.  Hi  tie  afflicted  with  the  malady  of  bashfulness,  and  are 
found  in  all  the  other  states  as  immigrants.  The  uneducated  are  dis- 
tinguished by  a  peculiar  dialect,  and  mode  of  pronouncing  particular 
words.  Their  first  remove  is  ordinarily  to  the  north  parts  of  New  York, 
whence  they  pass,  after  a  short  stay,  to  the  states  south  and  west. 

Rivers.  The  Connecticut  forms  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  state. 
It  has  been  recently  ascended  to  the  shores  of  this  state  by  steam  boats. 
Onion  River  passes  through  Montpelier,  the  capital,  into  Lake  Champlain, 
at  Burlington.  Otter  Creek  is  a  considerable  branch  of  Onion  River. 
Lamoile  and  Missique  are  considerable  streams  north  of  Onion  River. 
Many  smaller  rivers  rise  in  the  Green  Mountains,  and  assuming  in  their 
course  a  charmingly  romantic  character,  discharge  east  into  the  Connec- 
ticut, or  west  into  Lake  Champlain.  The  whole  state  abounds  in  streams 
of  a  size  to  drive  mills  and  raanufiictories. 

Lakes.    Lake  Champlain,  between  the  west  shore  of  this  state  and 
New  York,  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  128  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  20 
wide.     It  discharges,  at  its  northern  extremity,  by  the  river  Sorel  into 
the  St.  Lawrence.     It  contains  upwards  of  60  islands,  of  which  Motto, 
and  North  and  South  Hero  are  of  considerable  size.     Beside  the  rivers 
which  flow  into  it  from  the  Green  Mountains,  it  receives  the  Chazy, 
Saranac,  Sable,  Bouquet,  and  Wood  rivers  from  New  York,  on  the  western 
shore.      Burlington,  Plattsburg,  St.  Albans,  and  Whitehall  are  the  most 
considerable  towns  on  its  shores.     The  Champlain  Canal  connects  it  with 
Hudson  River,  and  the  New  York  and  Erie  Canal.     It  is  navigated  by  a 
number  of  steam  boats  and  lake  vessels,  lying  extremely  convenient  to 
facilitate  the  commerce  of  the  state  both  with  New  York  and  Montreal. 

Memphremagog  is  a  considerable  lake  25  miles  long,  and  3  broad, 
lying  partly  in  Vermont  and  partly  in  Canada,  receiving  a  number  of 
streams  from  this  state,  and  communicating  by  the  St.  Francis  with  the 
St.  Lawrence. 

Towns.  This  state  is  entirely  interior.  Yet  the  system  of  internal 
improvements,  the  Champlain  Canal,  and  the  lake  vessels  and  steam  boats 
have  in  some  sense  brought  it  in  contiguity  with  the  sea.  Montpelier, 
on  Onion  River,  in  a  position  nearly  central  to  the  state,  is  the  political 
metropolis.  It  is  120  miles  S.  E.  from  Montreal,  160  N.  W,  from  Boston, 
Vol.  H.  4 


\  *5 

W 


Its 
ill 


m 


111'  ;i 


'*r  All 


.,■  --r--  ji 


\  :4 


20 


A'l*l,ANTir    «IT/\TK*i. 


m 


i; 


mid  lf»0  N.  K.  Cntm  All»niiy.  h«'oii(ninH.I»ff«i(lp  llic  Hfnir  liniiNf,  n  niiui 
Itor  of  pnlilic  iMiiMiiij^H.  mihI  h'imihtIhIiN' uiimiiltnlmin;.;  rHlMliliHliniciitM 
TUr  |H)|Milti(iiiii  if)  M I  MM)  I  M,OI)IK 

Mniniiijilftii,  lirniiliriilly  Kiiliiiilrd  in  llir<  miuiIIi  wppf  mi;rh' of  tln«  nlnlr, 
in  n  nrnt  villiifM',  (■(inlniniii;'  mImhiI  (Ik-  MMinc  nmiilM'r «»('  inlitiliilntilM  wilh 
llir  |)rr('rilin,<ri   <iii<)  i*^  KMuli'ml  innnortiliN'  dm  tlir  Fii<(<  ol'  l|u<   ,(/lt)rioiii< 
virloi'V  of  < It'll.  Sl.'iik  ovrr  ii  <li<l;i('hiiiriil  of  Itiilisli   iiihI    Ih'NHiiiiiH  IVoiii 
llio  nimy  «••*  (m'ii.  Flm>i«)ytt«N  1111 .     WimlMMr  in  ii  l,ii,ir«<  iiiul  liiiiiilHoiiicly 
lutilt   villniin  on  ( 'oiiiK'i'linil  liivrr,   rniilniiiiiiu  n  iiiiiiiImm' of  ri's|H<c|ii|)|i- 
puhlic  l)nililiii;^M,  iiiul  priviilr  rdiliirs,  iiml  !il)niil  iIii'miiiim'  MiniilMM'nt'  in 
linhitdtdM  with  llir  two  pnTrdiiij;  ((twiiM.       IMi<l(llfl»in  y,  on  Onion  Uivci, 
in  »  (liiivinjr   town,  (lir  sctd  td"  vmiioiim  inipni(:inl  niiiniilMcliircM,  f'HptMitdly 
of  iiKirldc.      I  Irrr  in  Middlrltury  <  'ullcjrc,  iIm<  iih»h(  n»iisi<lrinldr  Hrininni y 
of  Ifinniii;;  in  llirMlnlc.      Ilnrliii/rfon  inn  liniidHonK*  (own  mi  (lie  HlinnMil 
l.nl\<<  ( 'li.'iinphiin,  iit  tlip  nioiilli  oC  Onimi    Kivrr,  ;in<l  i.M  ti  |nirt  nC  niliy. 
I(  iM  lOOinilrH  S.  of  IMonlnvil,  iind  M»N  |\.   W.oC  IloHlnn.     Il  oonl.iiiiHn 
lUimlicr  <<r  pnldir  hnildiii/irH,  of  wliirli  (Im<  most  ntnspinHMiM  in  llicrollr^rr 
rdilicr  ol' (lie   (Inivrrsily   «d'  V<miiiiiii(,  n  ItiiildiiijLr  HKM'rrt   liy   75,  iind  I 
sloiirs  liijili.     Tlir  iiillMol'  ( )nion    Kivcr  ;M  lliiH  pliirc  rniniHli  pownr  lor  n 
ninidMM'(d'  ilonvisliiii'MiiiiniirMrloricH.     Nolliintr  <';in  ('\<'(mmI  |Ii(<  roiiiiiiilir 
Itciintv  of  (lio  posilinn  ol'  iIh'  collofrc,  rlrviilcd  'Jlfi  I'rcl  nliovo  (Im  HinTiiro 
of  llu'  liikc.     Two   l)(>:iiiliriil  rlimclirs  orn.'iiiirni  lli(>  pliicc.      A  nnniluM 
«d'  ImK*'  vcHsrh  !in»  owiinl   line,  and  Hiciiin  IiomIh  ;ii<'  rictpicntly  iiniviitn 
nixl  drpniiin^.     This  is  onr  of  (lie  wcidlliirsl  nnd  most  lloiirisliin^  (owns 
in  (ho  H\i\\v.     1*opnl;ilioii  no!  I'm'  IVoiii  M,0()0.  .« 

St.  All>iuiH,  in  IIm'  iHntli-wcsl  iinsjlr  of  (ln>  slnlc,  is  iils(»  :i  conRidcrfiliit' 
villii^r  on  l.iiKp  Chiinipiiiin,  coiiliiiniiif^r  ,-il)ont  'J.OOO  inliidtiliiiilH.  'riicrc 
am  nuiny  ollu'f  \\vt\i  viiliijrrs, disprrsi'd  ovrr  ihiMslulc;  ;ind  ;nr!i(  nuiiilu>rH 
of  liandsonu»  piivHlo  d\vrllin,<rs  in  all  dirrttiony  indicnN*  tiicopnUfjiciniiKl 
Inslool*  I lu' possessors. 

/iV//u/oi/.v  C/nmu'trr-     Similar  (o  tlial  ol"  Maiii(>  and  New  llanipHliiic 
Tlio  Con^ro^alionalisls  are  (Ih»  prcvalrni  deiioniinalioiis. 

I,itrratin't\  'I'lirro  arc  (wo  eollrnrs,  oii(<  a(  IMiddlchiiry,  (ho  odier  !i( 
HmiinK(on.  There  iwo  also  'JO  iiieorpoiated  aeademies.  I''i'ee  sehools 
nnd  social  lihravies  are  dispersed  ovi  r  (he  sla(e.     TIk;  |)eople  possess  llie 


trai(s  of  indeii 
nuiun(aineeis. 


Midei 


lee  and   iiupiisi(i\eiiess. 


A  cliiid   arrived  a1  (I 


(ha(   ,u<Mierally  eharae(eii/.e 
le  ;\yr  I'or  (hose  ae(ptii-i>ni<>n(H,  who 


conid  no(  vesul  and  write,  wtinid  he  vej; aided,  as  w<'  look  upon  (he  iiiisloi- 
tuno  of  an  insane  jteisonor  an  idioi. 

F..ri>orts — \\v  heel',  hn((er,  <'he(>seatid  pork  ol'  (helirsi  «piali(y,  |)o(  and 
p«>avl  ashes,  luinher  and  inarhle.  I'ail  el"  (he  hiinher  j;(h>s  l»y  eanal  (o 
Albany,  and  p;u(  down  (he  lake  (o  AJoiHn^al.     IMiieii  of  (he  dado  dial 


'\ri.ANTir  Hr,\ri!;H, 


«7 


uN0(1lo^t)  tit  nnttloniUKl  lliirliiir>|  in  now  ilnivvii  liy  (lie  ( 'linrnplaiii  Ciinnl 
III  l\r\v  York.  'riiJH  niiiiil  Ii.im  lirni  u\'  iiinilnil;ilili<  iidvniitfi^o  to  tlio 
hImIc. 

Ainitiiy  (lir  imdinil  riiiii)MiliiiH  itl"  (lii:^  Nliilr  nin  tiiiiny  of  llnw!  ravos, 
wliii'li  >ii'r  niriiiiioii  in  nil  iiiiiiiiitniiinim  ir;;iiiii.M  oi'  liiiio  nloiir  ioniiutioti. 
'I'lii' hImIimiImhiiuIm  ill  iMMiiitiriil  niiiciiiJi'H  nl' slri'iiiiH  iiisliiii^  ilnvvii  llin 
iJorlivilirM  nf  IIk)  iiioiiiitiiiiiM.  A  it.'iiini'iitn  i  of  Vrriiiiiiil  v;i>iilil  hIiow,  in 
HiliiiMicr,  llin  iiiohI  |*irlurrft<|iir  sIiiIc  hi  |1ii>  I  iiiii)ii,  |ircsriiliii^  ciMiiitli'S!) 
iiiiillliliiili,  }l\vM,  mill  v.'illrv  |iios|ii'rtM  of  iiiilrsrriliiilili!  Iiriiiity.  Miiif- 
InitliM  nl'  till'  iK'tivi'  ^;iiil  ii)liiii<!t  iiiiiiinliiiiKM'iM  uoiilil  !•(<  Hi'i'iM'rii;!i/^iMl  in 
(Ii(i  liriilllil'iil  mil!  Niilisryiiif{  piirsiiilM  ul'  iMisliiiiiiliy.  IMmiy  iliili^litl'iil 
ilwcllin/TH  wiiiiM  III'  Hci'ii  pi'irlu'il  nil  IIh-  liilh^,  iii  Hlu-llriril  in  llio  Vlillion. 
Ill  |iiiiiil  III'  llir  i-iiliiriirH:4  id'  ilM  iliiiKiriiilir  rlimfirlor,  il  vviillM  OOliipiirn 
u'illi  Oliiii,  Hlio\viii;r  iih  iiiiirli  oi'  tlii<  siiisilivn  miil  promt  rJiiiniM  of  ti  piiru 
ilriiinrniry,  lis  miy  otiirr  sliilit  in  llii'  liiiiun. 

I'lipiil'ilion  no  wliri'i'  iiilvmirrH  uitli  jririiirr  r.-ipiilily-  Mnl  tlio  hIiiI<>, 
iiiit  lii.'iii;;  liii'^r,  mnl  iniii  ii  of  ilM  Miniiirr  oi  riipinl  ity  iiiunnl;iinM,  llin 
.•iiiililii  liinils  li.ivr  lonj;  Himr  lii'i'ii  iljii'lly  t;ilirn  up.  Ilriirn  (lin  nilijr- 
jiriHin;^  (Ii>Hri<iiiiiiiitM  of  tin;  nioiinliiini  rrs  feel  ,-iii  early  |ii'opi;nHity  for 
r.iii^r,  mill  wiiiiiIit  iiwiiy  toi'nrnisli  IiiIhh  oI'  iinnii;.;rution  lo  wisHlrrn  Now 
Vorl(,anil  nl)  llii>  sImIi'H  of  llii;  wthI. 


m^ 


m 


■■!   ! 


a    I*': 


jrw  llnnip,Hliin> 


MASSACJIHiSli'l'TS, 

h  IhmiikIimI  N.  '-y  VimiiioiiI  riiiil  iNrw  llmnpMliirr,  I'l.  Iiy  llin  Adanlir, 
IUkkIi)  IhIiiiiiI  iitnl  (Jontirr.lirnl,  W.  I»y  Ninv  York;  Itolwoin  11"  'SA'  and 
H"  r»2'  N.  I,,  mill :?"  XV  mill  '7"  10'  I'l.  I,.  iVoni  WnHJiin^rlon.  If,  is  IIH) 
liiilrH  lon,<r,  hy  \H)  liroiiil,  niiil  rnMl:iiii!^  7,rt()lt  Hipinn;  inilrM. 

Ciril Dii'i.tioiis.  |{ariisl;ililr,  llanmtalth  ;  llnkHliirr,  /jnior;  nriHiol, 
Tottnfon;  DnkrH,  l]tl_mirlo\ni ;  I'lssrx,  Sahiii,  l\ni'lniri/porf,  lpnwU'h; 
Krmikliii,  fi'nrn/irhl;  ilmiipiirn,  Spri»iijii  Id ;  llmiipsliiri', /Vor///rtm/;/oM/ 
M\{\{\\vmi\^lUimhriilL;i\  Coucnrd;  Nmilmki't,  ISantiivhrl;  Nnrl'Dlk,  Dvd- 
horn;  riynjonlli,  l'li/iii<nit/i :  Snil'olk,  Ko.sfon ;  WoiccKler,  VVorrrster. — 
INipnIation  in  |K.'0,  r»'j:?;JN7.     In  lN:M»,r,|(),()|  1 

/l.v/»«i7.  A  siniinu!  pliviHMnlly  niiilnlalinir  with  liillH  mid  viiilii'.s,  'J'o- 
waiilH  itswi'MliMii  iVoiil  il  in  riossnl  in  ilM  wlmli'  wiillli,  by  liii)  riiain  ofllio 
(iriMMi  iMonnlains.  Tlu"  sonlli  rasliMii  parlsol"  llio  .slalr,  fVoin  ('iipr  ( !od 
.MJony  lln'  Honlhcrn  iVnnl  lo  Cnniifciirnl,  iiri'  sandy.  A  Im-II.  f'roni  llinsca 
shoir,  rxli'iidiii^ 'JO  iniirs  into  tin'  inti-rior,  in  naturally  forfiln  only  at 
iiitcrvaJM;  Imt  lias  licini  irnilrrr  I  po  l>y  indnslry  and  acarcl'nl  agriculture. 


'   r^yiw 


.  .}i«*      ml 


I'  i 


';^  111 


«' 

*• 


m 


ATLANTIC   PTATEf. 


But  in  the  interior  of  llic  state,  the  soil,  for  (he  most  part,  is  stron^j,  and 
adapted  cither  to  S""^^'"/^'  or  tillage.  The  airricnitiire  is  ^'onerally  inoro 
scientific  than  in  any  otiior  stale.  The  avcr;i(![e  pnxhice  i.s  .'}()  husliel.s  of 
n)ai7.c,  30  of  barley,  15 of  rye,  and  'Jt!0  of  jtotatnes  to  an  arre.  ()x(;ii 
arc  chiefly  used  for  llie  plouf^h  aiul  drauoliL  'J'lio  Ijrecds  of  domcHlic 
animals  have  been  much  improved  by  a<,Mieuitural  societies.  Tliis  stali;  is 
the  most  densely  peopled,  and  the  inusl  opulent,  in  proportion  to  its  niiin- 
bers,  and  its  inhabitants  most  amply  supplied  with  the  means  of  a  eominori 
and  finished  education  of  any  state  in  the  Union,  ('oimnon  .schools  are 
established  by  law  over  the  whole  state.  Kvery  town  containing  ].^)() 
families  is  compelled  by  law  to  support  a  grammar  school,  and  it  is  deemed 
a  moral  oflence  in  a  parent  not  to  send  his  children  to  school.  In  no  other 
known  conununity  is  the  education  of  the  whole  people  considered  yo 
entirely  a  matter  within  the  purview  of  the  law,  as  in  this.  (Jreat  atten- 
tion is  paid  to  the  character  and  capability  of  the  instructors,  aniontr 
whom  a  high  und  noble  spirit  of  emulation  exists,  deseendinjr  in  double 
measures  to  the  pupils.  The  number  of  academies,  hi <»;h  schools,  semi- 
naries, and  lyceums  established  by  incorporation,  is  too  great  to  be  pur 
ticnlarized.  In  no  other  existing  community  is  education  more  univer- 
sally diffused. 

Harvard  university  is  the  oldest  and  most  amply  endowed  literary  in- 
stitution in  the  United  States.  It  is  situated  in  ('ambridge,  three  miles 
from  tho  centre  of  IJoston,  on  an  extensive  and  beautiful  plain.  TJic 
enclosure  of  the  square  is  with  great  taste  surrounded  with  young  trees. 
Among  the  spacious  buildings  enclosed  in  the  square,  one  is  singular  fur 
its  extent  and  noble  simplicity  of  structure  being  built  of  massive  gran- 
ite. The  buildings,  library  and  philosophical  apparatus  are  of  tlie  jnost 
respectable  class,  the  library  containing  about  30,000  volumes.  A  bo- 
tanical garden  is  attached  to  the  establishment.  Twenty  professors  are 
connected  with  the  institution,  A  law,  medical  and  theological  school 
are  appended  to  its  academical  advantages.  Taken  together,  this  univer- 
sity must  be  classed  at  the  head  of  the  literary  institutions  of  the  ncAv 
world.  The  average  of  the  students,  in  all  the  departments,  is  between 
three  and  four  hundred.  It  is  a  remarkable  trait  in  the  chai-acter  of  this 
institution,  that  it  was  founded  in  ;20  years  from  the  first  settlement  of 
New  England.  William's  College,  and  Amherst  College  in  the  interior  ol" 
the  state  are  both  important  institutions,  called  for  by  the  rapid  im])rove- 
ment  of  tho  western  parts  of  the  state.  Tho  Andover  Theological  semi- 
nary is  richly  endowed,  and,  in  point  of  buildings  and  professorships, 
takes  rank  of  all  others  in  the  coimtry,  Phillips''  academy  is  the  most 
distinguished  among  the  academies. 


n 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


30 


iastronrr,  and 

onorally  luoro 

.'{()  busliclH  of 

1  Jirrc.     Ox(!n 

lis  of  (loincslic 

Tliis  sl:ili>  is 
oil  to  its  iiiiin- 
sof  u  coininori 
on  Hcliools  arc 
oiitaiiiiiiir  151) 
ul  it  is  «lc('iiicd 
.  In  no  oilier 
considorcd  yo 

(ilCilt  ultcii- 
ictors,  anioiKr 
(linp;  in  doulilo 
schools,  sonii- 
pciit  to  l)e  par 
1  more  univcr- 

vod  literary  in- 
re,  three  miles 
il  plain.  The 
h  youn^  trees, 
!  is  sintfnlar  fur 
massive  gran- 
ire  of  tlie  most 
lumes.  A  bo- 
j  professors  are 
^logical  school 
ler,  this  nnivor- 
ns  of  the  new 
nts,  is  between 
laracter  of  this 
)t  settlement  of 
I  the  interior  of 
rapid  imjirove- 
eological  semi- 
professorships, 
imy  is  the  most 


"Religion.  The  prevalent  ilenomination  is  that  of  conjofro^ationalists, 
divided  into  trinitarians  and  unitarians.  Methodists,  baptists  and  episco- 
palians are  also  nnmerous.  Tlicro  are  about  700  fixed  c<tngregations  in 
the  state. 

Mountains.  TluiCireen  Mountains  range  through  Iho  central  parts  of 
thc!  state  from  north  to  south.  Thcsf'  mountains,  in  their  whole  extent 
aliound  in  noble  chivations,  dark  green  forests,  pleasant  and  sheltered 
valli(!S,  and  r.ii  infinite  vari(!ty  of  impressive  scenery.  The  mountains 
show  in  great  Ix-auty  from  Northaini)ton.  VVachuset  in  Prine(>fon,  a  <lo- 
tached  mountain,  is  a  striking  flviliirfi  in  the  scenery  of  tlie  adjacent 
country.  The  principal  range  of  the  (ireen  Mountains  bears  the  nnme 
of  Iloosac  The  highest  j)eaks  are  SaJdlo,  Takonnac,  Mount  Tom, 
Mount  llolyokc,  and  Toby. 

Jiivrr.S'  Mtissachusetls  has  no  large  rivers,  wholly  within  her  bounds. 
The  Merrimac  |»asses  out  of  N<nv  Jlampsliire  into  the  northern  division  of 
the  stnte,  emptying  into  the  sea  at  Newbiiryport.  The  Connecticut,  in 
traversing  it  from  north  to  south,  nearly  bisects  the  state.  The  Ifousato- 
nic,  Charles  and  Ipswich,  Ncponset  and  Taunton,  though  they  have 
short  courses,  are  pleasant  streams.  Iiidced  no  country  of  the  same  ex- 
tent can  show  a  greater  number  of  dear,  (piick,  sandstone  streams,  than 
this  state. 

Jtai/s.  The  deep  bay  between  Capo  Ann,  and  Cape  Cod,  which  hns 
given  name  to  the  state,  has  caused  it  to  have  been  formerly  known  in  the 
otiier  states  by  the  name  of  the  liai/  Sttifr.  Cape  Ann  bounds  it  on  the 
north,  and  Cape  Cod,  a  very  long,  sandy,  narrow  elbow  running  a  great 
distance  into  the  sea,  on  the  south.  The  adventurous  mariners  of  this 
long  sand  bar  may  with  as  much  propriety,  as  the  people  of  any  other  dis- 
trict, be  said  to  have  their  home  upon  the  sea. 

Chief  Toums.  Boston,  the  metropolis  of  the  state  and  of  New  England, 
is  an  ancient,  opulent,  and  beautiful  city,  built  at  the  head  of  Massachu- 
setts' Bay,  on  a  jieninsula  connected  with  the  main  land  by  a  narrow  neck 
joining  it  to  Roxbury.  Being  chielly  built  on  a  hill  swelling  from  the 
surrounding  water,  it  presents  an  imposing  aspect  to  tlici  beholder,  from 
whatever  quarter  it  is  approached.  It  has  a  capa(;ious,  safe  and  commo- 
dious harbor,  in  which  TjOO  v(>ssels  may  ride  at  anchor,  while  the  entrance 
is  so  narrow,  as  scarcely  to  admit  two  ships  abreast.  It  is  strongly 
defended  by  Fort  Independence  and  Warren;  and  is  dotted  with  a  great 
number  of  islands;  affording  in  summer  beautiful  verdure,  pasturage  and 
retreats  for  parties  of  pleasure.  In  regard  to  the  extent  of  its  shipping 
and  the  amount  of  its  tonnage,  it  is  the  second  city  in  the  United  States, 
It  contains  155  streets,  and  80  wharves  and  quays.     The  nnmber  of 


Vl 


,  y  l(vriCii  II] 


.t.  > 


•1 


so 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


public  buildin^g  amounts  to  40;  and  tho  cliurches,  many  of  tlieni 
noble  edifices  of  stone,  to  a])out  tlio  same  number.  No  aspect  of  tlio 
city  is  more  striking,  than  tho  numerous  and  tall  spires  of  the  churches. 
Among  the  conspicuous  buildin;,'s  is  the  slate  house,  built  on  the  most 
elevated  ground  in  tlie  city,  with  a  front  of  173  feet,  and  a  depth  of  61. 
The  building  is  surmounted  wilh  a  circular  dome  and  lantern  IGO  feet 
from  the  foundation.  Our  country  oilers  no  city  scenery  to  equal  that 
from  this  elevation.  Foreigners  have  compared  it  to  the  view  of  the  Bay 
of  Naples;  and  the  most  splendid  city  scenery  in  I'airope.  Tiic  new  mar- 
ket 536  feet  in  length,  is  the  most  noble  building  of  the  kind  in  the 
United  States.  The  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  is  a  beautiful  build- 
ins.  Both  of  these  are  ol'Clielmsford  "ranite;  as  is  tho  Tremont  House, 
containing  180  apartments,  and  Icing  the  most  sumptuous  hotel  in  the 
United  States.  Most  of  the  new  cliurches,  and  noble  streets,  and  more 
opulent  mansions  of  this  city  are  of  tlie  same  material.  The  long,  higli, 
and  massive  ranges  of  buildings  of  this  enduring  and  beautiful  stone  give 
the  handsomer  parts  of  the  city  a  most  imposing  appearance.  Tremont 
Theatre,  the  new  Court  House,  and  Trinity  cluirch  are  among  the  noble 
granite  erections.  A  number  of  the  private  mansions  are  sumptuous;  and 
the  internal  finishing  and  furnishing  in  a  style  of  great  richness  and 
splendor. 

We  have  not  space  to  enlarge  even  upon  that  feature  of  the  city,  which 
constitutes  its  richest  and  proudest  ornament,  its  literary  and  charitable 
institutions.  Its  schools,  in  which  7,500  children  are  instructed,  perhaps, 
deserve  to  take  rank  of  all  others.  Tho  Boston  Atheufeum  is  a  noble 
monument  of  tho  literary  munificence  of  this  place.  Its  select  library 
contains  about  25,000  volumes.  Beside  this,  there  are  other  libraries,  the 
largest  of  which  is  the  Boston  library,  containing  about  10,000  volumes. 
The  lyceum  of  this  city  was  among  the  first  establishments  of  the  kind  in 
the  country.  The  periodicals  amount  to  about  40 ;  among  which  some 
have  an  established  and  well  earned  reputation.  The  numerous,  long, 
and  magnificent  bridges,  connecting  the  city  with  the  mainland,  one  of 
which  is  between  tliree  and  four  thousand  feet  in  length,  are  appendages 
that  give  tiiis  town  an  appearance  unlike  any  other  in  the  union.  Noth- 
ing can  be  more  beautiful  in  a  dark  night,  than  tliese  numerous,  long, 
straight  parallel  lines  of  illumination  furnished  by  the  lamps  over  the 
water.  More  capital  is  concentered  in  this  opulent  city,  thai  in  any  other 
American  town  of  its  size.  Its  money  transactions  are  v^uriied  on  by  18 
banks.  Chantrey's  noble  statue  of  Washington  is  placed  in  an  apartment 
prepared  for  this  purpose,  in  the  state  house.  The  common,  fronted  on 
one  side  by  a  double  row  of  nobic  trees,  called  the  mall,  contains  44 


■a- 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


31 


acres,  and  presents  on  ono  side  splendid  water  vi(;ws;  and  on  the  other 
siimptuons  and  magnificent  dwellings,  among  which  Collonade  Row  makes 
a  conspicuous  figure. 

Beautiful  villages  surround  this  city  in  all  directions;  and  are  seen  in 
the  distance  from  the  summit  of  the  stale  house,  like  a  continued  city. 
More  than  20  spires,  beside  those  of  llie  city,  can  be  counted.  Though 
the  size  of  the  city  proper  does  not  compare  witli  New  York  or  Philadel- 
phia, the  environs  of  no  other  American  town  will  vie  with  it,  in  point  of 
numerous  and  compact  villages,  high  cultivition,  display  of  taste  and 
opulence,  and  especially  in  the  show  of  the  numerous  and  magnificent 
country  villas,  belonging  to  the  citizens.  The  eye  wanders  over  the  bay 
dotted  with  green  islands,  and  whitened  with  sails,  takes  in  the  city  array 
of  public  buildings  and  spires,  and  the  sumptuous  massive  granite  estab- 
lishments, and  the  white  villages  beyond  surmounted  with  their  spires  j 
and  is  lost  in  the  distant  show  of  towns,  cultivation  and  embellishment. 

Among  the  most  interesting  points  of  view  beyond  the  city  is  Charles- 
town,  itself  showing  as  a  city;  its  consecrated  heights,  associated  with  all, 
that  is  affecting  in  revolutionary  remembrances,  the  rising  granite  column 
that  crowns  Bunker  hill,  the  nol)le  navy  yard,  the  dark  moral  shading  cast 
upon  the  picture  by  the  penitentiary;  and  beyond,  the  unostentatious 
canal,  with  its  slow  moving  boats  opening  to  the  mind  more  than  meets 
the  eye.  As  a  contrast  to  the  business,  life  and  bustle  in  this  direction, 
the  spacious  halls  of  the  university  show  among  their  trees,  still  further  in 
the  distance,  in  that  repose  and  stillness,  that  belong  to  literary  leisure, 
and  the  quiet  efforts  of  thought. 

The  mill  dam  bridge  and  basins  constitute  a  magnificent  work,  and 
contribute,  with  the  genius  of  the  people,  to  render  Boston  a  manufactur- 
ing place.  It  is  distinguished  among  others  for  the  beauty  and  excel- 
lence of  its  manufactures  in  glass.  Wool  and  cotton  cards  and  paper 
hangings  are  important  items  in  her  manufactures;  and  as  a  publishing 
place,  in  the  number  and  beauty  of  the  books,  printed  here,  this  city 
stands  deservedly  preeminent.  In  another  place  we  have  touched  upon 
the  results  of  her  charitable  and  humane  institutions.  For  the  beauty  of 
her  mansions,  for  her  monuments  of  taste  and  literature,  for  her  relitrious 
and  humane  institutions,  for  the  munificence  of  her  charities,  and  for  the 
ample  hospitality  of  her  enliglilened  citizens,  the  metropolis  of  New  En- 
gland will  be  the  city  admired,  and  gratefully  remembered  by  the  stranger. 
It  is  distant  300  miles  S.  E.  from  Montreal,  and  300  N.  E.  from  Phila^ 
delphia.  42°  22'  N.  L.     Population  in  1820,  43,  29S.     In  1830,  61,392. 

Charlestown  is  connected  with  Boston  by  Charlestown  Bridge;  and 
seen  at  a  little  distance,  to  the  eye  makes  a  part  of  Boston;  as  it  does  in 
fact  to  all  other  lliun  munici[)al  purposes.     Among  its  public  buildings  is 


'^1  " 


>u 


t    I'l 


i,    V    I 


B!l   '^^f 


32 


ATf.ANriC    STATES. 


I 


tfie  United  Stiitog  Navy  Yard,  in  its  dry  dock  nrul  ^'cnnral  appurtenances 
n  noblo  national  inoniuuoiit ;  tlio  State  prison  a  atrnctnre  of  inassivt- 
granite,  tlie  marine  hospital,  a  liospital  for  the  insane,  some  handsome 
churches,  iind  the  Bunker  Mill  monument,  on  which  six  courses  of  stone 
amounting'  to  1'1,()00  tons,  are  laid.  Into  th(>  harhor  enters  the  Middlesex 
Canal, connectin".,'  it  with  the  interior  of  New  I  Tampshire  hy  the  Merrimac. 
Bunker,  Breed,  and  Cohbic  Hills,  identified  with  the  most  nHecting  rc- 
collcctionsof  tiie  incipient  revolnlionary  strufi;,de,  are  in  this  town,  his 
ii  i)ortof  entry  in  connection  with  Boston,  and  lias  considerable  shippinir 
and  trade.  Population  in  INtiO,  (»,r)91.  In  IKJO,  H,7H:{.  Roxbury'', 
Dorciiester,  Milton,  ('aml)rid;,ft',  )Vatertown,  Medford,  ('helseaand  Tiynn 
are  villages,  some  of  them  large  enotiph  to  be  classed  as  towns,  in  the 
younjier  and  less  settled  states,  all  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Boston. 
Salem,  \'i  miles  N.  !•].  from  H'lSlon,  is  built  on  a  jnojection  of  land 
between  two  arms  of  the  sea,  called  North  and  South  Rivers.  The  site 
is  a  level  and  handsome  plain.  Providence  has  recently  outstripped  itin 
population.  But  in  point  of  comnjoreial  wealth  and  impitrtance  it  con- 
tinues to  be  the  second  town,  as  it  is,  next  to  Plymouth,  the  oldest  Iowa 
in  New  Knyland.  A  liridj^e  1  ..WO  feet  lonj;  connects  it  with  the  populous 
town  of  Beverly,  and  a  shorter  one  with  South  Salem.  It  has  1(5  public 
l)uildin<j[s,  among  which  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  museums  in  the 
United  States,  amply  stored  with  foreign  curiosities;  and  an  athena'uni 
containing  5,()(H)  volumes.  Jt  has  12  or  13  churches,  some  of  them  arc 
spacious  buildings,  and  most  of  them  arc  ornamented  with  spires.  I'Voiii 
Gallows  Hill  in  this  town,  an  allecting  monument  of  the  horrible  delu- 
sion of  witchcraft,  1(J  or  17  spires  rise  upon  the  eye.  This  prevalence  of 
spires  imparts  a  beauty  and  a  host  of  asBocia.tions  to  a  northern  town,  that 
we  regret  to  say,  grow  rarer  objects  in  the  towns  farther  south.  The  town 
is  handsomely  built,  and  seine  of  the  residences  indicate  taste  and  opu- 
lence. In  1821  this  town  owned  2I{,(M0  tons  or  shipping.  It  was  for  many 
years  the  centre  of  the  East  India  trade  of  New  England.  There  arc 
living  here  1(50  persons,  who  as  masters  and  supercargoes  of  ships,  have 
doubled  the  Capes  of  Good  Hope  and  Horn.  These  persons  are  known  by 
the  cant  api)elhuion  of  Old  tSalts.  Most  of  the  adult  males  of  this  town 
have  encountered  the  gales  of  all  seas,  and  consider  the  deep  as  their  har- 
vest and  home.  A  simple  and  noble  hospitality  characterize  this  inter- 
esting town;  and  there  are  merchants  here,  who,  in  enterprise  opulence 
and  the  noble  use  of  riches,  might  claim  kindred  with  the  princely 
Antonio  of  Rialto.  A  beautiful  common  of  ten  acres,  surrounded  with 
trees,  constituting  a  public  walk,  ornaments  the  town.  The  entrance  to 
its  harbor  is  indicated  by  a  light  house,  and  defended  by  two  forts.  It 
contains  18  jjublic  an''  58  private  schools;  and  in  its  humane,  charitable 


ATLANTIC   STATES.  81 

and  literary  institutions,  sustains  an  lionomble  com[)etition  witli  thccapi- 
ital.  A  Mill  Dam  ('ovipanji,  on  tlie  pl'm  of  that  of  B')aton  and  Rox- 
biiry,  has  boon  inntrporafpd  in  lliis  town,  wliirlMvill  contain,  itiscontcm- 
|)l;itcd,  power  fi>r  10  niiilH;  niul  wliitli,  it  is  liopcd,  will  jL^ivc  a  new  impulse 
to  the  cncr<;i('S  of  tliis  nncicnt  and  opnlcnt  tciwii. 

Marlilehcad,  li  niilos  S.  K.  of  this  place  on  a  rocky  pfiiiit  prnjcoting 
intothesoa,is,  likcSalcni,  a  town  sid)Mistin;r  cxcinsivcly  hy  maritime  pur- 
suits, liein;^  the  most  lari^rly  cn;^'a<rcd  in  the  lisiiiiifr  husinessof  any  other 
town  in  the  United  Stati-s.  In  ISIS  it  cinplnyod  in  tjjc  fisheries  103 
vessels.  It  suffered  as  severely  in  the  revolutionary  wnr,a*f  any  otiicrlown 
in  the  Union;  and  at  the  dose  of  the  late  war  500  of  its  mariners  were 
in  foreign  prisuns.  it  contains  5  phucs  of  puhlic,  worship.  The  iniiabit- 
ants  are  noted  for  their  /;renerons  and  reckh.'ss  readiness  to  jeopard 
their  lives  at  the  call  of  war  or  the  danirers  of  the  sea.  The  population  in 
18'J0  was  5,030.  In  IN30,  5,1S'3,  heini,'  one  of  the  very  few  towns  that 
shows  a  diminuti'iu  of  its  nurnlu-rs  since  the  i)receding  census.  Being 
equally  reniarkahle  for  its  salubrity,  and  the  prolific  increase  of  its  in- 
habitants, this  circumstance  must  be  accounted  for  by  its  losses  from 
emigration. 

Beverly,  i\.  1''.  of  Salem,  and  connected  with  it  by  a  long  bridge,  is  a 
populous,  wealthy  and  mercantile  town,  containing  4  churches,  and  being, 
like  Marblehcad,  largely  engaged  in  the  fisheries.  The  population  is 
between  4  and  5,000. 

Newburyport  is  a  handsomely  built  town  on  the  south  bank  of  the 
Merrimac,  3  miles  from  the  mouth,  and  3ii  N.  E.  from  Boston.  It  contains 
6  public  buildings,  and  7  houses  for  public  worship.     It  has  a  respectable 
amount  of  shipping  and  foreign  commerce,  and  is  largely  engaged  in  the 
fisheries.     Ship  building  is  carried  on  here  to  a  considerable  extent.     Its 
churches,  adorned  with  tall  and  handsome  spires,  give  it  a  striking  appear- 
ance as  it  is  approached.     Population  in  1820,  6,852.     In  1830,0,275, 
showing  a  diminution  of   its   numbers,  since  the  preceding    census. 
Gloucester,  16  miles  N.  E.  from  Salem,  is  a  sea  port  with  considerable 
shipping,  6  churches,  and  between  6  and  7,000  inhabitants.       New 
Bedford,  situated  on  the  estuary   of   Accushnet  River  emptying  into 
Buzzard's  Bay,  has  a  safe  and  convenient   harbor,  and  a  large  amount 
of  shipping.     Besides  considerable  foreign  commerce  this  town  is  largely 
concerned  in  the  whale    fishery,   and  the  fisheries  of  cod  on  the  grand 
banks.     It  contains  5  or  6  houses  of  public   worship,  and  is  a  wealthy 
and  thriving  town.     Population  in  1830,  7,592.     It  is  situated  52  miles 
S.  of  Boston.     Nantucket  is,  in  many  respects,  the  most  striking  and 
singular  town  in  America.     It  is  situated  on  an  island,  24  miles  from  the 
main  land,  15  miles  long,  and  on  an  average  8  miles  broad.     The  island 
Vol.,  II.  5 


4 


"■iF^'Ji 


■f'|;%:'|#i^; 


M 


ATLANTIC    STATUS. 


1 


is  occupied  in  common  by  the  iiiliubitunta  of  tiii.s  town,  who  pasture  3  or 
400  cows,  and  feed  1,400  sliccp  \\\nm  it.  Hut  thoir  i,n;in(l  pa.stmnjfo  is 
in  the  South  Sons,  nt  the  oilier  cxlrniiity  of  lliogloho;  and  tlicinslruniunt 
with  which  they  <hfi|)(itch  the  nnwit'ldy  aniiuiils,  that  have  l)cen  fattening 
for  them  in  the  pathless  dt'pl  lis,  is  Ihc  harpoon.  'rhoii;,'h  tli'y  havi)  some 
respectable  manufactories,  llic  wlialiii^  htisiness  is  the  grand  uccnpalioii 
of  the  inhabitanls.  'J'luy  have  not  far  finui  50  ships  employed  in  iiii:» 
business.  Most  of  tlioso  vessels,  in  tlicir  fo  irfiil  pursuit,  double  Capo 
Horn.  The  crews  are  trained  to  I;ef  nme  ti  sort  of  men  lisli;  and  in 
killing  (he  huge  sea  moiislens  they  encounter  perils,  and  accustom  them- 
selves to  enterprize.s,  that  arc  hardly  dreamed  of  by  the  peaceful  agricul- 
turist of  (he  interior. 

The  town  contains  2  banks,  2  insuranee  oflices,  a  woollen  factory,  HO 
spermaceti  works,  and  5  houses  for  public  worship.  The  Friends  con- 
stitute a  considerable  piopnrtion  of  the  population.  Population  in  1820, 
7,206.     It  is  120  miles  S.  K.  from  Boston. 

Plymouth,  the  hive  of  the  puritan  pilgrims,  and  the  oldest  lovn  in  New 
England  is  situated  on  the  sea,  30  miles  S.  1'.  from  Boston.  V  containsa 
considerable  amount  of  shipping  emiiloyed  in  foreign  trade  and  the  fish- 
eries. Beside  the  public  buildings,  it  contains  4  churches,  and  not  far 
from  5,000  inhabitants. 

Lowell,  near  the  Merrimac,  12  miles  N.  of  Boston,  is  next  to  Pitts- 
burgh, the  largest  manufacturing  town  in  the  ^oiited  States.  We  can 
well  remember  coming  over  the  site,  when  it  .vas  an  uninhabited  and 
sterile  plain.  The  first  erection  was  in  1N13.  In  1H18  it  began  to 
flourish.  The  water  power  is  convenient,  immense  and  unfailing.  In 
1828  two  and  a  half  millions  of  dollars  were  invested  in  new  factories. 
The  number  of  persons  employed  was  1,()00.  The  fiictories  were  built 
in  compact  streets.  About  that  time  this,  in  common  with  other  similar 
establishments,  experienced  great  depression,  from  which  it  has  since 
entirely  recovered,  [t  contains  a  number  of  churches  and  public  build- 
ings, and  has  had  the  most  rapid  growth  of  any  town  in  the  stale.  In 
1830  it  contained  0,478  inhabitants. 

Worcester  is  a  beautiful  interior  town,  40  miles  S.  W.  from  Boston. 
It  contains  a  number  of  spacious  public  buildings,  3  churches,  and  one 
street  more  than  a  mile  in  length,  handsomely  built,  some  of  the  houses 
having  an  appearance  of  splendor.  It  contains  a  number  of  considera- 
ble manufacturing  establishments;  and  since  the  Blackstonc  Canal  has 
connected  it  with  Providence  and  the  sea,  it  has  shown  the  rapid  advance 
which  has  resulted  from  similar  causes  elsewhere.  As  a  fact,  illustrating 
the  results  of  the  canal  system,  it  is  stated,  that  cabinet  work  was  man- 
ufactured here  from  timber  which  grew  on  the  lake  shore  of  Ohio. 


ATLANTIC    STATKH. 


lib 


lu  i>astiiro3or 
(I  pustiirn^o  is 
tlic  instrument 
l)ocn  fiittcniiij; 
I'l'y  li;i\o  some 
mi  occupation 
iployod  in  ilii.'' 
,  (louhlo  Ciipe 
n  lisli;  and  in 
cciisloni  lliem- 
iccfnl  agricul- 

cn  factory,  30 
c  Friends  con- 
lation  in  1820, 

St  IcvninNcw 
1.  !♦,  contains  a 
c  and  the  fish- 
es, and  not  far 

next  to  Pitts- 
atcs.  Wo  can 
linhabitcd  and 
118  it  began  to 

unfailing.  In 
new  factories, 
rics  were  built 
th  other  similar 
ch  it  has  since 
;d  public  build- 
i  the  stale.     In 

.  from  Boston, 
jrches,  and  one 
of  the  houses 
i-  of  considcra- 
onc  Canal  has 
)  rapid  advance 
act,  illustrating 
work  was  man- 
of  Ohio. 


SpringfiL'ld  id  a  hirgt;  .mikI  handsoiru;  villii,<.'('  on  the  east  side  of  tlie  Con- 
necticut, ^8  miles  N.  of  llnrtlonl,  and  SN  S.  W.  from  ljust(»n,  containinff 
antunborof  pulilic  bMildinys  mid  iii;\.itil;ictnric8,'J  pui>lic  libraries, and  a 
jrroat  niunbor  of  olf•<.^lnt  honsos.  TUc  I  'nilcd  Stiites  nrscMinl  a  little  east 
of  the  villngc,  makes  an  imposiiiff  show.  A  capital  IJ.  S.  mimifactory 
gf  imall  nrins  is  situate!  about  a  riiilf'  fiom  t\<v  arsi-nal,  employing  a 
numbrrof  mills  and  work  sliops,  and  I'liniil  ••'»()  hands,  who  manufac- 
ture about  1N,()()()  muskets  a  yenr. 

Northampton  is  a  (•liai'min;,dy  situalel  viila<ic  on  tho  West  bank  of  the 
Connecticut,  95  miles  west  of  Boston.  It  eontains  a  jiumbor  of  public 
handsome  buil(linf.>;s  and  is  noted  for  Iwi  lino  lio((>ls;  ntid  for  being  a  place 
of  great  resort  for  travellers,  from  liic  romanlic  bt;:iuly  of  the  country  in 
the  vicinity.  A  cliarming  slrfam  passes  ilnon^b  tlu;  centre  of  the  town, 
on  which  are  manufactories.  llcini-I  Hill  school  in  tiiis  town,  under  the 
care  of  Messrs.  Ijancroft  and  Coffswell  litis  jraiiKMl  ;jri!>at  reputation. 

There  is  a  noted  lead  mine,  visited  as  a  cnriosily  near  this  town. 

Wallhatn  is  known  as  the  seat  of  a  great  maniilUcliuing  establishment 
like  that  at  Lowell,  C'ambri(I,^'e  the  scat  of  Harvard  University,  is  a 
quiet  and  beautiful  village.  Tiynn,  famous  fur  its  charming  resort  for  sea 
air  and  scenery  in  thepeninsida  of  Nahant,and  its  immense  manufacture 
of  shoes,  contains  t),130  inluibitants,  chielly  occupied  in  that  pursuit. 
Taunton,  a  large  and  beautiful  manufacturing  village  on  Taunton  River, 
near  Rhode  Island,  conti> ins  5,7'.)8  inhabitants.  Andover  is  an  opulent 
agricultural  town,  20  miles  north  of  lioslon,  and  contains  two  large  par- 
ishes. The  south  parish  has  ti  nuiid)er  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. The  theological  seminary  in  this  place  is  richly  endowed. 
Its  buildings  comprise  lour  dwelling  houses  for  the  ofiicers,  and  three 
spacious  public  edifices.  The  library  contains  over  5,000  volumes  and 
there  are  four  theological  professors.  The  number  of  students  ranges  from 
120  to  150.  Pliillips'  academy  we  have  already  noted,  as  one  of  the 
oldest  and  best  endowed  academies  in  the  United  States.  Thirty 
beautiful  villages  more  might  be  named,  containing  their  white  streets, 
their  spires  and  literary  institutions,  and  at  least  twenty  towns  more,  in 
which  there  arc  large  manufacturing  establishments.  Among  the  hand 
some  villages  are  a  number  not  here  specified  on  Connecticut  River,  a 
stream,  which  in  its  whole  course,  from  its  sources  to  its  estuary,  flows  by 
more  handsome  towns,  than  any  other  in  the  United  States.  Among 
those  in  Massachusetts,  we  mention  Northfield,  Deerfield,  Hatfield  and 
Hadley,  as  samples  of  many  more.  Concord,  16  miles  northwest  from 
Boston  is  a  large  and  neat  village,  and  noted  for  being  the  place,  where 
the  British  were  first  attatcked  on  the  day  of  Lexington  Battle.  Among 
the  considerable  manufacturing  towns  not  before  mentioned,  are  Fitch- 


If  111" 


':,..% 


"i':''*- 


■A. 


ti  ATLANTIC    hTATF.H. 

burg  and  Milliury  iti  the  county  of  Worccairr,  UriilxowaiiT  and  Middle!)©. 
roiifih  fumoua  for  their  tiiiuuitncliircs  of  iron,  l.coniinintcr,  iMcndun, 
Troy,  Leicester,  and  various  othiT  plnres  too  nnmcrouB  to  monfion. 

Islands.  Wo  hnvo  montinned  Nantucket.  M.irlh.i'fi  Vinrynrd  ii  a 
considerable  island  west  of  N.tnlnckef,  wliicli  n long  with  tlic  Klizabi-th 
Island,  constihiles  nniin"'?  county. 

Roath  and  Canals.  Tiiriipikos  too  nnmeronn  to  mention  inlorsori 
the  country  in  cvrry  direc.lion.  Middioacx  cjinal  corincrting  tlin  INIerri- 
mac  with  Boston  harbor,  is  iiS  niih^s  in  length;  and  is  notrd  fur 
having  been  thu  first  wi  rk  oftlii!  kind  of  iiiiy  conH<'(|Ucnco  ailPin|itP(l  in 
the  country.  Tliti  ranal  round  South  lladli^y  Falls,  is  71\i  rod  lonf»; 
but  the  ^'renter  part  of  the  cut  bciuf,'  tlirouch  a  solid  rock,  in  some  plarca 
40  feet  in  thickness,  it  is  a  w  )rk  of  frreat  uKitrnitudc.  lilackstonc  Canril 
connecting  Worcester  with  rrovidcncc,  is  40  miles  Ion;.'.  It  '\h  in  con- 
templation to  continue  !iiis  tlirough  the  interior  to  Fitchburg.  A  rail 
rond  is  in  contemplation  from  lJf)Slon  to  Hudson's  River.  Various  oflipr 
public  works,  both  canals  and  rail  roads,  have  Iiccmi  discusi^od.  andsonio 
have  passed  to  the  more  definite  shape  of  having  the  slock  taken. 

Productions.  Every  thing  that  the  novthnrn  states  furnish,  and 
much,  that  it  not  indigenous  to  the  climate,  has  been  nn!urali/ed  by 
horticultural  care  and  skill.  It  is  particularly  noted  for  producing  great 
quantities  of  (he  finest  fruit.  It  shMres  the  greater  portion  of  the  Biink 
and  whale  fisheries  in  the  United  States.  This  pursuit -unplnys  many 
thousands  of  hands,  furnishes  one  of  the  most  important  items  in  these 
parts  of  the  United  States,  and  trains  vast  numbers  of  the  most  experi- 
enced and  intrepid  mariners  in  the  world.  The  ships  of  this  great  mari- 
time state  spread  their  sails  in  every  sea.  Her  manufacturing  establish- 
ments are  too  numerous  to  specify.  Her  cotton  factories  employ  a  vast 
number  of  hands  and  a  great  amount  of  capital.  A  proof  of  the  result 
of  these  great  establishments  maybe  found  in  the  fact,  that  twenty  years 
since  the  cheap  cottons  of  the  United  States  were  imported  from  India. 
This  state  now  sends  her  manufactured  cottons  there,  and  finds  the  trade 
lucrative.  Since  the  manufacturing  system  has  prevailed,  this  state  has 
rapidly  increased  in  population;  and  the  increaseof  the  bustle  of  business 
may  be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that  the  number  of  stage  coaches,  that  pass 
to  and  from  Boston,  has  tripled.  As  an  example  of  its  industry  more  than 
a  million  pairs  of  shoes  have  been  manuflictured  in  Lynn  in  a  single  year. 
History.  This  state  and  Virginia  are  the  nursing  mothers  of  the  At- 
lantic States.  The  English  people,  who  emigrated  in  1020  to  the  dreary 
and  snowy  wilderness  of  Plymouth  strand  were  called  puritans.  The 
contest  for  our  independence  began  at  Lexington  eleven  miles  N.  W.  of 
Boston.    On  a  plain  stone  column,  near  the  church  on  the  public  square, 


y^' 


ATLANTIC   UTATf.f 


37 


if  tlio  siinple  mil  nirfctiii;r  iriHcriptioii  of  the  names  uf  the  Tint  victims 
of  the  8tru{rpliv  No  stiito  in  thi^  union  lias  left  a  more  imicliblo  iinpit'M 
of  linr  cntcrprr.'w,  e<lucnti<-n,  institnli'  ns  nnti  rhnrartcr  on  thfl  wliolo 
coiinfry,  nnd  on  nil  countries,  whern  t!ip  American  flnj;  in  nnfurlril,lhan 
MassncluJBOtlfl. 


?  r 


Riionr:  i si, and. 


J.K'^nTif,  40  niilo».  Broadtli,  iiO.  T'ontninH  1350  jiqunro  miles. 
Bouiulod  \.  and  I'.  I»y  MdssacluisctlH;  S.  I»y  tlio  Allnnlic;  W.  by  Con- 
ricrticuf.  lie t ween  41°  '22'  and  '12"  'A'  \.  f..  und  f>°  7'  and  :p  M'  E.  L. 
from  Wiisliinyton. 

Counties.  Bristol,  Bristol,  Kent,  E.  drermvich;  Newport,  Newport; 
Providence,  ZVor/(/r/?rr ,-W;i.sliinpflon,  .S'.  l\in>rston.  Population  in  1820, 
83,050.  In  18:{(),  i)7,'ilO.  In  point  of  urea,  this  is  by  far  the  smallest 
state  in  the  union. 

Physical  Aspect.  Along  the  sea  shore  of  the  main  land  much  of  the 
anil  is  sterile.  Rhode  Island,  which  pives  name  to  the  state,  has  a  fine 
soil,  is  all  under  hi<jh  cultivation,  and  in  the  warm  months  presents  a 
most  delightful  verdure.  'I'iie  climate,  especially  of  this  beautiful  island 
is  highly  salubrious. 

Rivers,  Kays,  and  Islands.  TIk;  courses  of  the  rivers  are  short. 
They  are  Pawtuckct,  Providence,  Pawtuxet,  Pavvcatue,  and  Wood  River. 
Narragansct  Bay  stretches  from  Point  Scaconnet  on  the  mainland  to 
Point  Judith  on  the  west;  ln'ing  S.')  miles  long,  and  embosoming  many 
islands.  Rhode  Island,  the  chief  of  them,  is  15  miles  long  by  an  average 
of  three  and  a  half  wide.  Cannonicut,  Prudence,  Patience,  Hope, 
Dyer's,  Ilofr,  and  Block  Islands  lie  farther  west  in  the  Bay.  There  are 
few  finer  sheets  of  water  in  the  world,  furnishing  richer  and  more  inter- 
esting vi-ws  of  sea  scenery,  and  of  towns  and  spires  along  the  curving 
shore,  than  the  steam-boat  passage  from  Providence  up  Long  Island 
Sound  to  New  York. 

Productions.  The  same  as  in  Massachusetts;  except,  that  being  fur- 
ther south,  parts  of  the  state,  particularly  the  insular  portions  would 
yield  fruits  and  productions,  that  require  a  milder  climate.  The  islands, 
and  the  Narraganset  country  are  celebrated  for  their  fertility  and  their 
fine  sheep,  cattle,  butter  and  cheese.  The  remainder  of  the  state  has  a 
thin  soil,  in  sonne  parts  rocky  end  sterile.  Iron  and  copper  ores  are 
foimd  in  the  state;  and  it  abounds  in  limestono.     Anthracite  coal  has 


%,  'pt^ 


$ 


38 


ATIiANTK^    STATES. 


been  discovcrefl  in  the  ishintl,  that  yivcs  the  state  its  name.     The  shores, 
bay  and  harbors  ahoinul  in  the  llnost  fish. 

C/iirf  yo?r«.s'.  Providence  is  silntiled  ahont  a  mile  from  tJio  month  of 
the  Pawtucket  on  bolli  sides  of  it  and  connected  by  a  bridfje  over  it. 
lis  position  is  a  pleasant  (»n(;,  Ihon^ii  on  the  sharp  acclivities  of  iiijls.  It 
possesses  a  fine  harbor  for  ships  of  almost  any  burden;  and  its  commeroo 
is  extensive  and  rapidly  iTicreasinjr,  its  shipping  amonnfino  to  iir),()()() 
tons.     Ir  contains  15  or  1(5  public  buildings  among  which  flic  buildings  of 

1^-  Brown  University,  and  the  arcade,  u   magnificent  structure,  are  the 

most  conspicuous.     It  has  12  churches  for  the  diflerent  denominations. 
Two  of  the  congregational  churches,  and  a  baptist  and  episcopalian 

s?i.  churcb  are  remarkable  for  their  beauty.     The  luimerous  and  respectable 

manufactories  of  the  city  and  Pawtucket  are,  what  has  given  this  city  its 
impulse  towards  |)rospcrity.  Few  towns  have  increased  more  rapidly 
within  the  last  ten  years.  Another  element  of  this  increa.se  has  been  it3 
connection  with  the  interior  of  Massachusetts  by  the  Blackstonc  canal. 
Brown  University  is  a  res[)ecta!)lo  and  flourishing  institution.  There  arc 
two  college  edifices,  one  I.'jO  by  4(5  feet,  and  ■!  stories  high,  with  wings; 
and  the  other  120  by  40  feet.  The  position  of  these  buildings  on  a  noblo 
elevation  is  charming.  The  government  of  the  university  is  composed 
of  36  trustees,  of  whom  the  president  and  21  others  must  be  baptists. 
The  other  members  of  the  board  are  shared  among  the  different  denomi- 
'    '  nations,  of  whom  5  mtist  be  friends.     This  is  a  most  impressive  example 

of  the  real  liberality  of  the  age!  Such,  according  to  this  charter,  must 
be  the  components  of  this  corporation,  be  the  spirit  of  the  age  what  it 
may  !  This  notwithstanding,  it  is  well  provided  with  the  customary  ap- 
purtenances of  such  seminaries,  and  has  proved  an  efficient  and  useful 
institution.  The  friend's  boarding  school  in  this  city  is  a  noble  establish- 
ment. Every  aspect  of  this  thriving  and  beautiful  town  indicates 
cheerful  activity.  It  is  a  noted  town  of  steam  boat  embarkation  up  the 
sound  for  New  York  for  the  numerous  travellers  from  the  maritime  coun- 
try north  of  it.  It  is  40  miles  S.  W.  of  Boston.  Its  population  in  1820, 
was  11,767.  In  1830,  17,832,  showing  a  more  rapid  growth  than  any 
%  other  town  in  New  England,  with  the  exception  of  Lowell,  and  consitut- 
ing  it  in  population  the  second  town  in  that  division  of  the  country. 

The  flourishing  town  of  Pawtucket  lies  partly  in  this  state,  in  what  is 
called  North  Providence;  and  partly  in  Massachusetts.  It  is  noted  fur 
the  number  and  extent  of  its  manufactories,  and  the  thriving  village, 
that  has  grown  up  about  them.  These  factories  are  at  the  charming  cas- 
cade of  Pawtucket  River.  Five  or  six  public  buildings,  two  banks,  ten 
or  twelve  cotton  factories,  and  as  many  otljer  factories  have  here  been  the 


iis 


'it 


?.. 


ic  sliorc's, 

moiith  of 
ro  over  it. 
Iiills.  It 
^ommorco 

lo  i>r),ooo 

lildinj^s  of 
;,  urc  tho 
minations. 
liscnpalian 
espcclablc 
this  city  its 
loro  rapidly 
las  been  its 
tone  canal. 
Tliere  arc 
with  wings; 
i  on  a  noblo 
3  composed 
be  baptists, 
ent  denomi- 
ive  example 
harlcr,  must 


.,■  h. 


ATLA.NTIC   STATUS. 


80 


'^^' 


growth  of  n  few  years.  I'he  whirling  of  the  mills,  the  dashing  of  the 
water,  and  the  activity  of  the  village,  altogether  constitute  a  spectacle  of 
great  interest.     Population  about  4,000. 

Newport,  which  siiarcs  the  scat  of  government  alternately  with  Provi- 
dence, is  situated  in  the  southoni  oxtromity  of  Rhode  Island,  JJO  miles  S. 
of  Providence.  Its  liarbor  for  Bpaciousncss,  depth,  safety  and  case  of 
access,  has  few  superior  to  it  in  the  United  States.  Tho  town  is  large 
and  pleasant,  and  delightfully  situated  on  a  lovely  island,  with  a  fine  cli- 
mate, a  favorite,  accustomed,  and  almost  prescribed  resort  for  strangers 
from  the  West  Indies,  and  the  south  of  the  United  States,  for  spending 
the  summer  months.  Yet  it  lias  an  air  of  anti(iuity  and  decay.  It  is 
strongly  defended  by  three  forts  on  the  seaboard,  and  is  the  seat  of  a 
military  hospital  of  the  United  States.  Fort  Adams  is  one  of  the  most 
important  fortresses  in  the  U.  S.  coast  line  of  defence.  The  poor 
house  of  this  city  is  remarkable  for  the  cheapness,  clHciency,  and  hu 
manity  of  the  establishment.  Rent  is  uncommonly  cheap,  and  the  fish 
market  is  the  most  cheap,  luxurious  and  abundant  peihaps  in  the  world. 
It  has  9  or  10  public  buildings,  11  churches,  and  in  18!;i0  contained  7,319 
inhabitants.     In  1880,  8,010. 

Bristol  is  a  neat  commercial  town,  with  a  good  harbor,  and  owning 
considerable  shi[)ping,  36  miles  S.  W.  of  Boston,  and  153  of  Providence. 
It  has  a  number  of  public  buildings,  4  churches  and  about  3,000  inhabit- 
ants. Warren,  South  Kingston,  East  Greenwich,  Smithfield,Pawtucketj 
and  Warwich  are  the  other  considerable  villages.  The  last  named  town 
contains  5,r)29  inhabitants. 

The  state  has  10  incorporated  academies,  and  not  far  from  300  primary 
schools.  This  is  the  more  honorable  to  it,  as  public  schools  are  not  sup- 
ported by  law  as  in  the  other  New  England  States.  Baptists  are  the 
most  numerous  religious  denomination,  and  next  to  them  Friends.  There 
are  100  fixed  congregations  in  the  state. 

The  exports  of  this  state  in  1829  were  $722,106.  The  tonnage  was 
43,406  tons.  By  the  census  of  1820,  6,091  persons  were  engaged  in 
manufactures,  chiefly  of  cotton.  The  value  of  manufactured  goods  was 
$4,329,000.    It  must  now  amount  to  $10,000,000. 


#■ 


Br   *    ,    .     ■*      •      f    Uii 

'^  "  '^  Mi  i 


''H 


CONNECTICUT. 


Is  bounded  N.  by  Massachusetts,  E.  by  Rhode  Island,  S.  by  Long  Isl- 
and Sound,  W.  by  New  York.  Between  4P  and  41°  2'  N.  L.  and  3^ 
16'  and 5^  11' E.  L.  from  Washington.  Length  88 miles;  average  breadth 


i^^^ 


40 


.■av 


ATLANTIC   STATKti. 


53  miles.  Contains  4,664  square  miles.  The  counties  are  Fairfield, 
Fairfield,  Danhury;  Hartford, /farZ/'on/;  Litchfield,  ZiVr/j/feW;  Middle- 
sex, Middlrtown:  Now  llfiven.  New  Harm;  New  London,  New  London^ 
Norwich;  Tolhnd,  Tolland;  Windham,  Windham.  Population  in  1820, 
275,248.     In  1830,2{>7,7n. 

Physical  Aspect.  There  arc  some  lieaiitifu!  narrow  plains  along  the 
rivers.  The  general  surfiue  is  strongly  undulating.  Simc  portions  of 
the  surface  are  nigged.     The  CJrcen  Mountain  range  passing  through 

1*?  this  state  into  the  sea,  it  has  a  number  of  mountains,  though  none  of  but 

moderate  elevation.  'J'he  soil  is  generally  rich.  Almost  the  whole  sur- 
face is  under  small  stone  enclosures,  an  index,  we  may  remark  in  passing, 
of  New  England  husbandry  in  general.  The  face  of  the  country  is 
chequered  by  a  vast  number  of  ro;ids. 

Productions.  Every  thing  indicates  a  numerous  and  industrious  itop- 
ulation,  and  a  groat  elfort  to  extract  all  that  is  practicable  from  the  soil. 

,  The  point,  in  which  the  productions  of  this  state  differ  from  those  of  the 

other  New  England  States,  is  in  more  abundant  orchards,  and  in  greater 
care  and  skill  in  the  preparation  of  what  is  known  abroad  by  the  name 
of  Goshen  butter  and  cheese.  The  exports  are  chiefly  to  the  West  In- 
dies, and  among  the  products  common  to  the  other  New  England  States, 
the  industrious  people  have  gained  a  reputation  abroad  for  the  great 
amount  of  onions  raised  for  exportation.  The  state  owns  60,850  tons  of 
shipping  engaged  in  foreign  trade;  and  the  value  of  the  exports  in  1829 
was  $521,545. 

Rivers.  This  state  receives  its  name  from  the  Connecticut,  which 
runs  through  the  state  from  north  to  south.  This  river  rises  near  Canada  in 
New  Hampshire,  and  after  a  course  of  410  miles  through  a  most  charm- 
ing alluvial  border  in  its  whole  length  rendered  cheerful  by  a  succession 
of  beautiful  villages,  it  empties  into  Long  Island  Sound  between  Say- 
brook  and  Lime.  It  is  navigable  for  considerable  vessels  to  Middleton; 
for  vessels  of  8  feet  draft  to  Hartford,  50  miles  from  its  mouth;  and  for 
steam  boats  to  Bath,  New  Hampshire,  250  miles  higher.     There  are  6 

Hi  considerable  falls  in  the  river,  of  which  the  most  remarkable  are  Bellows 

Falls  at  Walpole.  These  falls  have  been  overcome  by  means  of  locks 
and  dams.  The  elevation  overcome  by  these  artificial  means  is  200 
feet.  The  other  considerable  streams  are  Ilousatonic,  Thames,  and 
Naugatuck. 

Religion.    There  arc  460  fixed  religious  societies,  of  which  about 
half  are  Congregationalists,  inclining  in  their  church  government  more 
to  the  forms  of  Presbyterianism,  than   the  same  churches  in  the  other 
'     New  England  states. 


^ 


f  / 


«' 


ATLANTIC    STATUS. 


41 


Literature.  Yale  College  ranks  as  the  second  literary  institution  in 
the  United  States.  It  is  silualcd  on  a  level  acjuare,  in  the  centre  of  the 
cliarminjf  city  of  Newllaviin.  The  centre  of  this  scpiare  is  occupied  by 
public  hiiihlings;  and  the  college  Imildings,  H  in  number,  range  on  one 
of  the  sides.  The  square  is  shaded  with  rows  of  (;lms;  and,  though  in 
the  midst  of  a  busy  and  bustling  t«)wn,  wears  the  aspect  of  ii  repose,  that 
befits  the  meditative  retreats  of  students.  Tlio  united  resources  of  the 
libraries  furnish  about  10,000  volumes.  The  i>hilos()phical  and  chemical 
apparatus  is  excellent  and  complete.  The  f  iculty  consists  of  a  president, 
10  professors,  and  5  tutors.  Tlu;  whole  number  of  students  in  182J), 
divided  among  the  departments  of  law,  nicilicine,  theology  ujul  the  aca 
(Icinic  course,  was 400.     Of  this  number,  the  college  students  made  269. 

Of  high  schools,  seminaries  and  academies,  tluTc  are  IVl ;  of  which  a 
school  in  New  Haven,  imder  the  care  of  Messrs.  Dwight,  on  the  plan  of 
the  Round  Hill  School  at  Northampton,  lian  much  reputation.  There  is 
an  asylum  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  at  Hartford,  which,  under  the  superin- 
tcadance  of  Mr.  (Jallaudet,  and  Mr.  Le  (Merc,  a  pupil  of  the  famous 
AIjIkj  Sicard,  as  assistant,  has  gained  high  estimation  among  the  lovers  of 
liumanity.  The  system  of  general  education  and  free  schools,  is  here 
carried  to  its  utmost  extent;  and  what  gives  it  efficiency  is  a  fund  of 
nearly  two  millions  of  dollars,  the  interest  of  which,  appropriated  exclu- 
sively to  the  support  of  schools,  enables  parents  to  give  their  children 
agratuitious  education. 

Manvfacturcs.  The  it;genuity  and  industry  of  the  people  of  this 
state  in  this  line,  has  a  reputation  coextensive  with  the  union.  From  the 
number  of  articles  which  they  send  abroa<l,  ktiown  in  the  south  and  west 
by  the  name  of  yanlccc  notions,  especially  tin-ware,  wooden  clocks,  and 
a  certain  species  of  books,  made  especially  to  sell  in  particular  regions 
of  the  country,  many  a  pleasant  knavery  has  been  ascribed  to  them,  of 
which  the  enter[)rising  and  respectable  travelling  merchants  were  wholly 
Imrniless.  Tiieir  manufactures  consist  of  cotton  and  woollen  goods, 
tiii»warp,  glass,  paper,  shoes,  clocks,  buttons,  tire  arms,  and  many  other 
products  of  their  ingenuity.  In  many  of  the  scpiares  of  the  villages  are 
heaps  of  the  cuttings  of  tin,  not  unlike  the  parings  of  leather  in  the 
town  of  Lynn. 

Towns.  New  Haven  and  Hartford  arc  alternately  the  seats  of  the  state 
government.  But  New  Haven  is  the  largest  city  in  the  state.  Its  posi- 
tion is  on  the  liead  of  a  bay  of  l-ong  Island  Sound.  The  area  is  an 
extensive  plain,  bounded  on  the  north  by  magnificent  stone  bluffs,  3 
or  400  feet  high.  Two  streams  of  water  mark  its  eastern  and  western 
extreiTiities.  A  square  in  the  centre  is  laid  out  as  a  public  ground.  It 
is  shaded  with  trees,  kept  neat,  and  is  of  a  dry  and  absorbing  soil,  so  as 
Vol.  11.  <> 


,1*  -^'M 


'Aim  '' 


W.  r- 


42 


ATLANTIC    STATKS. 


^ 


•^uk 


1?. 


to  bo  generally  free  (u<m  the  incoiivoniencics  of  muddincss.  On  this 
square  are  tlie  public  l,nildings,  iho  college  edilice?,  and  four  churchea, 
Tal<en  all  togellior,  there  is  no  stiuare  in  the  union  to  compare  with  the 
beauty  of  this.  Thieo  of  these  churches  are  very  handsome  buildings, 
particularly  the  Episcopal  church.  TJio  streets  are  regular,  the  squares 
rectangular,  and  the  town,  ihouglithehnuscs  are  notlony,and  mimy  of  them 
of  wood,  presents  a  singularly  pleasant  rind  cheerful  aspect.  The  burial 
ground  in  the  north-west  part  of  the  ciiy  particularly  elicits  the  interest 
of  stranf^ers.  Tlie  quiet  and  narrow  city  of  remembrances  in  the  miust 
of  the  city  of  the  living  is  l;iid  out  with  exquisite  taste,  and  has  often 
been  compared  to  the  famous  cemetery  of  the  Pere  la  Chaisi^,  in  Paris. 
It  would  be  to  the  credit  of  our  country,  if  such  regard  to  the  monu- 
mental abodes  of  the  remains  of  our  fathers  was  more  common.  The 
long  wharf  is  longer  than  the  famous  one  so  called  in  Boston.  It  is 
the  largest  maritime  port  in  the  state,  and  owns  considerable  shipping. 
The  city  contains  18  public  buildings  in  all.  Among  the  singular  ones, 
is  an  observatory,  after  the  model  of  the  tower  of  the  winds  at  Athens. 
The  old  state  house,  which  was  an  indilVercnt  building,  has  given  place 
^'  to  a  new  and  handsoEe  one.  Many  of  the  recent  erections  are  handsome 
structures  of  brick  and  stone.  It  is  34  miles  S.  W,  of  Hartford,  and  76 
N.  E.  from  New  York.  Its  population  in  1820  was  8,327.  In  1830, 
10,180. 

Hartford  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  50  miles 
from  its  estuary.  Small  vessels  ascend  the  river  to  this  city.  It  is 
central  to  a  rich  and  populous  country.  It  contains  9  public  build- 
ings, among  which  the  state  house  makes  the  most  conspicuous  figure, 
and  9  churches.  One  of  the  Congregational  churches  is  a  spacious 
and  elegant  building.  The  asylum  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  a  mile  west 
r/i  the  town,  on  Tower  Hi!!,  is  a  building  creating  striking  interest 
The  retreat  for  the  insane,  a  little  south  of  the  town,  is  a  spacious 
stone  building,  150  by  50  feet,  witli  extensive  grounds  for  the  unfortu- 
nate patients.  Wasliingion  Episcopal  College  has  two  spacious  stoiir 
buildings.  Montevideo,  the  seat  of  D.uiiel  Wadsworth,  Esq.,  perched  on 
a  mountain  0  miles  distant,  a;!  Js  to  ti-.e  beauty  of  the  panorama  of  this 
city.  Hartford  has  a  respectable  amount  of  commerce,  and  numerous 
manufactures.  Considerable  of  printing  an«l  jiublishing  is  done  here. 
It  is  100  miles S.  VI.  of  Boston.  Poouli'i  n  in  1820,  0,901.  In  1830, 
9,789.  iNew  L')iidn»,  o  yort  oi'  cutiy  oo.  U".;  'i'liMini-s,  5>  mile.-  fiujii  ib 
mouth,  owns  considcri:;',  iv  slipping,  ce?)tLin,-s  5  public  buildings,  4 
churches,  and  about  4,000  inli!i}>;t:iiit3. 

MiddJetown,   15  uiiles  tS.  of  Ilaviford,   and  en  tiie  uame   side  of  tiic 
Connwcticut,  is  ^  chaniiingly  situuied  pl?.ce,  wllb  considerable  trads  auo 


.*, 


ATLANTIC    STATES. 


43 


Sit} 


manufactures.  It  sliows  iv  largo  amount  of  the  sliipping  of  the  state,  as 
the  shipping  of  Hartford  is  registered  here.  It  ]i;is  a  number  of  public 
buildings,  4  cliiirclies  in  iho  town,  :r,id  .'5  others  in  the  vicinity.  Popula- 
tion in  1830,  (),SC2. — Norwicli  is  ;i  cons;dcra])le  pl:icc,  at  the  head  of  the 
navigation  on  the  Thames,  with  a  number  of  public  buildings,  and  6 
houses  of  public  worship.  It  consists  of  three  distinct  villages,  embo- 
somed in  u  romantic  vale.  I\)pul;iti(ni  alioiit  '1,000.  All  the  f  *remen- 
tioned  neat  and  flourishing  towns  in  this  slate,  by  a  strange  and  rather 
ludicrous  perversion  of  linguago,  ;no  written  cities.  What  might  be 
fairly  called  i /o/r/j,  dwindles  in  the  lhou;^ht  to  a  village,  when  the  name 
<;//»/ is  applied  to  it.  The  Unite:!  iSfutos  hiivc  hvA  five  towns,  that  can 
with  any  propriety  bo  callo'l  cities. 

Beside  the  cities.  East  Ilarli'ird,  opposite  that  city,  on  the  E.  bank  of 
the  Connecticut,  has  respectable  nianufactures.  T'^o  other  considerable 
towns  are  Bridgeport,  Stoningiovi,  Liiclifield,  Faiiiiokl,  Danbury,  \Vind- 
linm,  Wcthcrsfield,  Stonington,  Winds  r.  East  Wimlsor,  Sufficld,  Enfield, 
Hadham,  Derby,  Mihord,  St'.imroid,  and  Tolkind. 

Roads,  Canals,  <^r.  In  this  industrious  a:id  ppulous  state,  the  roads 
are  numerous  and  fine,  and  many  of  lho!n  lurni)i!ies.  The  Hampshire 
and  Hampden  canal  extends  from  Norlli;urpton,  on  the  Connecticut,  to 
the  southern  limit  of  ?vlcis3acliusetts,  where  it  takes  the  name  of  Farm- 
ington  canal,  and  passes  through  Connecticut  to  New  Haven.  The  en- 
lire  length  is  50  miles. 

Manners.  The  pcoj)le  are  generally  tall,  muscular,  and  robust,  and 
noted  for  their  strong  attachment  to  ihcir  native  state,  their  ancient  puri- 
tanical customs,  and  a  rclii^ious  faith  ami  observance  of  the  strictest  sort. 
Though  they  emigrate  extensively,  they  longer  remain  in  their  foreign 
abode  a  peculiar  people,  than  the  emigrants  from  any  other  of  the  New 
England  states.  The  heir  loom  of  the  puritans  has  descended  rather  to 
Connecticut,  than  Massachusetts.  To  Xcw  Connecticut,  in  Ohio,  a  tract 
in  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  that  state,  120  miles  by  52  in  extent,  they  have 
transferred  Connecticut  strictness,  industry,  and  the  church-building  and 
church-going  spirit.  No  person,  in  becoming  acquainted  witli  that  coun- 
try, can  fail  to  observe  what  a  fair  transcript  it  is  of  the  original  copy. 

Minerals,  Fossils,  S^c.  Iron  ore  is  smelted  and  wrought  to  a  consid- 
erable extent.  Copper  mines  have  been  discovered  in  different  places. 
There  is  a  lead  mine  near  Middletown,  Marl)le  is  wrought  to  a  con- 
siderable extent.  Porcelain  clay  and  black  lead  are  found,  and  cobalt 
is  discovered  in  Chatham.  The  dark  red  Connecticut  freestone  is  found 
in  abundance  in  diflercnt  places.  It  is  quarried  with  great  ease,  and 
hardens  in  the  air;  and  has  an  imposing,  though  rather  gloomy  aspect, 
when  constituting  a  large  building. 


* 


«  !     ^ 


¥.  'b. 


wSVK 


i'^ 


-M^ 


fe. 


^.Si^i^S.--.  v 


♦i 


♦"       ATLANTIC;    STATIW. 


NEW   YORK, 


Is  the  most  norlliorii  of  llio  middle  stales,  and  llie  most  papulous  staf« 
in  the  union.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  lake  Ontario,  (he  St.  Lawrence  and 
Lower  Canada";  K.  by  Vermont,  Massiichiisctts  and  Connecticut  ;  S.  by 
the  Atlantic,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  W.  by  Pennsylvania,  Lake 
Erie,  and  the  Niagara.  Between  30°  45'  and  45°  N.  L;  and  2°  51'  W. 
and  5°  E.  L.  from  Washington. 

Length  310  miles.     Breadth  301.    Containing  47,000  square  miles. 


^ 


^.  J" 


Counties'  Chief  Towns, 

Albany,  Albany. 
Alleghany,  Angelica. 
Broome,  Binghampton. 
Cattaraugus,  Ellicottsville. 
Cayuga,  Auburn. 
Chautauque,  Mayville. 
Chenango,  Norwich. 
Clinton,  Plattsburgh. 
Columbia,  Hudson. 
Cortlandt,  Cortlandtville. 
Delaware,  Delhi. 
Dutchess,  Poughkeepsic. 
Erie,  Buffalo. 
Essex,  Elizabethtown. 
Franklin,  Malone. 
Genessee,  Batavia. 
Greene,  Cattskill. 
Hamilton,  Wells. 
Herkimer,  Herkimer. 
Jefferson,  Watertown. 
Kings,  Flatbush. 
Lewis,  Martinsburgh. 
Livingston,  Geneseo. 
Madison,  Morrisville. 
Monroe,  Rochester. 
Montgomery,  Johnstown. 
New  York,  New-York. 
Niagara,  Lockport. 

Population  in  1820,  1,372,812. 


» 


Counties.  Chief  Towns. 

Onoida,  Rome. 
Onandago,  Onondaga. 
Ontario,  Canandaigua. 
Orange,  Ncwbiirgh  and  Goshen, 
Orleans,  Gaines. 
Oswego,  Oswego, 
Otsego,  Cooperstown. 
Putnam,  Carmel. 
Queen's.  N.  Ilempsted, 
Rensselaer,  Troy. 
Richmond,  Richmond.. 
Rockland,  Clarkstown. 
St.  Lawrence,  Ogdensburgh, 
Saratoga,  Ballston. 
Schenectady,  Schenectady. 
Schoharie,  Schoharie. 
Seneca,  Ovid,  Waterloo. 
Steuben,  Bath. 
Suffolk,  Suffolk  C.  II. 
Sullivan,  Monticello, 
Tioga,  Elmira,  Owego. 
Tompkins,  Ithaca. 
Ulster,  Kingston. 
Warren,  Caldwell. 
Washington,  Salem,  Sandy-Hill. 
Wayne,  Lyons,  Palmyra. 
Westchester,  Bedford. 
Yates,  Penn  Yann. 
In  1830,  1,913,505.  m 


'*'*^. 


// 


ATLANTIC  STATES. 


45 


Physical  A-fprct.  'J'liis  stale  tnkon  rank  in  tlio  coiif(..(ler.i(7  of  the 
union,  not  only  in  population,  but  extent,  wcallli,  fyroxit  public  works, 
and  i(.s  inlcroaliiiir  physical  r<)nlI;.rMra(ion.  It  spreails  fhrough  the 
wliolo  broadlh  of  Iho  ropuhlic,  find  while  one  exlroinity  feolp,  alonf  iho 
great  length  of  T.onjr  Tsl.ind,  Hk;  sea  l)rr(;ze,  and  hoiists  the  bustle, 
opulence  and  splendor  of  Iho  Anieiican  Tyre,  the  other  extremity  sees 
towns  rising  among  Indian  wigwams,  along  the  shores  of  the  vast 
lakes,  and  on  one  of  the  n()l)Iest  and  at  the  same  time  wildest  streams  of 
the  globe.  New  York  is  an  epitome  of  all  configurations  of  surface,  all 
varieties  of  lake  and  river  sccMiery,  and  all  conditions  of  man,  from  the 
sumptuous  dwellers  of  I'earl  slnsct  to  the  emigrant  daubing  his  log  cabin 
with  clay.  Granite,  slate,  and  lime  stone  hills,  charming  vallies,  extensive 
plains  of  gently  rolling  surfaci!,  rng<iod  elevations  and  lofty  mountains 
alternate  with  streams,  cascades,  ponds,  and  beautiful  lakes  of  all  dimen- 
sions, from  the  calm  and  transpanint  amenily  of  iSkeneatclos,  to  the  inland 
seas  of  Erie  and  Ontario. 

IslandK.  Long  Island  is,  as  its  name  imports,  a  long  but  narrow 
island,  extending  east  from  the  city  of  New  York  1.50  miles,  forming  a 
curve  parallel  to  the  maiidand  shore,  and  leaving  a  broad  and  beautiful 
sheet  of  water,  not  unlike  a  wide  river  lietwecn,  called  Long  Island 
Sound.  It  contains  3  counties.  The  south  border  is  a  long  belt  of 
sand,  'i'lie  northern  has  a  good  soil.  Its  chief  towns  are  Brooklyn, 
Jamaica,  Sagharbor  and  Flatbush.  Staten  island  is  18  miles  long,  and 
from  5  to  8  broad,  and  is  separated  from  Long  Island  by  the  Narrows, 
and  from  New  Jersey  by  a  strait,  called  Staten  Island  So(md.  Manhatan 
Island,  on  which  the  city  of  New  York  stands,  has  already  been  de- 
scribed. 

In  the  maritime  belt  of  the  state  the  soil  is  sandy  ;  in  the  middle 
charmingly  undulating;  and  in  the  western  and  southern  divisions  re- 
markable level,  rich,  and  inclining  to  alluvial  formation.  The  state  has 
a  great  proportion  of  first  rate  land.  The  richest  lands  are  on  the 
Mohawk,  the  Chenango,  Gcncssee  and  Black  rivers  ;  between  Seneca 
and  Cayuga  lakes,  and  generally  the  western  parts  of  the  state. 

Mount lins.  Cattskill,  and  Caltsbcrg  njountains  belong  to  the  con- 
formation of  the  Green  Mountains;  and  may  be  considered  the  connect- 
ing ridges  between  them  and  the  Alleghanies. 

Rivers  and  Lakes.  The  Delaware  rises  in  this  state  among  the 
Cattskill  Mountains,  and  pursues  a  southern  course  to  Pennsylvania. 
The  Hudson  is  a  noble  river,  whose  whole  course  is  in  this  state.  It  rises 
in  the  heights  between  lake  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence,  and  pursuing 
a  generally  southern  course  between  3  and  400  miles,  meets  the  tide 
more  than  150  miles  from  it  mouth.    It  empties  into  New  York  Bay,  and 


S!, 


m 

'illliir 

Jw| 

iSH 

w\ 

■J^ 


■t:t 


--zw- 


4» 


ATLANTIC    STATns. 


is  navi^'uble  liir  ships  iis  iii^^Ii  as  Iliidson,  l',]{)  miles  alK)V(;  \i;w '\■l)l•k,• 
and  for  sloops  to  Alhiiny  aiul  Troy  'i;")  or  150  iiiilr;s  r,irlli(!r.  Ni;i,'r;ir;i 
River,  wliicfi  lins  already  l)t';>n  (l(!scril)0(l,  ;is  ono  iXiUi'.  lai/^Tsl.  iiiifliuost 
inltM'csliiig  rivers  in  ili-j  woilil,  Ibrms  a  part  »ji"  tho  norllicni  liotiiuiary  of 
the  stale. 

The  Muhawk,  a  princi'ial  lirnirh  ( I'llic  iriidsoii,  ri-H's  iiorlii  oflliica, 

nnd  after  acoiir.so  ofiiior.-  lli;in  101)  iiiilcH  in  a  rich  alluvial  valley,  joins, 

iholludson  near  I/.insin!^'I)iir<,'.     («(Mi<'.ssee,  Osuof/o  and  IJlaek  are  iinpor- 

T       tant  rivers,  that  rise  in  the  interior  of  tliestati',  and  fill  into  lake  Ontario. 

.1    Seneca  is  the  ontlel  of  the  small  lieantifnl  lak(>s,  which  wo  meet  inad- 

vancin.'jf  towards  the  f^reat  noilliern  cliain.     Oswe/fateliie,  (Jrass, Kaeket 

*    •      and  St.  Re^'is,  (liseharir(!  into  the  St.  l/iwrcnee      Cataraiiuna  Creek  is  a 

river  of  lake  (■hain[)!ain.  The  Siisqiielnnn;;!!  vises  in  this  state,  and  passes 

^  into  Pennsylvania.     '.Fhe  Alleuii;:iiy  of  the  Ohio  collects  iis  he  id  waters 

in  the  southwest  anifle  of  this  state,  and  passes  thront;h  its  iiohle  |)iiie  fur- 

csts  into  Pennsylvania.     The  'i'i();i,a  and  ('henan;,fo  fill  into  the  ^MSfpic- 

hannah.     The  Tonnewanta.  is  a  stre;:ni  niaik!  suhsidiaiy  t')   the  «rre'U 

northern  canal.     Beside  these,  there  are  r>t)  .streams  that  would  Ik*  c<;n- 

*'  spicuous  in  a  slate  of  smaller  dimensions,  and  where  the  eonfi^airatiun  was 

[iii  on  alessyijrantic  sea.le. 

We  have  mentioned  Cliamplain,  Ontario  ;iiul  Erie,  the  ^nrat  lakes,  fh;it 
bound  this  state  on  the  north,  fiake  (ieonre  is  a  most  romantic  and 
beautifid  sheet  of  viator,  IJ?  miles  lontr,  and  from  ono  to  7  hroa.d,  pun?, 
transparent,  full  offish,  and  dotted  with  islands,  iiaviii;.';  for  the  outer 
rim  of  its  basin  a  line  of  lofty  mountains  boundinjr  its  whole  extent.  Lake 
Canandaigua  is  15  miles  lon<j;  by  one  broad.  Seneca  is  3.j  miles  long 
bv  an  average  of  one  and  a  half  to  IJ  broad.  Crooked  lake  is  20  miles  by  ii 
mile  and  a  quarter.  Cayuga  lake  isol>  miles  long  by  one  and  a  half  broad. 
Owasco  lake  is  11  miles  long  and  one  broad.  Skeneateles,  aflbrding 
*  scenery  of  exquisite  beauty,  is  M  miles  long  by  one  broad.     Onondaga 

is  9  miles  long  by  ono  broad.  There  are  groat  ntnnbers  of  smaller  ones. 
These  charming  sheets  of  water  spread  in  a  general  direction  from  north 
to  south.  They  abound  in  fine  fish,  and  no  summer  scenery  can  surpass 
that  of  this  lake  country  in  beauty.  The  ancients  would  have  peopled 
every  one  of  them  with  Naiads  and  nymphs.  Still  more;  they  are  nav- 
„"*'  igable,  and  already  connected  by  lateral  cuts  some  of  many  rnih^s  in 
length,  with  the  great  New  York  canal. 

Canals.     This  state  has  taken  precedence  of  all  others  in  the  number 

*  and  extent  of  its  canals,  and  tho  immense  distances  brought  by  them  into 

water  communication.    The  Chanq>la.in  and  Hudson  Canal  connects  Lake 

Champlain  with  Hudson  River,  and  is  sixty-four  miles  in  length.     The 

yi  Hudson  and  Erie  Canal  connects  li.ike  Erie  with  Hudson  River,  and  is 


c» 


1 1 


ATI.AMIC    hTVTKS. 


47 


lliroo  li'.imlreil  and  sixty-two  miles  in  length.  TIiuIIikIsoii  iind  Dclawarn 
C'riniil  leaves  tlie  lludsuii  at  l\iii<,'Hlon,  nnd  is  e.intiniied  to  the  Dela- 
ware in  Peiiiisy!v;inia,  ami  iilnn<.^  that  river  bcvi^nleeii  miles  up  tho 
liSickawnxeii,  (o  the  ciinl  mines  in  Wayrio  rounly,  Pennsylvania,  and  is 
(M  riii!es  inl(Mi'!;lli.  Aloriis  Cai.al  e;  uinieiicosat  the  month  of  the  Hud- 
son, ();)porfilc  New  York,  passes  ihronj/h  the  slal(j  of  Now  Jersey  to  the 
Delaware  opposite  Ilaslou  in  I'eu'.:  ylvaiii;i,  where  it  eonneels  with  tho 
Lehi;^h,  and  opi'iis  a  pass:'<.fe  I'r  tl'e  la  iiinli  coal  to  New  York.  The 
Oswego  Canal  heaves  the  Cirand  ( 'an:il  at  Syracuse,  and  conneets  that 
canal  with  liiike  Ontario,  !iy  a.  side  cut  IJM  nii'es  in  length.  The  whole 
interior  chain  of  tlu;  snialUa- 1  ikes  tli.:'  iiave  Ijeen  mentioned,  ishydillerent 
contrivances  conn(M'led  hy  water  coi.aiuniicalion  with  the  (irand  (Janal. 

Watcnn^i  Places.,  MUwriil  ir<//.v.s'.  Those  of  Karatnfraand  Ballston 
arc  most  visited  of  any  in  the  Unilcul  HUites.  The  IJallston  Springs  are 
situated  in  a  valley  formed  by  a  smi!!  creek.  'J'lierc  are  a  great  number 
of  sprin<Ts.  tlic  strongest  and  mist  Sj)arkling  waters  of  which  were  obtained 
in  lN'i7,  by  boring  227  fe;>t  deep.  The  [wincipal  eilicacy  of  the  water 
consists  in  acliemi(^al  union  of  elialybeate  and  saline  |iro|)erties,  held  in 
solution,  and  rendered  brisk  and  pnngent  l)y  uncunnuou  (juantities  of 
carbonic  acid  gas. 

Saratoga  Springs  jue  7  miles  from  Ballston.  The  most  frequented 
springs  here  are  called  ('ongress  Spring  and  I'Mat  Rock  Spring.  A  largo 
and  compact  village  has  grown  up  at  Saratoga  in  conse(iuence  of  tho 
immense  sunnner  resort  to  these  places  from  all  |)artsof  the  United  States, 
the  West  Indies  and  Canada.  'JMiere  arc  many  noble  hotels  and  board- 
ing houses  at  both  places.  The  opulent,  the  young,  beautiful  and  gay 
repair  to  them  in  the  summer,  because  fashion  has  prescribed  the  indis- 
pcnsa'rile  necessity  of  fre(piontly  m:iking  i-ummer  excursions  to  these 
waters.  Fifty  coaches  often  ;irrive,  during  the  season  of  the  waters,  in  a 
(lay.  Balls,  parlies,  ci;nccrls  and  excuv.-^ions  are  the  modes  of  passing 
the  time.  During  the  sa'.iii;  peri' d  the  fee'ole,  nervous,  exhausted  sub- 
jects of  violation  <>i'  the  l.iws  ut'  oar  nalui(>,  the  si;k,  and  the  dying  come 
Jicretmd  are  seen  about  the  spri'ij.-;;-,  e\liil>iting  one  of  tho  most  allecting 
conlrasts"^  young,  gay,  and  Uiilliinkin;^  fashiifnablcs  willi  the  decaying 
remnants  of  luunanity,  that  can  any  where  bo  seen.  Saratoga  Springs 
arc  .')2  miles  r-J.  (if  Albaiiy,  and  Ballston  28  miles  N.  of  the  same  place. 
New  T.elumon  Springs,  -i;)  miles  E.  of  Albany,  are  visitefl  for  bathing,  for 
(lieiv  I'licl  i,.i<i  elcva'ivu  eu:  iii.ai,  and  the  tn-nl  iind  romiiniic  scenery  of" 
Ino  Oreei;  Alcunlaius,  on  the  v.'i'-terii  <i.'(li7iiy  of  which  ihey  are  situated, 
Here  also  crowds  of  fashiouaiihs  ic.S')^a,  diuinnf  the  sultry  months;  and 
there  are  en^'ellent  nrrangenaents  Un  ih.'ir  ;.(  roi.imodation  arid  comfort. 
dtriodtux.  Would  our  l!)e.ii^  ailuw,  a  vi  liiine  miglit  be  given  under 
dushead      i''roni   Ncv  York  to  ."\i.'iiarn  =}!(:  wiiol-,;  disiaucf;  cdong  North 


V. 


^•^ 


I! 


m 


' '" 

'j^^\ 


wm 


^j.  i 


t 


48 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


River,  up  tlio  canal,  ajid  tliencc  1o  flio  lakes,  is  the  land  of  niountai/ijf, 
lakes,  caverns,  cascades,  and  scenes  ol'  moral  interest,  as  consecrated  to 
memory,  and  identified  with  impressive  events  in  liistory.  Niagara  Falls, 
the  noblest  cascade  in  the  world,  we  have  already  described.  Cohoes  is 
a  fine  fall  in  the  Mohawk  of  70  feet  perpendicular  descent.  The  cascade 
is  situated  near  the  stage  route  from  All)any  to  Schenectady.  The  1  kittle 
Falls  of  the  Mohawk,  in  view  of  wiiich  the  great  canal  runs,  present  most 
beautiful  scenery.  Glen''s  Falls  of  the  If  lulson,  and  the  fulls  on  Genesee 
and  Salmon  River  furnish  a  very  impressive  cascade.  These  and  many 
other  cascades  in  this  country  of  great  rivers  and  freipient  lakes  would  he 
grand  spectacles,  had  not  most  of  the  spectators  witnessed  Niagara  Falls, 
a  scene  to  efface  tlie  interest  of  all  minor  siKJctacIes.  A  lime  stone  cav- 
ern of  vast  dimensions,  with  its  falls,  columns,  and  stalactites,  exists  on 
the  hanks  of  Black  River,  opposite  Watertown. 

Productions.  The  forest  trees  that  love  an  alluvial  soil,  are  common 
in  the  western  divisions  of  the  state,  and  attain  a  great  size.  Beside  the 
grains  cultivated  in  the  states  east  of  this,  wheat  is  the  staple  of  New 
York.  Genesee  flour,  unknown  before  the  existence  of  the  great  canal, 
in  New  England,  is  now  the  flour  of  general  consumption  there.  It  is  a 
fine  country  for  grass,  pasture,  fruits,  mai/e,  and  all  the  productions  of 
the  northern  states.  Among  the  mineral  products  are  iron  and  lead  ores 
in  different  places;  gypsum,  lime  stone,  marble,  slate,  porcelain  clay,  and 
most  of  the  fossils.  The  richest  salt  sj)rings  existing  in  any  country  arc 
found  in  various  places,  particularly  at  Salina.  Petroleum  is  found  in 
different  places,  and  springs  of  hydrogen  gas. 

JSa^or^if-^Of  articles  too  numerous  to  particularize,  amounted,  in  1828 
to  $22,777,649. 

Climate.  In  a  country  of  such  extent  no  general  view  can  be  given. 
The  northern  division  has  a  severe  climate.  The  lake  division  has  a 
more  uniform  temperature,  with  deep  snows.  The  maritime  part  has  a 
milder  air  than  New  England.  The  S.  W.  division  of  the  state  is  also 
comparatively  mild. 

Natives.  Onondaga  was  the  central  region,  round  which,  in  the  forest 
periods,  the  famous  Five  Nations  were  congregated.  A  remnant  of  these 
races  still  exists,  possessing  extensive  reservations  of  land.  The  specta- 
cle of  the  red  people  in  their  forest  costume,  is  even  yet  not  an  uncommon 
one  in  Albany,  and  still  less  so  in  Rochester. 

Chief  Towns.  But  a  sketch  only  of  this  extensive  article  can  be  given. 
New  York,  the  most  populous  city  in  the  Union,  and  the  mercantile  capi- 
tal of  the  United  States,  is  situated  on  Manhattan  Island,  144  miles  long 
and  from  two  miles  to  half  a  mile  broad,  at  the  confluence  of  Hudson 
and  East  Rivers,  on  a  bay  of  unrivalled  beauty.    The  harbor  is  extensive, 


Ellis' 


// 


\TL.\NTrC    STATES. 


49 


deep,  safe,  not  subject  to  be  frozen,  and  lius  every  requisite  for  commercial 
ftcility  and  udvantiirros  that  could  l>c  desired.  It  embosoms  several 
islands,  amonn;  wliich  l!io  conspicuous  ones.  Governor's,  Bodlo^v*s,  and 
Ellis'  are  Cortiticd,  and  bristled  with  numerous  cnnnon.  On  the  E.  it  is 
defended  from  storms  by  Lon^'  Itdund,  and  on  the  VV.  by  Staton  Island 
and  Now  Jersey  BJiorc.  The  ship  passajTC  from  the  harbor  to  Newark 
Bay,  on  the  Now  Jersey  side,  is  by  llio  Kilht,  to  the  Atlantic  by  the  Nar- 
rows, and  by  Loiif>  Island  Sounil.  The  shipping  owned  here,  in  1816, 
amounted  to  nearly  :U)0.0(iO  tons.  In  lS'i5)  it  was  355,534  tons.  The 
duties  on  goods  imported  lierc  have  ranged  in  common  years  from  seven  to 
eight  millions  of  dollars. 

The  appearance  of  the  city  of  Now  York  is  unique.  There  is  a  visible 
cast  of  mercantile  opulence,  nnd  an  nf-pcct  rather  more  sombre  than  in 
the  gay  and  uniform  streets  of  Philadelphia.  There  is,  however,  nothing 
in  the  United  Slates  to  compare  with  the  imposing  eflectof  Broadway,  a 
street  nearly  bisecting  the  city,  and  exl(mding  to  the  central  and  higher 
parts  of  it  from  one  extremity  to  the  other;  being  3  miles  in  length,  80 
feet  wide,  and  generally  built  up  with  massive  and  noble  buildings. 
Next  to  this  in  beauty  and  importance  are  Wall  street.  Pearl  street, Green- 
wich street.  Water  street,  and  the  Bowery.    . 

The  public  buildings  exceed  50  in  numl)er,  and  in  magnificence  those 
of  any  other  American  city.  The  mercantile  public  buildings  are  chiefly 
on  Wall  street,  the  centre  of  banking  and  brokerage  business.  Pearl 
street  contains  the  most  important  mercantile  establishments.  Broadway 
is  the  chief  street  for  retail  business.  Mean  wooden  habitations,  for- 
merly common  in  the  city  have  almost  disappeared,  giving  place  to  spa- 
cious and  massive  brick  buildings.  The  Battery  is  an  extensive  public 
ground  in  the  southern  part  of  the  island.  Castle  Garden  is  a  much 
frequented  public  resort.  The  Park  is  a  beautiful  common  in  front  of 
the  City  Hall,  containing  (»  acres,  and  is  finely  shaded  with  trees.  We 
have  space  only  to  glance  at  some  of  the  most  conspicuous  public  build- 
ings and  objects  of  interest.  The  most  striking  of  these  in  the  most 
showy  part  of  the  city  is  City  Hall  of  white  marble,  216  feet  in  length, 
by  105  in  breadth.  It  is  in  an  open  square,  detached,  and  in  a  position 
to  give  its  imposing  aspect  full  effect.  It  contains  the  police  office  and 
municipal  court-rooms,  and  the  Common  Council  chamber  ornamented 
with  portraits  of  distinguished  revolutionary  characters.  The  New  York 
Exchange,  fronting  Wall  street,  between  William  and  Pearl  streets,  is 
also  of  white  marble.  It  is  adorned  with  marble  columns  in  front,  of  a 
single  block,  and  contains  the  Exchange,  Post  Office,  Commercial  Read- 
ing  Rooms,  insurance  offices,  and  offices  of  daily  papers.  The  cupola 
commands  a  noble  view  of  the  city,  and  is  surmounted  with  a  telegraph, 
Vol.  II.  "  7 


ml 


^^P, 


''''Mi 


•   •- 


I 


10  ATLANTIC   bTATKS. 

by  wliicli  eliip  nrrivulM  an^   uiinounced  tit  tlic  diMlaiMO  of  inoio  llciri  HO 
milos  from  tlio  city. 

Th6  New  York  Institution  ifl  of  Iniclj,  iI(U)  fj'(!t  by  -1 1,  nnd  in  n\)\m\ 
printed  to  nssociations  of  litorntiirn  niul  tl'.o  fine  tirti^,  hik-Ii  i\h  lite  litortuy 
nnd  PliiloBophical  Socit'ly,  tlm  Tlislnijcal  M«)ci«ty  witli  ilH  librnry,  iho 
American   Academy  of  l''in«5  Arts,  with  its  |»!iiiitin<,'s,  the  New   V(jrk 
Lyceum  of  Natuml  History  with    ilH  colhjction!",  luid  tho  Ainciicaii 
Museum  with  its  curiosities.     'I'ho  IIiiiveiHity  in  in  ii  tentral  point.     The 
building  Ih  of  stono  200   Uvt  in  length,  i.nd  'i  sloricfl  high.     'I'he  Bt;ite 
prison  in  tho  eastern  p;irt  of  the  city,  is  MiYX  f«;et  in  h-ngth,  ly  iiOt)  in 
depth,  and  isbnilt  of  ficv  fitonc.     The  tihns  house  is  still   further  e.i.st. 
It  is  an  enclosure  containing  tho  work  house  and  penitentiary.     Tho 
dimensions  of  the  first  are  .'WO  hy  HO  feet,   tli<!  m-xt  iiOO  hy  25,  and  the 
third  250  by  r)0.     Chatham  The;itre  and  the   Huwery  Theatre  are  con- 
epicuous  buildings.     Ht.  I'aurs  church,  containing  the  monument  and 
remains  of  (ien.  Montgnnery,  nnd  Trinity  ('lunch  jirj  spiicious  episco- 
palian churches,  both  in  conspicuous  points  on   Broadway.     8t.  John\4 
church  in  Hudson  S(iuaiv,  one  (»f  the  finest  in  the  city ,  has  the  tallest  spiio 
in  New  York.     The  Medical  College  is  a  largo  and  consjiicuous  cdili  ••. 
Tlio  establishment  is  amply  endowed,  and  generally   contains  from  "   to 
300  medical  students.     The  following  are  all  spacious  public  buildings; 
Clinton  Ilall,  the  Bible  Society's  Depositary,  the  America    Tract  Society's 
buildings,  Loth  in  Nassau  street,  the  Arcade,  and  the  Arcade  Baths,  the 
New  York  Baths,  tlie  Pid)lic  Marine  Bath,  the  ManJiattan  Water  Works, 
the  exhibition  room  of   the  National  Academy  of  the  arts  of  Design, 
Rutger^s  Medical  College  and  Public  School,  Masonic  Hall,  Orphan 
Asylum,  Fever  Hospital,  House  of   Refuge   for  juvenile  delinquents, 
Lunatic  Asylum,  the  City  Hotel,   the  Mansion  House,  the  National 
Hotel,  the  Franklin  House,  Tammany  Hall,  and  many  otiier  spacious 
hotels.    The  city  has  10  market  houses,  14  or  15  banks,  I  between  20  and 
30  insurance  offices,  over  100  houses  of  public  worship,  of  which  those 
of  Episcopalians,  Presbyterians,  Dutch  Retbrmcd  and  Mcilimlists  are  the 
roost  numerous.     There  are  8  spacious  buildings  ajjpn  (priated  to  public 
schools,  valued  with  their  furniture  at  «||150,000,     Tlic  High  School  of 
this  city  is  an  interesting  institution,  und  the  largest  establishment  of  the 
kind  in  the  United  States.     There  are  a  number  of  public  libraries.   The 
Sunday  Schools  and  Infant  Schools  uro  efficient  and  useful  cstablisii- 
ments. 

As  this  is  by  far  the  largest  importing  town  in  the  JJnited  States,  the 
stores  of  course  display  the  greatest  show  of  splendid  li/f*;ign  and  domes- 
tic goods  of  every  description.  Fashion  and  s[)lendour  and  sumptuous- 
neis,  and  all  the  inventions  of  luxury,  and  all  tho  enticements  to  specta- 


ATLANTIC   HTATKH. 


•I 


ilu^,  nnd  ull  tliR  UMnptntintm  ii»  ilUsipntioii  iiutiirnlly  ronccritratc,  whore 
tlicru  in  iiioHt  cutniiu'rcc  and  wiviltli,  mid  tliu  irioHt  niiincruiiM  coiicourRO 
of  |mmi|)Il>,  TIio  lair  nnd  thu  lasliioiiahlo  proinrnadt!  Urondway,  to  mco, 
and  l)n  Horn;  and  hero  f.iHliioii  may  bo  noted  in  its  broadest  viHiblu  an- 
fltiniption,  ilH  nioHt  iiideons  distoiliDnH,  and  its  nioHt  p:iinrnliinpriM(inmont; 
and  by  watchin;^  the  pusninj,'  ciirritntot'  lilooti  lino  days  for  promenading, 
<piict,Hon8iblunnd  rell(>(:tin<r  yonn^'  persons  cannot  fail  to  receive  Icssoiiii 
adverse  to  ailectution,  qriinacc,  and  tiie  e.vtienics  of  tlic  prevulent  mode 
of  the  week. 

Such  Huccossivo  masses  of  ininii^rranls  arc  constantly  arriving  from 
fbrci^'nconiilrics,  and  Fiich  inultiliulcs  of  adventurers  of  all  descriptioni 
conHort  here,  and  ;;rent  cities  always  c«)ti;.n-ef,'ale  such  numbers  of  jwor  and 
abandoned  peo|)lo,  that  it  cannot  but  be  muhiistood,  that  there  must  be 
much  inunorality  and  dissipalinn.  (yotiimetisurati;  ttHorts  arc  mado  to 
neutralize  and  heal  the  evil.  'J*b<>  reli^^'ious,  moral,  and  humane  institu- 
tions are  numerous,  and  of  the  most  active  and  viw.rmiiir,  ch:iractor.  It 
issues  a  great  number  of  r<!si)ectable  periodical  |)ublicalioiis.  New  York 
is  situated  210  miles  H.  W.  of  JJnst()n,l)()  N.  M.of  l»liihidel|>liia,  and  227 
N.  K.  of  VVashingtoii— 10-^  l.T  N.  I..  I'opulutii.u  in  1N2(),  123,700. 
Ill  IWJO,  213,170. 

Albany,  the  political  metropolis,  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  tlio 
Hudson,  150  miles  IVom  New  York,  and  has  a  position  ecpially  convenient 
for  communication  with  ihiit  city,  and  a  vast  interior  country.  Most  of 
the  ancient  Dutch  buildin/,'s,  which  formerly  j,mve  it  such  a  grotesque 
aspect,  have  jlisappcared.  It  is  now  neatly  and  in  some  parts  handsomely 
built.  It  contains  10  public  buildinirs.  The  cnpitol,  built  upon  the 
upiK'r  portion  of  the  city,  has  an  elevated  position.  It  is  115  feet  in 
Icnyth,  and  00  in  breadth.  The  academy,  directly  north  of  it,  is  a  spa- 
cious and  showy  building.  Tlie  lAirmer's  and  Mechanic's  Bank  and  the 
Albany  Bank,  at  the  bottom  of  State  street,  arc  of  white  marble.  The 
Museum  is  a  handsome  building  in  South  Market  street.  State  street,  in 
its  whole  length,  is  remarkably  wide,  and  shows  to  great  advantage. 
The  number  of  churches  is  10,  of  which  (5  arc  of  stone,  7  of  brick,  and 
3  of  wood.  Three  of  them  arc  very  handsome,  and  others  are  spacious. 
Canal  Wharf  and  ([uay  arc  of  great  length,  and  striking  show  of  business 
and  bustle.  Few  cities  present  a  more  beautiful  prospect  than  Albany, 
when  seen  from  the  public  scpiare,  or  the  summit  of  the  capitol.  The 
city  slopes  from  the  public  square  to  the  river,  like  the  sides  of  an  amphi- 
theatre. Two  or  three  of  its  noble  mansions  embowered  in  trees,  give  it 
the  appearance  of  having  forests  in  its  limits.  Sloops  and  steam  boats 
arrive  here  from  New  York  in  great  numbers,  and  there  is  seldom  a  day  in 
which  three  or  four  passages  do  not  offer,  in  steam  boat.s  departing  to  and 


hi 


a 


■>Vl«i 


52 


ATLANTIC    STATES. 


im- 


fW)m  New  York.  Its  canal  communications  with  Lake  Champlain,  the 
northern  lakes,  and  the  Ohio  valley  give  it  unrivalled  advantages  of  this 
sort.  More  stages  daily  arrive  and  depart  from  this  city,  than  any  other 
of  the  size  in  the  Union.  Its  literary,  humane,  and  religious  institutions 
are  of  a  very  respectable  class,  and  it  issues  6  or  7  periodical  publications. 
It  is  situated  164  miles  W.  of  Boston,  and  230  S.  of  Montreal.  Its  pop- 
ulation in  1820  was  12,630.  In  1830,  24,216,  having  nearly  doubled 
its  population  in  ten  years.  A  more  emphatic  illustration  of  the  tendency 
of  the  canal  system  could  not  be  given. 

Rochester,  at  the  falls  of  Genessee,  7  miles  from  Lake  Ontario,  is  the 
third  town  in  point  of  population  in  this  state,  and  has  had  the  most  sud- 
den growth  of  any  town  in  America.  In  1812  it  was  one  wide  and  deep 
forest.  In  1818  it  contained  1,049.  In  1820, 1,502.  In  1825,  5,271. 
In  1827, 10,818.  In  1830,  13,83(5.  Parts  of  the  town  are  very  hand- 
somely built.  There  are  7  respectable  public  buildings  and  12  churches. 
Thirteen  large  flour  mills  with  52  run  of  stones  can  annually  make 
342,000  barrels  of  flour.  Fifteen  million  foot  of  lumber  are  sawed  or 
rafted  here.  There  are  a  number  of  factories  and  mechanical  establish- 
ments, some  on  a  large  scale.  The  water  power  is  almost  inexhaustible. 
The  acqueduct  over  the  Genessee  at  this  place  is  one  of  the  most  gigantic 
works  on  the  canal  lino.  At  the  northern  extremity  of  the  town  the 
Genessee  lalls  90  feet.  At  Carthage,  two  miles  distant,  it  falls  70  feet. 
Still  another  noble  cascade  of  the  Genessee  close  by  Ibis  town  will  be 
long  remembered  as  the  place  where  the  famous  Patch  made  his  last  leap. 
Merchandise  to  and  from  Lake  Ontario  forwarded  from  this  town  is  raised 
or  lowered  down  this  great  and  steep  descent  of  the  Genessee  by  means  of 
an  inclined  plane,  the  descending  wciglit  raising  a  lighter  one.  It  is  in 
contemplation  to  cut  a  canal  from  this  toAvn  to  Olcan  on  the  Alleghany, 
a  distance  of  110  miles,  which  would  bring  this  place  indirect  water 
communication  with  Pittsburgh  and  the  Ohio. 

Troy,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  0  miles  N.  of  Albany,  and  156 
N.  of  New  York,  is  the  next  largest  city  in  the  slate  to  Rochester. 
Sloops  and  steam  boats  navigate  the  Hudson  to  this  place.  In  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  are  many  fine  mill  seats,  on  which  are  erected  extensive 
manufactories.  It  contains  7  public  buildings,  and  6  houses  for  public 
worship.  The  state  of  Massachusetts  has  surveyed  a  canal  route  to  this 
place.  A  rail  road  over  the  same  route  has  also  been  in  contemplation. 
The  Van  Rensselaer  school  in  this  city  has  acquired  a  high  reputation. 
The  students  deliver  mutual  lectures,  and  make  extensive  excursions, 
with  a  view  to  personal  inspection  of  the  objects  of  their  studies  in  the 
natural  sciences.  Any  person  over  18,  certifying  that  his  acquisitions 
are  of  a  certain  extent,  and  that  he  is  of  good  moral  character,  can  obtain 


I'l 


"r 


^. 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


53 


a  gratuitious  education.  An  academy  for  young  ladies  conducted  by  Mre. 
Willard,  has  also  obtained  advantageous  notoriety.  Mount  Ida,  a  ro- 
mantic hill  near  this  place,  gives  rise  to  the  water  falls  of  Poesten's  Kill 
and  Wynant's  Kill,  where  the  chief  manufacturing  establishments  are 
erected.  Population  in  1820,  5,294.  In  1830,  11,405.  This  shows  a 
gain  of  considerably  more  than  double  the  population  of  the  preceding 
census. 

Schenectady  is  situated  on  ihe  S.  E.  bank  of  ihe  Mohawk,  15  miles  N. 
W.  of  Albany.  It  contains  a  number  of  public  buildings,  and  5  or  6 
churches .  It  is  an  ancient  and  respectable  town,  and  is  united  to  the 
opposite  bank  of  the  Mohawk  by  an  elegant  bridge,  nearly  1,000  feet  in 
length.  Union  College  in  this  place,  is  one  of  the  most  respectable 
seminaries  in  the  stDt«.  The  building  consists  of  two  college  edifices 
and  two  boarding  I:ouses.  The  college  is  opulent  in  endowmt-nls,  and  in 
1828, 79  students  graduated  from  this  institution.  Population  supposed 
to  be  abdut  5,000. 

Utica  is  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  93  miles  N.  W.  from 
Albany,  and  nearly  bisected  by  the  great  canal.  It  is  a  large  and  showy 
town,  with  the  usual  number  of  public  buildings,  and  8  churches.  It  is 
on  the  position  of  the  once  celebrated  Fort  Schuyler,  and  in  the  midst  of 
a  fertile  and  charming  country.  It  is  a  noted  point  of  union  for  arriving 
and  departing  stages.  This  town  has  gained  its  importance  by  being 
favorably  situated,  in  regard  to  commerce  and  agricultural  wealth.  Pop- 
ulation in  1820,  2,972.  In  1830,  8,323,  having  almost  tripled  its  popu- 
lation since  the  last  census. 

Buffalo  is  situated  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Lake  Erie,  on  BuiTalo 
Creek.  The  harbor  would  be  fine,  but  for  a  shoal  at  the  mouth,  which 
the  United  States'  government  are  in  progress  of  removing.  This  obsta 
cle  overcome,  it  has  14  feet  water,  and  is  secure  from  stoims.  From  60 
to  70  vessels,  including  steam  boats,  trade  with  this  place.  It  is  the  grand 
point  of  communication  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  lakes.  By  the 
great  canal  it  communicates  with  New  York ;  by  the  Welland  and  Rideau 
Canals  with  Lake  Ontario  and  Montreal ;  and  by  Lake  Erie  and  the  Erie 
and  Ohio  Canal  with  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  valley.  Its  business  is 
direct  with  all  the  vast  extent  of  the  upper  lakes,  and  no  inland  town  in 
America  has  greater  advantages,  [t  is  situated  on  a  beautiful  terrace 
plain,  affording  charming  views  of  the  lake,  and  is  in  the  vicinity  of  a 
pleasant  and  fertile  country.  Atlantic  strangers,  who  have  connected 
associations  of  savage  nature,  and  a  remote  interior  wilderness  with  their 
notions  of  this  place,  will  be  sufiiciently  astonished  on  arriving  here,  to 
see  sumptuous  houses,  massive  blocks  of  brick  buildings,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  hotels  in  the  country,  a  number  of  handsome  churches,  and  two 


54 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


or  three  of  imposing  appearance  and  magnitude.  It  was  destroyed  by 
llie  Britisli  in  the  lato  war  so  completely,  that  but  one  liouse  was  left 
standing  in  18M.  One  of  ihc  stores  is  DO  by  70  feet,  and  3  stories  high. 
In  a  word,  Buffalo  is  one  of  the  handsomest  towns  in  the  state.  It  has 
the  customary  public  buildings,  and  G  or  7  churches.  Population  in 
1820,2095;  in  1830,  8,008,  having  more  than  quadrupled  its  popula- 
tion since  the  last  census. 

Manlius,  an  interior  town  of  Onondaga  county,  137  miles  west  of 
Albany,  is  an  agricultural  but  very  flourishing  place.  Population  in 
1820,  5,372.  In  1830,  7,375.  Seneca  is  on  the  west  side  of  Seneca  Lake 
192  miles  west  of  Albany.  Tiio  flourishing  village  of  Geneva  is  in  this 
township.  The  shore  of  the  lake  abounds  in  beautifully  variegated  mar- 
ble. The  lake  is  of  uncommon  depth  and  Iransparency,  and  the  waters 
exceedingly  cold.  It  is  allirmed  that  the  lake  has  a  regular  rise  and  fall 
every  seven  years.     This  flourishing  town  contains  0,101  inhabitants. 

Returning  to  the  maritime  shore  of  the  state,  Brooklyn  on  Long  Island 
is  separated  from  New  York  by  lOast  river.  It  is  a  large  and  flourishing 
place,  being  in  fact  no  other  than  a  suburb  of  the  city.  It  contains  some 
public  buildings,  and  four  houses  of  public  worship;  and  near  it  is  the 
United  States  navy  yard.  Population  in  1830,  12,403.  Hudson  is  a 
considerable  mercantile  place,  with  growing  manufacturing  establishments 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  28  miles  below  Albany.  Population 
about  4000.  Ncwburg  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  59  miles  above 
New  York  and  just  above  the  highlands  is  a  great  thoroughfare  of  travel 
to  the  western  country  and  a  large  and  handsome  town.  Poughkeepsie, 
Kingston  and  Cattskill,  are  also  considerable  towns.  Lansingburg4 
miles  above  Troy,  and  opposite  the  inouth  of  the  Mohawk,  is  a  thriving 
place.  Waterford  is  immediately  opposite,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hud- 
son. It  has  wide,  regular  and  handsome  streets.  Gibbonville  opposite 
Troy,  is  the  seat  of  the  United  Slates  arsenal  The  arms  arc  in  fine 
order  and  the  grounds  of  great  neatness  and  beauty. 

Auburn  not  far  from  the  northern  extremity  of  Owasco  Lake,  and 
170  west  of  Albany,  is  a  romantic  and  beautiful  town.  It  contains  a 
number  of  public  builditigs,  and  4  or  5  houses  of  public  worship.  It  is 
the  seat  of  a  respectable  theological  seminary,  and  is  best  known,  as  be- 
ing the  position  of  tiie  most  extensive  penitentiary  in  the  United  States. 
The  two  great  buildings  are  enclosed  in  a  hollow  square  2,000  feet  in 
circuit,  surrounded  with  a  stone  wall  of  great  strength  35  feet  high.  The 
work  shops  form  a  continued  range  ^of  940  feet.  Tlio  construction 
and  plan  of  discipline  are  of  a  new  and  generally  approved  character. 
Every  conceivable  regard  is  had  to  the  moral  improvement,  as  well  as  the 
comfort  and  security  of  the  convicts.    It  is  calculated  to  contain  Ijl^O 


•rt 


^' 


ATLANTIC   KTATKS. 


55 


convicts.  Ill  1S29  in  contained  0:J9.  Poiniliitioii  in  1,820,2025.  In 
1830,  7103.  Illiaca  contains  5,270  inhabilants;  Canandaigua  in  the 
whole  township  5,162 ;  Schoharie  5,140.  Salina,  Syracuse  and  Lock- 
port  arc  largo  and  flourishing  villages.  Plasttshurgh,  Ogdcnsburg, 
Sackett's  ILirhor,  Brownsville,  Le  Roy,  Watcrtown  imd  Batavia,  are 
flourishing  places.  This  article  might  he  extended  to  the  mention  of 
50  other  considerable  villages,  of  which  the  foronientioned  may  stand 
as  indexes,  in  point  of  neatness  and  importance. 

Scenery.  The  great  thoroughfare  of  travellers  for  business  or  pleasure 
from  New  York  to  Niagara  and  the  lakes,  abounds  at  every  stage  with 
interesting  scenery.  Scarcely  has  the  traveller  been  wafted  out  of  New 
York  bay,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world,  before  he  has  in  view 
the  noble  elevation  of  the  higlilands.  Every  point  along  this  sublime 
passage  has  its  tradition  attached  to  it,  or  its  connection  in  memory  witli 
revolutionary  events.  At  one  place  the  traveller  is  shown,  where  Andre 
was  taken;  at  another,  where  he  was  executed.  Still  further  up,  perched 
on  the  declivity  of  a  mountain,  are  the  numerous  buihlings  belonging  to 
the  establishment  of  West  Point.  Higher  slill  arc  the  Cattskill  moun- 
tains rising  into  the  blue  of  the  sky.  The  Pine  Orchard  is  between 
2  and-  'V)  feet  above  the  river,  at  some  miles  distance  from  it,  and 
is  pr.  u  with  a  house  of  entertainment.  The  round  top  is  the  highest 
elevation  of  the  Cattskill,  being  3,718  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

In  passing  from  Albany  to  Schenectady  wo  are  presented  with  one  of 
those  works  of  art,  which  is  still  a  rare  object  in  our  country,  the  Albany 
and  Schenectady  rail  road,  upon  which  a  locomotive  steam  engine  is  in 
operation.  Passing  through  the  village  of  Ballston  and  Saratoga,  at 
some  miles  distant  from  Saratoga,  and  near  Hudson's  River,  we  find  our- 
selves on  one  of  the  most  interesting  spots  identified  with  the  history  of 
the  American  revolution,  the  place,  where  Burgoyiie  surrendered  his 
army.  Crossing  over  to  Lake  Champlain  we  are  arrested  by  the  remains 
of  the  fortress  of  Ticonderoga,  where  Gen.  Abercrombie  was  defeated  in 
1758;  a  spot  as  famous  in  the  history  of  the  former  French  war,  as  Sar- 
atoga is  in  that  of  tlie  revolution.  Plattsburgh  and  Lake  Champlain  are 
both  famous  in  the  history  of  the  late  war.  In  fact,  the  whole  distance 
from  Lake  Champlain  to  Lake  Erie,  along  the  line  of  the  canal,  is  con- 
secrated to  remembrances  in  the  history  of  the  Indian,  French,  revolu- 
tionary and  late  wars.  As  we  ascend  toward  the  lakes,  we  pass  the 
Cohoes,  the  Little  Falls,  Glen's  Falls,  and  the  very  extensive  salt  works 
at  Salina.  At  Lockport  we  stand  astonished,  as  we  contemplate  one  of 
the  noblest  works  of  art  on  the  canal,  and  look  up  the  prodigious  height, 
to  which  boats  are  raised  by  the  double  line  of  locks;  and  are  scarcely 
less  impressed  with  the  sight  of  the  town  itself,  which  but  a  few  years 


/ 


■^r 


yK» 

■^^w 


m 


ATLANTIC   STATGfl. 


since  was  a  solid  wilderness,  and  now  is  a  handsome  town,  containing 
four  or  five  thousand  inhabitants.  The  locks  at  this  place,  and  the  d'^ep 
cut  through  the  solid  limestone  strike  the  observer  as  a  more  stupendous 
work,  than  either  the  canal  aqueduct  across  the  Mohawk  or  the  Ge- 
ncssee. 

Trenton  Falls  are  in  the  town  of  Trenton,  Oneida  county,  108  miles  N. 
W.  of  Albany,  and  12  miles  north  of  Utica.  The  cascade  is  2  miles 
from  the  village.  The  surrounding  scenery  is  remarkable  for  its  roman- 
tic beauty  and  grandeur.  Petrifactions,  and  organic  remains  are  abun- 
dantly imbedded  in  the  limestone  bluffs.  West  Canada  creek  has  here 
cut  itself  a  prodigious  chasm  through  the  rocks,  in  many  places  150 
•feet  deep,  and  for  a  distance  of  4  miles;  the  whole  extent  of  which 
is  a  succession  of  striking  cataracts.  This  interesting  chasm  is  much 
visited,  and  presents  a  spectacle  not  unlike  that  of  many  of  the  rivers  of 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  in  their  passage  through  their  deep  beds  of 
limestone. 

Whether  the  traveller  contemplate  the  prodigious  work  of  art  presented 
in  this  long  canal,  or  the  astonishing  growth  of  the  new  and  beautiful 
towns  along  its  banks,  that  have  replaced  the  recent  solid  wilderness, 
whether  he  yield  his  eye  and  his  mind  to  the  sublime  in  the  Falls  of  Nia- 
gara, or  to  the  green,  beautiful  and  romantic  in  the  charming  country  of 
the  lesser  lakes,  or  the  grand  and  solitary  in  the  seas  of  fresh  water,  that 
spread  from  Ontario  to  the  interminable  deserts  of  the  north,  there  is 
nothing  of  grand  or  beautiful  in  nature  or  art  but  what  may  be  found 
between  the  splendid  bay  of  New  York,  and  the  view  of  lake  Erie  from 
the  square  in  Buffalo.  _ 

Education.  This  state  has  a  school  fund  of  $2,012,113,  exclusive  of 
the  local  schoolfund  and  the  literary  fund,  the  avails  of  which  are  annu- 
ally appropriated  towards  the  support  of  colleges  and  academies.  In 
1829,  the  whole  amount  of  money  disbursed  for  the  support  of  common 
schools ,  arising  from  all  these  sources,  was  $214,840.  The  number  of 
school  districts  is  8994.  In  the  year  1829,  480,825  children  were 
taught  in  the  common  schools.  There  is  a  college  in  the  city  of  New 
York.  Union  college  in  Schenectady  has  already  been  described.  Ham- 
ilton college  is  situated  in  Clinton  not  far  from  Utica.  It  is  a  respectably 
endowed  institution  with  2  large  college  edifices,  and  has  an  average 
number  of  120  students.  Geneva  college  is  at  Geneva,  and  there  is  a 
medical  college  at  Fairfield.  There  is  a  theological  seminary  in  the  city 
of  New  York  and  in  Auburn,  Ilartwick  and  Hamilton.  The  number  of 
academies  in  this  state  is  55  with  3835  pupils.  The  high  school  of  the 
city  of  New  York  has  444  ;  Albany'  Lancaster  school  500;  Mrs.  Wil- 
lard's  Troy  seminary  236.     These  views  more  clearly  than  any  general 


-r 


I'» 


ATLANTIC  STATES- 


67 


remarks,  indicate  the  municipal  patronage  bestowed  by  this  great  stat« 
upon  literature  and  common  schools.  -.'•  .♦»-        '       Wl 

West  Point  is  a  military  school,  Ihc  position  of  which  we  have  already 
notifcd.  It  is  an  cstablisliment  under  the  control  of  the  general  govern- 
mr.it,  for  the  education  of  young  men  destined  for  the  army.  The  num- 
ber of  pupils  is  limited  to  250.  The  annual  expense  of  the  institution  to 
the  U.  S.  is  $115,000.  Tlie  sum  paid  for  the  education  of  a  cadet  is 
$330  per  annum.  There  are  30  professors,  instnictors  and  assistants. 
The  course  of  education,  especially  in  the  exact  sciences,  is  thorough 
and  complete. 

General  Statistics  {or  ISSO.  Population  1,934,496.  Yards  of  woollen, 
cotton  nnd  linen  cloths  manuflvctured  in  1830,  14.466,226.  Number  of 
grist  mills  2,284.  Saw  mills  5,195.  Oil  mills  121.  Fulling  mills, 
1,222.  Carding  machines,  1,584.  Iron  works  170.  Trip  hammers,  164. 
Distilleries,  1,229.  Asheries,  2,105.  Tliere  are  237  newspapers  pub- 
lishing annually  as  is  estimated,  14,536,000  printed  sheets. 

Mamtfacttires.    There  aro  88  cotton  manufactories,  208  woollen, 
200  iron.     The  cotton  manufactories  employ  about  132,000  spindles. 
About  22,000  bak's  of  cotton  goods  manufactured  exceeds  $3,000,000* 
The  value  of  woollen  goods  annually   manfactured,  exclusive  of  those 
made  in  families,  is  considerably  upwards  of  $3,000,000.     The  value  of 
the  annual  manufacture  of  iron  is  $4,000,000.  There  are  about  50  paper 
mills,  and  the  value  of  annual  manufictures  in  this  article  $500,000. 
The  annual  value  of  the  manufacture  of  hats  is  $3,000,000.     That  of 
boots  and  shoes  amounts  to  5,000,000.     Leather  is  manufactured  to  the 
amount  of  $2,905, 750.     The  value  of  window  glass  made  is  $200,000. 
Manufactured  in   f  imilics,  as  per  state  census  returns,  2,918,233  yards 
fulled  cloths,  vnlued  at  $2,918,323.     Flannels  and  other  woollens,  not 
fulled,  3,468,001  yards,  value  $003,000.  lanen,  cotton,  and  other  cloths 
8,079,992  yards,  value  $1 ,21 1 ,998.    The  sales  of  domestic  manufactures 
in  the  city  of  New  York,  during  the  year  1830,  are  estimated  to  amount 
to  $25,000,000.     There  are  29,495,720  acres  of  land  in  the  £  tate.    The 
number  of  acres  of  improved  land  is  7,160,967,  valued  at  $179,024,176 
Value  of  neat  cattle,  horses,  sheep  and  hogs,  42,^64,137.     The  amount 
of  salt  inspected,  on  which  duties  have  been  paid  to  the  state  for  1830,  is 
1,130,000  bushelt      The  tolls  of  the  canals  for  1830,  were  $1,  556,799, 
being  an  increase  of  243,662  over  those  of  the  preceding  year.     There 
are  52  banks  in  the  state,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $26,275,800. 
There  are  75  steam  boats  (including  0  British  boats  on  Lake  Ontario)  ex- 
clusive of  steam  ferry  boats,  dz^c.  with  an  aggregate  of  4,192  horse  power. 
The  number  of  clergy  in  the  state  is  1,382.    That  of  attorneys  and  couli' 
Vol.  If  8 


# 


m 


ATLANTIC   8TATB8. 


scllors  at  law  is  1,711.    That  of  Pliysicians  and  surgeons  2^540.    The 
number  of  militia  is  189,r)'j0. 


*••• 


<-« 


NEW    JERSEY, 


Is  138  miles  Ion;?  and  50  broad,  containing  S,000  square  miles.  Be- 
tween 38°  57' and  41"  21'  N.  Ti.  and  lo20'  and  3°  9'  E.  L.  from  Wash- 
ington. Bounded  N.  hy  New  York ;  E.  hy  New  York  and  Atlantic,  S.W. 
by  Delaware  hay,  which  divides  itf:.im  Delaware,'  W.  by  Pennsylvania. 

Physical  Aupcet.  The  inarilimc  holt  ah)ng  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  state 
is  low  and  rulhor  slorilo.  The  central  parts  of  it  between  New  York  and 
Pliiladelphia  undulate  with  hill  and  dale,  «»ivinj[;  rise  to  clear  and  beauti- 
ful streams.  At  a  considerable  distance  from  the  sea  is  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains east  of  the  Delaware.  South  mountain  traverses  the  state  from 
north  to  south,  and  parallel,  and  at  a  little  distance  farther  north  the  Kit- 
tatinny.  The  country  between  and  beyond  these  nK)untains  is  loamy 
with  a  fine  verdant  turf  possessing  a  rich  soil,  well  r  japted  to  grazing, 
lioad,  copper  and  silver  are  among  the  mineral  productions;  and  in  va- 
rious points  it  abounds  with  extensive  beds  of  iron  ore. 

Rivers.  The  Hudson,  separating  the  state  from  New  York,  bounds  rt 
on  the  north  and  the  Delaware,  separating  it  from  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
south.  It  has  no  other  rivers  of  any  great  length,  though  every  part  of 
the  state  abounds  in  quick  mill  streams.  The  names  of  the  most  consid- 
erable rivers  arc  Passaic,  Ilackinsac,  Raritan,  Great  Egg  Harbor  and 
Musconecunk. 

Dimsions.  Counties.  Bergen,  Ilacldnsac;  Burlington,  Mount  Holly 
Burlington;  Cajie  May,  Cope  May;  C.JI.,  Cumberland,  J^ndjg'f /ojwr; 
Essex  Newark ;  Elizahethtown ;  Gloucester  ;Woodhury ;  Hunterdon,  Tren- 
ton; Middlesex,  Ncw'lirunswick ,  Amhoy;  Monmouth,  Freehold;  Morris, 
Morristoum;  Salem,  Sahm,  Somerset,  Boundhrook;  Sussex,  Newton; 
Warren,  Bchiderc.     Population  in  1820  277,575.    In  1830  320,779 

Climate.  The  mountainous  part  of  New  Jersey  has  a  climate  not 
unlike  the  central  parts  of  New- York,  and  New-England.  In  the  mari- 
time and  southern  portions  it  is  milder,  thnn  would  be  indicated  by  its 
latitude,  and  as  mild  as  the  adjacent  state  of  Pennsylvania. 

Products.  The  maritime  [kh  pie  fuid  great  advantage  in  their  extensive 
oyster  beds,  and  in  feeding  cattle  on  the  salt  meadows,  that  skirt  the  sea 
shores.  The  central  parts  of  the  state  abound  in  the  common  produc- 
tions of  the  middle  and  northern  states.  In  the  mountainous  regiois  the 
productions  comimre  with  those  of  Vermont;    and  the  inhabitanti  are 


■•T^ 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


ftO 


noted  for  their  excellent  butter  and  cheese.      The  cider  and  fruit  of  the 
fine  orchards  of  New-Jersey  have  ^iiincd  an  universal  reputation. 

Manufactures.  Those  of  iron  tiro  prosecuted  to  a  very  groat  extent. 
Among  other  common  articles  of  Ameri'  an  manufacture,  leather  forms 
a  very  considerable  item.  Patterson  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  flour- 
ishing manufacturing  villages  W.  of  Massachusets.  It  is  si'  'ated  just 
below  the  rotnantic  falls  of  the  Passaic,  which  supplies  water  power  to 
any  extent.  The  numerous  establishments  have  recently  created  a  very 
considerable  town.  It  contains  17  cotton  factories,  a  clock  factory,  an 
iron  factory,  manufacturing  1)00,(K)()  lis.  iron,  and  8r)().()0()  lbs.  nails. 
The  cotton  factories  annually  mainifaclurc  2,()0(),()()0  lbs.  The  flax 
factory  600,000  lbs.  of  flax.  There  is  one  machine  shop  employing  150 
hands.  Connected  with  it  is  an  iron  and  bniss  louiidry  working  annually 
600,000  lbs.  of  iron,  and  Kij.'iOO  of  brass.  Shoes  are  made  extensively 
at  Newark.  Cotton  is  manufactured  at  Trenton.  The  industrious 
people  of  this  state  arc  rapidly  following  the  example  of  New  England 
in  the  extension  of  their  manufactures. 

Religious  Denominations.     About  .'{00  fixed  societies,  beside  the  nu- 
merous societies  of  the  mcthodists.     Of  the  fixed  societies  the  presby-  * 
terians  are  the  most  numerous;   and  after  them  the  Dutch  reformed 
church.     But  all  the  christian  denominations   are  represented  in  this 
state. 

Literature.  There  are  two  colleges,  one  at  Princeton,  and  the  other 
at  New  Brunswick.  Princeton  college  is  one  of  the  most  respectable 
seminaries  in  the  United  States.  The  position  is  high,  airy  and  com- 
manding, m  the  centre  of  a  neat  an(J  flourishing  village.  The  college 
edifice  called  Nassau  Hall  is  175  by  50  foot,  and  4  stories  high.  There 
are  two  other  considerable  buildings  belonging  to  the  college  all  of  stone, 
and  a  number  of  houses  belonging  to  the  officers  of  the  government.  At 
some  distance  from  this  group  is  the  spacious  building  belonging  to  the 
theological  school.  This  building  is  also  of  stone,  and  its  dimensions 
150  by  50  feet,  and  4  stories  high.  The  college  library  amounts  to 
nearly  10,000  vols;  and  the  theological  library  to  0000.  The  course 
of  academical  studies  is  thorougli  and  complete.  The  theological  semi- 
nary is  under  the  care  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  of  the  United  States,  '^'ne  number  of  students  in  the  college 
averages  about  110,  and  lb«^  llieological  students  about  100. 

The  Rutger's  college  at  New-Brunswick  is  under  the  care  of  the  Dutch 
Reformed  church.     It  has  a  spacious  edifice,  and  respectable  endow 
ments,   and  promises  as  well  as  the   Theological    seminary,    to  be  a 
very  useful  institution.     There  aro  over  20  incorporated  academies,  and 
■ome  seminaries  on  the  manual  labour  system.     Tlie  slate  has  a  fund  of 


■-.ii*>.- 


AO 


AIXANTIC    STATES. 


^1^5/104  for  the  lupport  of  free  schools.  But  the  aystern  of  general 
education  wants  the  efficiency  of  lliose  of  New-England  and  New- 
York. 

Chief  Towns.  Trenton  is  situated  on  the  East  hank  of  tlie  Delaware, 
opposite  the  Falls,  on  the  great  route  between  New-York  and  Philadel- 
phia,  60  miles  S.  W.  of  the  former,  ami  33  miles  N.  E.  of  the  latter.  Tiie 
Delaware  is  navigable  for  sloops  and  steam  boats  to  this  place.  It  is  a 
neat  town;  and  contains  8  public  buildings,  among  which  the  most  con- 
spicuous is  the  State  house.  In  the  town  and  vicinity  are  six  houses  of 
public  worship.  The  bridge  accross  the  Delaware  has  five  arches,  and 
makes  a  handsome  appearance.  The  town  has  some  respectable  manu- 
factories of  cotton.  This  place  is  memorable  as  the  scene  of  one  of  the 
most  splendid  exploits  of  general  Washington  in  crossing  the  Delaware, 
and  capturing  a  large  detachment  of  Hessians.  It  contained  in  1820 
3942  inhabitants.  In  1830  it  is  supposed  to  contain  over  f>000.  Newark 
is  charmingly  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Passaic  7  miles  from  its 
mouth,  by  the  curves  of  the  river.  Very  few  towns  of  the  size  make  a 
more  showy  appearance,  being  decidedly  the  handsomefst  town  in  the 
state.  It  contains  5  or  6  public  buildings,  0  houses  for  public  worship, 
and  extensive  manufactories  of  different  kinds.  In  Orange,  near  this 
place,  is  made  the  famous  Newark  cider.  It  is  9  miles  W.  of  New  York. 
Population,  in  1820,  6,507.     In  1830,  10,705. 

Patterson,  of  the  manufactures  of  which  we  have  already  spoken,  is 
situated  on  the  Passaic  near  the  great  fulls,  in  a  position  much  admired 
for  its  romantic  surrounding  scenery.  It  is  the  chief  manufacturing 
town  in  the  state;  and  beside  the  extensive  manufactories  already  men- 
tioned, contains  5  or  6  houses  of  public  worship.  The  manufactories  arc 
massive  buildings  of  stone.  The  Hills  of  the  Passiac  are  72  feet  in 
perpendicular  descent,and  constitute  a  splendid  cascade,  much  visited  by 
travellers. 

New  Brunswick  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Raritan  at  the  head 
of  sloop  and  steam  boat  navigation,  33  miles  S.  W.  of  New  York,  and 
60  N.  Kof  Philadelphia.  The  buildings  in  this  town,  which  has  a  city 
incorporation,  are  sparsely  diffused  over  a  considerable  extent.  It  con- 
tains 7  public  buildings,  and  5  churches.  We  have  already  mentioned 
the  college  and  theological  seminary  here.  There  are  some  handsome 
houses  on  the  hill  above  the  landing.  The  steam  boats  from  New  Yoik 
with  passengers  for  Philadelphia,  land  here,  who  take  passage  in  stages 
from  this  point  to  Trenton  on  the  Delaware,  where  they  embark  on 
■team  boats  for  Philadelphia.  ;i^ 

Princeton  is  a  pleasant  village,  the  college  of  which  has  already  been 
mentioned.    It  is  situated  10  miles  N.  E.  from  Trenton,  on  the  great  route 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


ei 


between  New  York  and  Pjiiladelphia.  It  contains  120  houses,  and  is 
consecrated  in  history  by  one  of  the  alorioug  exploits  of  Washington,  in 
which  he  defeated  a  British  rc^'imcnt  marching  to  the  relief  of  Trenton. 
LHzubethtown,  15  miles  from  New  Ytjrk,  is  au  agreeable  village  contain- 
ing over  200  houses,  and  is  one  of  tho  most  ancient  towns  in  the  state. 
Bordentown,  7  miles  below  Trenton,  and  28  above  Philadelphia,  is  a  neat 
village,  a  little  north  of  which  the  mansion  of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  ex-King 
of  Spain,  is  pointed  out,  as  an  illustration  of  the  mutability  of  fortune. 
Burlington,  on  the  S.  shore  of  the  Delaware,  20  miles  above  Philadelphia, 
is  a  considerable  village,  showiiij^  to  advantage  to  the  passengers  on  the 
steam  boats,  as  they  round  to,  to  take  in  and  put  out  passengers.  Camb- 
den,  Salem,  Morristown,  Amboy,  and  Newton,  are  the  other  considerable 
towns  in  the  state. 

Roads  and  Canals.  New  Jersey  from  its  position  is  a  great  thorough- 
fare. The  chief  roads  cf  public  travel  arc  turnpikes.  The  chief  canal 
is  the  Morris  Canal,  which  leaves  the  Hudson  opposite  New  York  at 
Powle's  Hook.  The  ascents  of  this  canal,  instead  of  being  overcome  by 
locks,  are  surmounted  by  inclined  planes.  At  Bloomficld  boats  are  drawn 
up  an  inclined  plane  of  C24  feet,  in  which  distance  they  overcome  52 
feet  of  perpendicular  height.  To  suspend  a  boat  loaded  with  40  or  50 
tons  in  this  way  in  the  air  is  one  of  the  triumphs  of  the  modern  gigantic 
application  of  power.  This  canal  overcomes  890  feet  in  this  way,  and 
opens  a  direct  route  from  the  city  of  New  York  to  the  celebrated  coal 
mines  at  Mauch  Chunk  in  Pennsylvania.  It  is  80  miles  in  lengtli.  The 
Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  may  be  considered  as  partly  belonging  to 
this  state.  The  scenery  of  the  country  through  which  it  passes  is  of  a 
singularly  romantic  character.  It  is  G5  miles  long,  and  brings  the  Lack- 
awana  coal  to  New  York.  A  rail  way  with  locomotive  cars  brings  the 
coal  to  the  canal.  The  Trenton  and  Rarilan  Canal  is  not  yet  completed. 
It  will  open  a  direct  sloop  and  steam  boat  communication  from  Baltimore 
to  New  York.  A  rail  road  from  Cambden  to  Amboy  is  in  progress.  It 
is  supposed  that  with  the  other  improvements  contemplated,  it  will  enable 
the  traveller  to  pass  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia  in  four  hours! 


ii»- 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


Length,  300  miles;  breadth,  160,  containing  44,000  square  miles. 
Between  39°  43'  and  42°  16'  N.  L;  and  3°  31'  W.  L.  and  2°  18'  E.  L. 
from  Washington.  Bounded  N.  by  New  York;  N.  E.  by  the  Delaware, 
which  separates  it  from  New  Jersey;  S.  by  Delaware,  Maryland  and 
Virginia;  W.  by  Virginia  and  Ohio. 


63 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


^ 


CounticS'  Chief  Towns. 
Adams,  Gcttysbur^ii. 
Alleghnny,  Pitfsljiirgh. 
Armstrong,  Kittanning. 
Beaver,  Beuvcr. 
Bedford,  Bedft^rd. 
Berks,  Rending. 
Bradford,  Athens.  r 

Bucks,  Bristol. 
Butler,  Butler. 
Cambria,  Ebcnsburgli, 
Centre,  Bellofonto. 
Chester,  West  Chester. 
Clearfield,  Clearfield. 
Columbia,  Catawissa. 
Crawford,  Meadvillc. 
Cumberland,  Carlisle. 
Dauphin,  Ilarrisburgh. 
Delaware,  Chester. 
Erie,  Erie. 
Fayette,  Uniontown. 
Franklin,  Chambersburgh, 
Greene,  Waynesburgh. 
Huntingdon,  Huntingdon. 
Indiana,  Armagh. 
Jefferson,  Brookvillc. 


Counties.  Chief  Towns. 
Lebanon,  JiCbnnon. 
Lehigh,  Allentown. 
Lnzcrne,  Wilkcsbarre. 
Lycoming,  VVilliamaport. 
McKoan,  Cerestown. 
Mercer,  Mercer. 
MifTlin,  Lcwistown. 
Montgomery,  Norristown. 
Northampton,  Kaston. 
Northumberland,  Sunbury. 
Perry,  Landisbnrgli. 
Philadelphia,  Philadelphia. 
Pike,  Millbrd. 
Potter,  Cowdcrsport. 
Schuylkill,  Orwigsburgh. 
Somerset,  Somerset. 
Susqiiehaniiah,  Montrose. 
Tioga,  Wellsborough. 
Union,  Miillinburgh. 
Venango,  Franklin. 
Warren,  Warren. 
Washington,  Washington. 
Wayne,  Bethany.! 
Westmoreland,  Grcensburgh. 
York,  York.  • 


V 

\ 


Lancaster,  Lancaster.  -^ 

Population  in  1820,  1,049,303.  In  1830,  1,317,072. 
Physical  Aspect.  A  considerable  belt  along  the  south-east  section  of 
the  stale  is  level,  gradually  rising  to  an  uneven,  and  fiom  that  to  an  undu- 
lating surface.  Between  the  first  line  of  the  Alleghanies,  called  South 
Mountain,  and  the  second  chain,  the  Blue  Ridge,  is  a  broad,  fertile  lime 
stone  valley.  The  last  western  chain  of  the  Alicghanies  passes  through 
the  state  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.  It  is  broad,  and  composed  of  many  de- 
tached mountains.  West  of  those  mountains.  Western  Pennsylvania  is 
hill,  dale  and  i)lain,  with  a  surface  not  unlike  that  of  New  England.  The 
soil  of  the  vallies  is  almost  invariably  fertile.  The  S.  E.  division  of  the 
state,  along  the  Susquehannah,  embraces  a  great  body  of  excellent  land. 
The  basin  between  Alleghany  River  and  Lake  Eric  is  a  fine  country. 
Abroad  belt  of  the  finest  country  stretches  east  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, and  spreads  with  the  same  extent  into  Maryland.  This  midland  of 
Pennsylvania  includes  as  rich  and  highly  cultivated  a  tract  of  country  m 


ATLANTIC   STATES.  OT 

is  in  Amorica,  and  is  chiefly  settled  wlh  Cicrmanii.  The  highest  peaks  of 
the  AllojQ;hanies  are  elevated  from  2  to  3,0(U)  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  and  from  1  to  2,000  feet  al)ovo  the  level  of  their  bases.  This  region 
in  its  mountains,  vailies,  and  cascades,  presents  all  varieties  of  the  grand, 
rugged,  sheltered,  and  rotnitntic  in  scenery.  Iron  in  vast  (iiiantitics,  lead, 
copper,  many  of  the  useful  fossils,  particularly  the  greatest  abundance 
and  variety  of  coal,  marble,  free  stone,  and  all  the  useful  earths  for  build- 
ing and  tiiC  arts  alxjund  in  this  state,  so  variegated  in  surface,  and  of 
geological  formations  so  dillcrent  from  each  other. 

Soil  and  ProdwtlonH.  No  stale  in  the  Union  shows  to  the  passing 
Iravellet  a  richer  agriculture  than  this.  It  is  emphatically  a  grain  country, 
raising  the  greatest  abundance  of  fhic  wheat.  It  produces  all  the  fruits 
and  productions  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  stales,  and  is  better  adapted 
for  the  cultivation  of  the  mulberry  and  the  grape,  than  most  of  them. 
Pennsylvania  is  famous  for  the  great  size,  and  the  strength  and  excellence 
of  its  breed  of  draught  horses.  The  lirgest  kinds  show  a  prodigious 
bulk,  when  compared  with  the  common  dimensions  of  the  northern 
horses.  Among  the  other  grains,  this  state  is  famous,  in  some  parts'  for 
the  cultivation  of  buck  wheat  and  spells.  Most  of  the  finer  fruits  of  the 
temperate  climates  flourish.  The  cider  is  particularly  excellent.  Wheat 
is  the  staple  article,  though  parts  of  the  state  abound  in  the  fmest  pro- 
ducts of  the  dairy. 

Religion.  There  arc  about  700  fixed  societies  in  this  state.  Of  these 
the  most  numerous  denomination  is  the  Presbyterian.  The  German  Cal- 
vinists  and  Lutherans  constitute  the  next  most  numerous  denomination 
The  friends  have  between  00  and  70  congregations.  The  inhabitants  are 
descended  from  all  the  European  nations.  The  Germans,  however,  are 
the  most  numerous  race,  and  next  to  them,  perhaps,  the  Irish,  and  the 
Scotch  Irish.  In  no  state  in  the  union  is  the  dialect  so  compounded  of 
all  idioms,  accents,  tones  and  modes  of  framing  sentences.  Yet,  perhaps, 
there  is  no  state,  in  which  the  varieties  of  origin,  opinions,  faith,  fashion, 
and  modes  of  life  have  amalgamated  into  a  more  marked  and  distinct  na- 
tionality, than  in  the  people  of  this  state. 

Rivers,  We  have  already  dwelt  upon  those  west  of  the  Alleghanies. 
The  principal  Atlantic  rivers  of  the  state  are  the  Delaware,  Schuylkill, 
Lehigh,  Susquehannah,  and  Juniata.  The  Susquchannah  is  the  largest 
Atlantic  river  of  the  United  States.  It  rises  in  New  York  near  the 
sources  of  the  Mohawk,  and  meandering  south  west,  it  enters  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  by  a  sweeping  bend  returns  upon  its  course,  in  the  state 
of  New  York.  Still  searching  a  westward  course  it  again  enters 
Pennsylvania,  and  receives  Tioga  river,  West  Branch,  and  the  Juniata. 
These  accumulated  waters  having  swollen  it  to  a  broad  stream,  it  passes 
Harrisburg,  enters  Maryland,  and  finds  its  estuary  in  Chesapeake  Bay  at 


tim\^: 


64 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


%- 


Havre  de  Grace;  aflcr  a  course,  measuring  its  curves,  of  more  than 
500  miles.  Ifs  principal  brariclicM  tiro  Tuiikhannnc,  Lnckawunnoc, 
Fisliinft  Creek,  Anderson's  Creek,  Clo.irfi.ld  Crock,  Miisliannon,  Sine- 
mnlioninfT,  Kettle,  riac,  Lyi oniin*;,',  I.owaJHock  nnd  Miiney  Creeks. 
These  streams  have  courses  from  IJO  to  70  miles  in  length.  Juniata  in 
the  largest  tributary.  This  stream  rincs  in  the  Alleghanies  from  two 
large  branches,  which  rise  a  little  aliove  Huntingdon.  The  united 
stream  divides  again,  and  by  two  mouths  fall  into  the  Susquehannah  14 
miles  above  Ilariisljurgh.  Below  tiiis  junction  the  principal  tributaries 
nre  Shemian's  Conedo'-.jinnot,  Yellow  TJrcechc^s,  Conewago  and  Codorus 
Creeks  from  the  \\esf ;  and  Swatara,  Conestoga  and  Pequcu  Creeks  on 
the  east.  No  stream  in  tlio  Unife.l  States  passes  through  more  grand 
and  romantic  scenery,  than  the  Juni'ita. 

Lehigh  is  an  important  branch  of  the  Delaware.  It  has  cut  its  way 
through  several  hills,  and  among  othuis  the  Blue  Ridge.  After  passing 
through  the  Moravian  towns,  and  a  leautiful  country,  it  fulls  into  the 
Delaware  at  Eajion.  The  canals  have  enabled  the  great  cities  to  avail 
themselves  of  the  rich  end  exhaustlesa  real  beds  near  its  banks. 

Schuylkill  rises  amonn;  the  mountains  in  Schuylkill  county,  windin 
through  a  rich  country  and  the  towns  of  Reading,  nnd  Pottstown,  supply- 
ing Philadelphia  with  water  in  its  course,  it  falls  into  the  Delaware  7 
miles  below  that  city.  It  has  a  long  course,  nnd  the  locks  and  canals 
have  rendered  it  navigable,  so  that  the  immense  beds  of  anthracite  coal 
on  its  head  sources  are  rendered  available  to  Philadelphia,  and  the 
country  on  the  sea  board.  The  names  of  many  other  streams  might  bo 
given,  which  furnish  admirable  water  power,  and  which  irrigate  and 
adorn  the  rich  interior  of  the  state. 

Canals  nnd  Rail  Roads.  Pennsylvania  has  commenced  a  gigantic 
outline  of  internal  improvements.  In  1830  it  had  4S0  miles  of  canal 
finished;  250  in  progress  towards  completion,  and  368  projected  and 
surveyed.  The  whole  length  of  the  grand  Pennsylvania  canal  would  be 
if  r(  ..^)leted  in  a  continuous  line,  about  450  miles  Of  this  line  2G0 
miles  from  Philadelphia  to  a  point  about  20  miles  beyond  Huntingdon  are 
completed.  The  whole  line  from  Johnstown  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Alleghany,  over  100  miles,  is  completed.  An  interval  of  something 
more  than  50  miles  from  the  Juniatta  over  the  Alleghany  to  Johnstown 
is  yet  incomplete.  It  is  proposed  to  unite  them  by  a  rail  way  over  the 
Tnountains.  The  Philadelphia  and  Wj'oming  canal,  connecting  that  far 
famed  valley  with  that  city,  is  2GS  miles  in  length.  It  is  intended  to 
unite  the  Pennsylvania  canal  at  Pittsburgh  with  a  canal  through  Meadville 
to  Lake  Erie.  This  eanal  will  be  between  2  and  300  miles  in  length. 
Still  another  canal  route  has  been  surveyed  to  lead  from  Pittsburgh  to 


If 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


tho  lumniit  level  of  tin;  Oiiiu,  and  Eiio  canal.  Numerous  side  cuts  con- 
nected with  ihcHo  r:in;i!H,  which,  n  Ibw  yonrs  since,  wouhl  have  been 
deemed  iniprnclicnhle,  now  dwindle  in  coinpiri-on  witii  these  gigantic 
works,  nnd  arc  hn\  niniicious  to  find  u  pl:ic(!  in  this  work. 

Forty  miles  of  the  Pliihulelphia  nnd  Cohimhia  Rail  road  arc  nearly 
completed.  At  the  termination  of  tiie  lludnon  and  Delaware  canal,  a 
rail  way  extends  over  Mcosic  mountains,  roacliinj,'  from  tho  canal  to 
Carbondalo  im  Lackawanna  River.  It  ih  lOi  miles  in  l(;nj:;th,  and  over- 
comes nn  elevation  of  H.^)S  leet.  The  Manch  (/'hinik  rail  way  is  of  wood 
over  laid  with  iron.  It  cdnnects  the  cual  niiurs  with  Lehigh  River, 
which  is  renderiMl  boatahle  hy  canal  boats.  TIk;  Hiunmit  of  the  mountain, 
where  tho  coal  is  found,  is  1)^2  feet  above  tho  level  of  the  river.  Tho 
length  of  the  rail  way  is  i)  miles.  Tim  cars  descend  the  platform,  where 
they  unload  in  a  minute  nnd  'JO  seconds.  V.12  cars  have  descended  in  a 
day  with  198  tons  of  coal.  The  loaded  cars,  in  desccndinir,  arc  attaclied 
to  empty  cars  at  the  foot,  and  draw  them  up.  The  coal  of  this  exceed- 
ingly rich  nnd  abundant  mine  is  anlhacite,  hard,  pure,  black,  with  a 
beautiful  conchdidal  fracture,  and  perfectly  clean  in  tho  handling. 
Other  rail  roads  are  in  contemplation  and  survey. 

Manufactures.  This  article  is  too  extensive  to  allow  details.  In  the 
important  article  of  iron  manuficturcs,  Pennsylvania  far  excels  any 
other  state  in  the  union.  Wo  have  spoken  of  tho  manufactures  west  of 
the  Alleghanics.  As  long  ago  as  in  1810,  there  wero  in  the  stale  375  im- 
portant iron  factories  for  all  operations  in  iron,  from  smelting  the  ores  to 
manufacturing  nails.  At  the  same  time  there  were  1)4  cotton  factories; 
64  paper  mills,  and  8  glass  works.  Some  of  these  manufactories  have 
doubled  since  that  time.  It  is  supposed  that  tho  total  value  of  manufac- 
tures in  this  state  may  be  about  $70,000,000.  The  bank  capital  is 
$10,310,333.  The  tonnage  of  the  shipping  is  104,114  tons.  In  1816 
the  exports  were  ^7,10(),'24G.  The  domestic  trado  has  increased  prodi- 
giously, since  that  time.  The  forein;n  trade  has  diminished,  as  a  natural 
consequence,  amounting  in  exports  in  1830  to  ,^'4,089  9.35. 

Education.  This  great  state  has  njade  certain  constitutional  provis- 
ions, that  the  poor  shall  be  taught  gratis.  Means  have  been  provided  in 
almost  all  the  counties,  to  carry  this  provision  into  cfl'ect.  The  report  of 
the  comptrollers  of  the  public  schools,  stales,  that  in  12  years  preceding 
1830,  34,703  children  had  received  the  advantage  of  this  provision. 
But  general  instruction  is  not  diffused  so  universally,  as  in  New- York. 
The  university  of  Pennsylvania,  after  many  changes,  of  the  original  plan, 
is  organized  on  the  most  respectable  footing,  and  the  medical  school 
attached  to  it  yields  in  reputation  to  none  in  the  union.  Dickinson 
college  at  Carlisle,  is  an  important  institution.  Jefferson  college  at 
Vol.  n.  9 


0f 


ATLANTIC    STATE8. 


.^ 
^ 


CannonsLurg,  htis  a  medical  school  attached  to  it  in  Pliiladelphiay 
Washington  coilogo,  atWaphin;>tnii,tho  Wrstern  University  at  Pitlsbureh, 
and  Alleghany  collcfro  at  ]\Ica;lvillo,  have  already  hecn  nacccd  under  the 
head  of  AVcstcrn  Pcnnsyhnnin.  Mr.ciiprn  collefrc  at  Uniontown  is  an 
institution  under  the  care  of  the  J\[el!'.oJist  church.  Mount  Airy  coUcgo 
is  fixed  at  Gcrmaiitown.  Tlierc  are  Theological  schools  at  Cctlyshurphj 
York  and  Allegliany.  The  Moravian  schools  at  the  beautiful  villages  of 
Nazareth,  Bethlehem  and  Litiz  sustain  a  high  reputation,  and  are  in  the 
most  flourisliing  condition.  The  system  of  instruction  is  of  a  peculiar 
character,  and  has  deserved  cstiinalion  for  ct  nforring  on  females  an  efii- 
cient  and  useful  cducatim. 

Chief  Toirr--.  rhilac'elnliin,  llie  serond  cify  in  the  union,  is  situated 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Delaware,  300  miles  S.  W.  of  Boston,  90  S.  W. 
of  New- York,  100  miles  N.  E.  of  BaUimore,  and  137  miles  N.  E.  of 
Washington.  It  is  situated  on  an  isthmus  plain  between  the  Schuylkill 
and  Delaware,  extending  from  tlie  one  to  the  other,  and  is  about  6  miles 
above  their  junction.  It  is  l2o  miles  Ly  the  curves  of  the  river  from 
the  city  to  the  estunry.  Tiie  Delaware  is  here  a  broad,  imimpeded  and 
noble  stream,  ailbrdi ng  water  for  vessels  of  any  size;  and  furnishes  an 
admirable  harbor.  The  cily  is  built  in  the  form  of  an  oblong  square; 
and  is  noted  for  the  regularity,  with  which  its  streets  running  nortli  and 
south,  are  intersected  by  others  at  right  angles,  running  east  and  west. 
The  streets  are  from  11.3  to  50  feet  wide,  and  numbered  in  one  direction 
first,  second,  third,  and  so  on;  and  in  the  other  by  specific  names:  so 
that  no  city  exists  in  which  it  is  so  er..sy  to  find  a  given  point  by  the 
direction.  The  number  of  squares,  it  is  believevl,  amounts  to  about 
350. 

It  is  unquestionably  among  the  most  manufacturing  cities,  all  things 
taken  into  view,  in  the  United  Stales.  Among  all  the  extensive  bran- 
ches, for  which  it  is  famous,  paper,  printing,  and  publishing  are  important 
items.  A  great  number  of  gazettes,  periodicals  and  monthlies  are  issued; 
and  one  quarterly  critical,  and  another  quarterly  medical  journal.  This 
city  vies  with  Boston  in  the  number  and  extent  of  its  school  and  classical 
books.  If  Boston  publishes,  as  regards  material  and  execution,  more  sub- 
stantially, Philadelphia  publishes  cheaper,  a  circumstance  often  as  impor- 
tant in  the  extension  of  its  books.  This  city  has  reputation,  also  for 
the  extent  and  excellence  of  its  breweries. 

Its  literary,  philosopliical  and  humane  institutions  are  worthy  of  all 
praise.  The  Philadelphia  library  owes  its  origin  to  the  illustrious  Frank- 
lin. It  contains  a  museum,  a  philosophical  apparatus,  the  Philadelphia 
library,  and  the  Loganian  library ;  amounting  in  all  to  25,000  volumes. 
The  American  Philosophical   Society,  the  Philadelphia  society  for  pro 


*■ 


ATLANTIC    STATES. 


67 


moling  agriculture,  the  tithcniDiim  auu  tlie  academy  of  natural  sciences, 
arc  all  important  institutions,  and  Ir.ivc  libraries  and  collections.  The 
fiiend's  library  contains  a  vcspcctahle  0(iilcction,and  the  fiicnd's common 
schools  institution  is  an  important  and  ciil.rieut  one.  There  are  among 
the  literary  institutions  i^reat  numbers  of  Lancasterian,  Sunday  and  in- 
fimt  schools.  Amonc'  Iho  hunniic  institutions  is,  one  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb.  One  of  the  nohleytesliblishuKiits  in  thisorany  other  slate  is  tho 
Pennsylvania  Hospital.  It  extends  a  front  of  273  feet,  and  has  a  large 
tmiklinjT  connecled  with  it,  sulllcicnt  lo  contain  50  or  COpalicnis.  Ap- 
pended to  it  is  a  beautiful  <farden.  Tiiero  are  admirable  arr-.ngementa 
for  every  thin^  appertainin/T  to  the  comfort,  and  restoration  of  the  dis- 
eased both  in  body  and  mind.  West's  «plendid  picture  of  Christ 
healing  the  sick  is  properly  kept  in  this  institution,  and  for  a  trifling  gra- 
tuity shown  to  strangers.  There  are  over  10  public  buildings,  and  about 
70  houses  of  public  worsliip.  TJie  name:-;,  uses  and  dimensions  of  some 
of  the  public  buildings  f  ilhiw. 

The  first  prcsbyterian  church  is  a  ncble  building  as  arc  the  episcopal 
churches  in  eighth  and  tenth  streets.  The  market  is  a  low  range  of 
buildings,  in  the  middle  of  market  street,  extending  from  the  Delaware  to 
eighth  street.  The  Bank  of  the  United  States,  in  Chesnul  street  is  con- 
sidered the  most  finished  specimen  of  pure  Grecian  architecture  in  the 
union.  It  is  of  while  marble  with  Doric  columns  in  front.  The  Bank  of 
Pennsylvania  fronts  two  streets  with  Ionic  columns,  and  is  of  white  mar- 
ble. The  state  house  is  a  large  brick  building  in  Chesnut  street.  Ge- 
rard's bank  is  a  bcautifid  marble  building  vvilh  Corinthian  columns.  The 
arcade  is  an  imposing  stone  structure  leading  from  Chesnut  to  Lafayette 
street.  It  is  fitted  up  with  shops,  and  in  the  second  story  with  piazzas, 
and  contains  Peale's  museum.  Tiie  theatre  in  Chesnut  street  has  a 
marble  front.  The  Masonic  hall,  a  little  further  on,  is  in  the  Gothic 
style.  The  Academy  of  arts  is  in  Chesnut  street  between  tenth  and 
eleventh.  Among  tho  statues  are  the  three  graces  of  Canova;  and  a 
gallery  of  pictures  principally  the  works  of  American  artists.  The 
United  Stales  mint  is  visited,  as  an  object  of  general  curiosity.  Most  of 
the  visitants  purchase  gold  and  silver  coins  struck  under  their  eye.  The 
amount  coined  annually  varies  from  two  and  a  half  to  three  million  dollars. 
In  1829,  tho  number  of  pieces  of  coin  struck  amounted  to  7,674,501. 

The  Schuylkill  water  works  are  a  splendid  establishment,  and  noted 
especially  fur  the  rid;  and  varied  prospect  enjoyed  from  them.  The 
building,  in  which  the  machinery  is  contained,  is  a  handsome  one,  and  the 
machinery  is  capable  of  raising  7  million  gallons  of  water  in  24  hours. 
The  wheels  are  driven  by  a  current  from  a  dam  above.  The  reservoirs 
are  on  a  hill,  higher  than  any  part  of  the  city.     The  pipes  extend  34  or 


'?  .1  •  ' 


r-'' 


m-' 


4- 


..)  *  •-  - 


ATLANTIC    STATES. 

35  miles.  This  grand  work  abundantly  repays  the  inspection.  Pratt'i 
Garden,  in  full  view  of  the  water  works,  is  a  charming  place,  and  well 
worthy  to  be  visited.  The  penitentiary  has  the  aspect  of  a  fortress.  The 
wall  is  of  granite  40  feet  l\igh,  and  encloses  a  square  650  feet  each  way. 
The  Navy  Hospital,  2  miles  south  west  of  the  centre  of  the  city,  has  a 
front  of  386  feet,  and  is  3  stories  high.  It  is  built  partly  of  granite  and 
partly  of  marble.  The  Navy  Yard  is  of  great  extent,  and  fitted  up  with 
first  rate  appurtenances  for  building  frigates,  and  ships  of  the  line.  The 
Pennsylvania,  building  here,  it  is  said,  will  be  the  largest  ship^in  the  worla, 
and  it  is  (o  carry  150  guns. 

The  public  squares  of  this  beautiful  city  strike  a  stranger  with  pleasing 
emotions,  from  their  frequency,  neatness,  verdure;  and  the  number  of 
people  promenading  them.  No  city  in  vhe  union  can  show  such  long 
ranges  of  imiform  and  magnificent  houses,  as  this.  Chesnut  street  may 
serve  as  a  sample.  A  volume  would  be  requisite  to  convey  details  of  all 
the  public  buildings,  churches,  literary  and  humane  institutions,  and  in- 
teresting objects,  worthy  of  the  inspection  of  strangers.  Uniformity, 
neatness  and  utility  stand  embodied  as  the  characteristics  of  this  great  and 
thriving  city.  Two  men,  whose  names  will  be  coeval  with  time,  differing  in 
a  thousand  respects,  have  been  enabled  to  stamp  a  blended  impress  of  their 
own  peculiar  intellectual  character  upou  the  aspect  and  institutions  of 
Philadelphia.  The  one  is  Franklin,  the  simple  and  sagacious  expounder 
of  the  doctrine  of  utility;  and  the  other,  William  Penn,  the  memorable 
patriarch,  the  immortal  asserter  of  toleration,  a  doctrine  in  his  time 
unknown;  and  now  as  universally  admitted,  and  lauded  in  theory,  as  it  is 
universally  infringed  and  disregarded  in  practice.  Population  in  1820, 
108,116.    In  1830,  101,412. 

The  entrance  of  the  estuary  of  the  Delaware  is  defended  by  an  artificial 
breakwater,  an  immense  work  not  yet  completed.  The  artificial  com- 
munications of  Philadelphia  with  the  interior  by  turnpikes  and  McAdarn- 
ized  roads,  and  navigable  rivers  and  canals,  are  too  numerous  to  be  dwelt 
upon,  except  in  general  terms.  One  communication  of  permanent  im- 
portance must  net  be  overlooked.  The  numerous  and  beautiful  steam 
boats  that  formerly  plied  between  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  used 
to  descend  the  Delaware  to  a  certain  point,  when  the  passengers  de- 
barked and  took  stages  from  the  Delaware  across  the  state  of  Delaware  to 
Newcastle  on  Chesapeake  Bay.  A  ship  canal  is  now  cut  across  this 
peninsula,  uniting  the  Delaware  and  the  Chesapeake  by  an  uninterrupted 
line  of  inland  canal  communication.  This  canal  is  14  miles  long,  and  is 
60  feet  in  width  at  the  water  line.  It  was  originally  dug  8  feet  in  depth, 
but  has  been  increased  to  10.  The  locks  are  100  feet  in  length,  and  the 
whole  construction  is  for  sloops  of  the  largest  class  and  schooners.  The 
•team  boats  intended  to  ply  on  this  route  are  of  the  largest  and  most 


# 


ATLANTIC    STATES. 


00 


beautiful  kind.  Three  towns,  Delaware,  Chesapeake,  and  Bohemia  havo 
already  sprung  up  on  tlic  route.  The  harbor  on  the  Delaware  is  formed 
by  two  prodigious  piers  running  into  the  water.  The  bridges  over  the 
canal  are  some  of  them  of  tJic  class  called  swivel  bridges.  Over  the 
centre  of  the  Deep  Cut  is  the  Summit  Bridge,  reaching  from  hill  to  hill, 
235  feet  span,  and  90  feet  at  its  key  stone  abo.e  the  level  of  the  water. 
Schooners,  and  the  largest  class  of  sloops  pa.  s  underneath  with  their 
masts  standing. 

Harrisburgh,  the  political  metropolis  of  the  state,  has  a  pleasant  site 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Susquehannah,  nearly  100  miles  N.  W.  of  Phila- 
delphia. It  contains  7  or  8  public  buildings,  and  4  houses  of  public 
worship.  The  state  house  is  a  spacious  and  elegant  building,  and  makes 
an  imposing  show.  A  bridge  has  been  erected  across  the  Susquehannah 
at  this  place.  An  island  divides  the  bridge  into  two  divisions.  The  whole 
length  of  the  bridge  and  cause-way  over  the  island  is  a  mile.  It  contains 
about  5,000  inhabitants. 

Lancaster  is  situated  in  a  delightfully  fertile  country  near  Conestoga 
Creek,  which  falls  into  the  Susquehannah ;  and  is  connected  with  the 
great  chain  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal.  It  contains  9  or  10  public  build- 
ings, and  as  many  churches.  Some  of  the  public  buildings,  many  of  the 
private  mansions,  and  two  of  the  churches  are  handsome  buildings. 
Many  of  the  buildings  are  in  the  substantial  German  style  of  building  in 
Pennsylvania,  of  stone.  It  is  becoming  a  manufacturing  town.  Many 
of  the  inhabitants  are  Germans,  and  the  German  language  is  mucli  spoken. 
Three  or  four  German  gazettes  are  published  in  this  place,  and  as  many 
in  English.  The  canal  system,  by  connecting  Lancaster  by  water  com- 
munication with  Philadelphia,  has  given  a  new  impulse  to  this  town.  It 
is  situated  62  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an 
admirable  road,  and  is  30  S.  E.  of  Harrisburgh.  Population  in  1820, 
6,663.  In  1830,  7,683. 

Reading  is  also  central  to  a  fine  agricultural  country,  and  is  situated 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  and  contains  a  number  of  public  build- 
ings, and  .5  churches.  Being  connected  with  Philadelphia  by  the  line  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  its  trade  is  rapidly  advancing.  There  are  many 
fine  mills  in  the  vicinity.  Its  manufactures  are  increasing.  Hats  con 
stitute  a  large  item  in  its  manufactures.     Population  about  6,000. 

Carlisle  is  an  interior  town,  16  miles  W.  of  Harrisburgh,  1 14  W.  of 
Philadelphia,  and  contains  5  public  buildings  and  8  churches.  The  streets 
are  handsome,  and  the  buildings  chiefly  of  stone  and  brick.  Dickinson 
College,  already  mentioned,  is  in  this  place.  Population  is  about  5,000. 
Easton  is  a  very  neat  town  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Delaware,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Lehigh,  60  miles  N.  of  Philadelphia.    It  contains  a  num- 


&! 


1    ' 


70 


i^ 


ATIiANTIC   STATES. 


Ler  of  public  buikliiigs,  a  cliurcli  and  an  academy.     Here  is  a  handsome 
bridge  across  tlie  Delaware. 

Cliamhershnrgli  is  filiuited  on  Conocochcague  Creek,  with  striking 
views  of  the  Alle^jlianics  in  llic  distance.  The  stream  on  which  it  stands 
furnishes  water  power  for  many  manufactories,  of  wliich  the  town  already 
contains  a  considerable  number.  It  hns  6  public  buildings,  7  churches, 
and  400  dwelling  houses,  of  which  a  great  proportion  arc  brick  or  stone. 
Blue  lime  stone,  free  stone,  and  marble  al.ound  in  the  vicinity.  It  has 
turnpike  communications  with  Pliiladelpliia,  Baltimore,  and  Pittsburgh. 
Popidation,  in  1S20,  was  2,4C1.      Tlic  nitmber,  in  1830,  amounted  to 

York  is  situated  on  Codoru's  Creek,  85  miles  W.  of  Philadelphia,  and 
48  N.  of  Baltimore,  and  contains  0  public  buildings  and  8  churches.  It 
is  a  hancisome  town  in  the  centre  of  a  fertile  and  charming  country. 
Population  in  1820,  Jj,54u,  In  1J"30,  5,S07.  Bethlehem  is  a  charming 
Moravian  town  on  the  Lehigh,  54  miics  N.  W.  of  Philadelphia.  The 
town  is  built  of  stone,  and  inhabited  entirely  by  Moravians.  The  two 
seminaries  for  instruction  in  this  place  enjoy  a  high  reputation.  Popula- 
tion 2,000.  Lehigh  and  Litiz  are  the  other  principal  Moravian  estab- 
lishments in  this  vicinity.  The  principal  towns  in  West  Pennsylvania 
have  been  already  noticed.  Northampton,  on  the  Lehigh,  Norristown, 
on  the  Schuylkill,  and  Huntingdon,  o:i  the  Juniata,  are  considerable 
towns.  Bedford,  on  the  south  branch  of  the  Juniata,  is  the  seat  of  the 
Bedford  mineral  springs,  and  surfounded  by  splendid  scenery.  A  barren 
catalogue  of  the  names  of  30  other  considerable  villages  might  be  given. 
A  single  fact  from  the  late  census  of  1830,  will  illustrate  the  vigorous 
advance  of  this  great  state  in  population  and  importance.  The  aggregate 
increase  of  28  towns  and  boroughs  is  at  the  rate  of  60  per  cent.  In 
1829,  297,206  barrels  of  wheat  flour,  39,523  of  rye  flour,  and  1,609 
hogsheads  and  6,433  barrels  of  corn  meal  were  inspected  in  Philadelphia, 

It  spreads  a  wide  surface  in  the  Ohio  valley,  rapidly  advancing  in 
wealth  and  population ,  New  towns  are  springing  up  in  every  direction. 
It  abounds  in  all  the  elements  of  wealth  and  power.  Public  opinion  has 
given  it  a  strong  impiilse  towards  manufactures,  and  a  gigantic  system  of 
internal  improvements.  Its  inhabitants,  though  composed  of  all  nations, 
are  distinguished  for  their  orderly  habits,  industry,  and  sober  progress  of 
thrift,  and  a  sturdy  spirit  of  political  independence.  The  passing  stranger 
as  he  traverses  the  state,  is  struck  with  the  noble  roads  and  public  works, 
with  the  beautiful  German  farms  and  their  magnificent  and  imperishable 
stone  houses,  and  often  still  more  magnificent  stone  barns,  An  agricul- 
tural country,  alike  charming  ajid  rich,  spreads  under  his  eye.  He  not 
only  passes  many  handsome  towns,  but  is  surprised  with  the  frequent  re- 


# 


Mt"  * 


ATLANTIC    STATES.  '?*,. 

currence  of  neat  and  populous  villages,  the  names  of  which  he  had  met 
in  no  itinerary  cr  gazetteer.  He  sees  a  country  of  immense  agricultural 
resources. 


DELAWARE. 


.*''' 


Length  D2  miles.  Breadth  23,  containing  2050  square  miles.  Be- 
tween 35°  27'  and  30°  50'  N.  L.  and  1°  13'  and  1°  57'  E.  L.  Bounded 
N.  by  Pennsylvania,  E.  Delaware  bay  and  Atlantic,  S.  and  VV.  by  Mary- 
land. 

Physical  Aspect.  The  greater  portion  of  the  surdice  is  one  extended 
plain.  The  upper  part  of  the  state  is  undulating.  Christiana  heights 
and  Brandywine  hills  are  rough  and  elevated.  On  the  table  summits  be- 
tween Delaware  and  the  Chesape:».kc  bays  is  a  chain  of  swamps,  from 
which  the  waters  descend  in  one  direction  to  Chesapeake  bay,  and  from 
the  other  to  Delaware  River,  Taken  together,  it  is  a  fine  tract  of  coun- 
try for  cultivation,  and  admirably  adapted  to  the  growing  of  wheat,  the 
staple  of  the  state.  Delaware  flour  has  reputation  abroad  for  softness 
and  whiteness  beyond  all  other  American  flour.  It  is  distinctly  perceiv- 
ed in  this  state,  that  the  temperature  is  softening  to  that  of  the  southern 
states.  Cypress,  the  timber  of  southern  countries,  abounds  in  the  swamps. 
The  catalpa,  persimmon  and  some  of  the  laurel  tribe,  are  found  among  the 
forest  trees.  Sweet  potatoes  are  raised  without  difiiculty.  We  know  of 
no  ores  Ibund  in  this  state,  except  those  of  iron,  which  are  abundant. 

Divisions.  Counties.  Kent,  Dover;  Newcastle,  Nexccastle;  Surry, 
Georgetown;  Population  in  1820, 72,749.    In  1830,  76,739. 

The  state  owns  13,213  tons  of  shipping.  Its  exports,  passing  through 
Philadelphia  or  Baltimore,  are  chiefly  included  in  the  amount  of  exports 
from  those  towns. 

Manvfacturcs  and  Commerce.  Brandy  wine  Creek  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  state  furnishes  water  power  for  great  and  growing  manufacturing  es-- 
tablishments.  The  chief  articles  are  flour,  cottons,  woollens,  paper  and 
gunpowder.  Npwcastle  county  is  the  seat  of  the  principal  of  those  estab- 
lishments. In  proof  of  the  tendency  of  manufacturing  industry,  we  give 
the  following  facts  from  a  table  of  the  assessed  value  of  lands  in  this 
county,  in  1828.  The  whole  valuation  of  lots,  houses  ar.d  lands  in  it  is 
$8,086,932.  Christian  hundred  furnishes  $2,710,000,  beir  g  out  of  pro^ 
portion  richer,  than  any  other  part  of  the  country,  in  consequence  of  the 
extensive  manufactures  in  its  beautiful  neighborhood.  The  highest  value 
of  land  is  forty  four  dollars  per  acre  in  Christiana  hundred,  the  most  man- 


in    !t 


^^^^¥' 


79 


frT 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


ufacturing  district  and  the  lowest  is  $7  in  Appoquinimink,  the  least  man- 
ufacturing part  of  the  slate.  All  the  other  hundreds  approach  nearer 
the  highest  value,  or  retire  from  it,  in  proportion  to  their  nianufacturintr 
industry.  The  capital  invested  in  manufactures  in  Delaware  in  1827 
was  $2,500,000. 

Canals.  The  Delaware  and  Chcsapoake  canal  runs  through  this  state 
and  has  already  been  mentioned.  This  state  has  made  great  exertions 
to  render  the  Susquehannah  navigable,  and  has  effected  it  as  far  as 
Columbia. 

Literature.  The  state  has  a  school  fund  of  ,^170,000.  There  are 
academies  at  Wilmington,  New  Castle,  Newark,  Smyrna,  Dover,  Milford, 
Lewistown  and  Georgetown.  Schools  arc  established  in  every  district 
of  4  miles  square.  No  district  is  entitled  to  any  share  of  the  school 
fund,  that  will  not  raise  by  taxation  a  sum  equal  to  its  share  of  the  income 
of  the  fund.  This  state  furnishes  one  college  student  fron  every  11,000 
of  its  inhabitants. 

Religion.  The  number  of  fixed  congregations  is  stated  to  he  55,  of 
these  the  Presbyterians  are  said  to  be  the  most  numerous. 

Chief  Towns.  Dover  is  the  political  metropolis.  It  is  situated  on 
Jones  Creek,  7  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Delaware  bay.  It  contains 
4  public  buildings,  of  which  the  state  house  is  the  most  conspicuous,  and 
2  churches.  The  numuerof  itsinhabilaiits  is  about  1200.  Wilmington 
is  the  largest  town  in  the  state.  And  is  a  handsome  and  thriving  place. 
It  is  situated  between  Brandywine  and  Christiana  creeks,  1  mile  above 
their  comfluence,  and  2  miles  from  the  Delaware,  with  which  it  has  a 
xtavigable  communication.  It  is  28  miles  S.  W.  of  Philadelphia,  and  70 
N.  E.  of  Baltimore.  The  position  is  high,  airy  and  pleasant.  The 
number  of  its  public  buildings  is  9  or  10,  and  it  has  11  churches.  It  is 
supplied  with  water  from  the  Brandywine  by  water  works,  like  those  of 
Philadelphia.  There  is  a  U.  S.  Arsenal  here,  and  the  Friends  have  a 
boarding  school  of  celebrity.  A  college  was  incorporated,  but  has 
never  gone  into  operation.  This  town  owns  more  than  10,000  tons  of 
shipping.  Its  staple  article  of  export  is  flour.  There  is  a  bridge  over 
the  Brandywine,  and  one  over  the  Christiana,  connecting  it  on  each  side 
with  the  beautiful  surrounding  country,  in  which  it  situated.  The  cele- 
brated Brandywine  flour  mills  are  in  a  village  a  little  distant  from  the 
town.  These  flour  mills  were  formerly  the  most  numerous  and  import- 
ant in  the  U.  S.  Those  in  Rochester,  New-York,  now  vie  with  them.' 
Within  10  miles  of  Wilmington  there  are  at  least  100  important  manu- 
factories, rendering  it  the  largest  manufacturing  district  in  the  Atlantic 
country  W.  of  Philadelphia.  Great  quantities  of  gun  powder  are  among 
the  articles  manufactured      The  population  in  1820  was  5,268.    The 


# 


ATLANTIC    STATES. 


78 


census  of  1630  ^^ivcs  il  (5,0:20,  New  Castle  is  situated  on  the  we«t 
bank  of  tlic  Delawiiic.  5  miles  fnim  Wilmington,  and  33  S.  W.  from 
Pliiladelpliia.  It  rontains  '2  or  3  climrlics,  and  some  public  buildings, 
ncfore  the  Delaware  and  Cbesnponko  canal  went  into  operation,  this  used 
lo  be  a  pl;>ce  of  enihrnkalion  for  p'lssonnrcvs  from  Philadelphia  on  board 
steam  l;oats  f  )r  Biillinjore.  Population  in  1S30  1,000.  The  names  of 
the  other  considoralilo  vill'i^fcs  in  the  state,  follow.  Newport  near  Chris- 
tiana Creek  dyals  e?;tonsivcly  in  flour.  Christiana  on  Christiana  Creek, 
5  miles  S.  W.  of  Newport,  Ins  a  similar  trade.  Smyrna,  Milford, 
Georgetown,  and  Lewislown  near  Cape  Ilenlopen  light  house  are  towns 
of  some  imiiortancc,  *  ' 

Ilifitory.  This  slaio  was  first  sot  (led  by  a  colony  of  Swedes  and  Fins, 
[t  then  passed  under  the  autliority  of  the  Dutch,  from  whom  it  was  trans- 
ferred to  tiie  English.  Aftcrwi'.rds  it  was  made  a  part  of  the  peaceful 
domain  of  William  Penn.  Next  to  Rhode  Island,  it  has  the  smallest 
area  of  any  state  in  tiie  union. 


MARYLAND,    . 


.■  IT. 


LiiNOTii  119  miles.  Breadth  91.  (Containing  10,800  square  miles. 
Between  38°  and  315°  43'  N.  Latitude,  and  between  2°  31'  W.  and 
1°  58' E.  longitude.  Bounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania.  E.  by  Delaware 
and  the  x\tlantic,  and  S.  by  Virginia. 

Counties.  Chief  Towns.  Alleghany,  Cumberland;  Ann  Arundel, 
Annapolis;  Baltimore,  BitUimore.;  Calvert,  Prince  Frederickton;  Caro- 
line, Denton;  Charles,  Vort  Tobacco;  Cecil,  ElJdon,  Dorchester, 
Cambridge;  Frederick,  Frcdcrirh  {city])  Harford,  Belle  Air;  Kent, 
Chestertojcn ,  Montgomery,  i^or/t'iu/Zc;  Prince  George,  Upper  Marlboro; 
Queen  Ann,  CcntrcxnUc;  St.  Alary,  Lconardtown;  Somerset,  Princess 
Anne;  Talbot,  Easton;  Washington,  Ilagcrstown;  Worcester,  Snow 
Hill.    Population  in  1820  407,350— in  1830  446,913. 

Physical  aspect.  The  maritime  belt  pf  this  state  is  penetrated  far 
into  the  interior  by  Chesapeake  Bay,  as  a  vast  river,  dividing  it  into  2 
distinct  portions,  called  the  eastern  and  western  shore.  These  shores 
include  ii  level,  low  and  alluvial  country,  perrnealed  by  tide,  rivers  and 
creeks,  and  like  the  same  tracts  of  country  farther  south,  subject  to  inter- 
mittents.  The  genuine  white  wlioat,  which  is  supposed  to  be  peculiar 
to  this  state,  is  raised  on  the  eastern  shoie.  Above  the  tide  waters  the 
land  becomes  agreeably  undulating.  Beyond  this  commence  the  differ- 
ent ranges  of  the  Alleghanies  with  their  numerous  peaks.  The  vallies 
Vol.  II.  10 


-.,'A. 


# 


-'i.-.: 


74 


ATLA^TIC    RT.VTr.S. 


between  Ihcm  nre  of  a  loamy  niul  rich  soil,  yielding  fino  wheat,  and  all 

lift  .       the  productions  of  the  middle  slatos,  lo,^clhr!r  with6:ime  of  those  of  the 

soutiiern  country.    Tiie  nalionul  roiid  pipscs  through  the  wide  and  fertile 

vallies,  in  which  Frcdcricktow  n  and  ITnpcrslown  are  situated,  being  broad 

belts  of  the  same  admirable  soil,  which  is  seen  in  Lancaster  county, 

"Pennsylvania.     The  n;inio3  (if  the  princi|>r.l  ridges  are  South  Mountain, 

the  Blue  Ridge,  Rny'a  Hill,  Sideling  Ilill,  Savage  Mountain,   Evil's 

Hills  and  Alleghany  Mountains.     Retweon  tlicso  mountains  and  hills 

are  clear  and  transparent  waters.     The  air  is  clastic  and  the  climate 

salubrious.  '    >  > 

f  ProdvcHons.    Tlio  {rreat  ?tnplc  of  this  state  is  wheat.     The  second 

staple  is  tobacco.     TIkt  soil  and  climate  are  admirably  adapted  to  the 

cultivation  of  all  the  fruits  of  tl:n  temperate  climates.     The  proportion  of 

hickory  trees  in  the  forests  is  gie:itcr  than  in  the  northern  states.     The 

woods  abound  in  that  production,  callcii  inast,  on  which  the  swine  fatten. 

Sweet  potalccs  aio  raised  in  abundance,  and  some  cotton  for  domestic 

"^        use.     In  the  swamps  the  cypress  is  common,  and  the  catalpa  is  indig- 

*         enous. 

Rivers.     The  Potonr.c,  which  divides  this  slate  from  Virginia,  will 
be  described  under  the  hc.id  of  that  state.     The  Susquehannah,  passing 
through  it,  has  already  been  described.     The  principal  rivers,  that  have 
their  courses  in  this  stale,  are  the  Choptank,  which  rises  in  Delawure, 
4,       and  falls  into  the  ChesapciUe.     Nanticokc  rises  also  in  Delaware  from 
several  branches,  and  likewise  empties  into  the  Chesapeake.       Patapsco 
River  might  with  more  propriety  be  called  an   inlet.     Several  branches 
empty  into  Patapsco  cretk,  which  falls  into  the  bay  about  three  miles 
^^     below  Baltimore.  From  Baltimore  to  Chesapeake  Bay  the  Patapsco  alTords 
good  navigation  for   vessels  of  a  considerable  size.     Sassafras  River, 
Manokin,  Pocomoke,    Deer,  Brush,  Gunpowder  and  Black  rivers  are 
streams  with   short  courses,  that  empty  into  Chesapeake  Bay.     Severa 
empties  into  the  bay  at  Aimajjolis,  of  which  it  forms  the  harbor.    Patuxent 
river  falls  into  the  bay  30  miles  below   Annapolis.     A  number  of  small 
streams  fall  in  the  Potomac  into  this  state.     Of  these  the  principal  are  St. 
Mary's  Wicomico,  Port  Tobacco,  Mataworaan,  Piscataway  and  Eastera 
Branch,     The  latter  stream  falls  into  the  Potomac  below  Washington. 
The  great  Cumberland  road  passes  over  the  Monococy,  Antietam  and 
Conococheague,  Beside  these,  Licking,  Conoloway,  Sideling  hill,  Town,- 
Evil's  and  Will's  creeks  rise  in  Pennsylvania,  and  run  into  this  state. 
•       Climate.    The  maritiihe  belt  of  this  stale  belongs  rather  to  the  south- 
ern than  the  northern   states.     It  is  the  commencement  of  that  belt  ot 
alluvial  plain,  which  spreads  to  the  remotest  extent  of  the  southern  coun- 
try.    The  summer  climate  of  this  region  cannot  be  accounted  healthy. 


*  ATLANTIC    hr.VTKii.  ••tf§ 

the  waters  LeingHlufi  nil  lit,  and  the  surface  yioldinir  fonh  miusm.     Th« 
higher  portions  of  the  stato  htivo  u  salubrious  and  dfli«,'htful  climate. 

Religion.    The  Roman  Catholics  are  tliu  most  numerous  denumina 
tion.     The  other  sects  are  r.iirly  roprcscntcf!. 

Literature.  The  University  of  Marylantl,  St.  Mary's,  und  Baltimore 
college  are  all  in  Baltimore.  There  are  20  incorporated  academies  ia 
the  state,  each  ofwhicli  receives  {^'SOO  a  yo-.u'from  the  state  treasury.  A 
law  appointing  primary  schools  and  gciiir:il  instruction,  was  enacted  in 
18ii5;  but  has  not  been  carried  into  oiibct  so  extensively,  as  could  have 
been  desired.  The  university  of  Maryland  was  orii-iiuilly  a  medical 
school.  An  academical  department  has  been  added.  It  has  a  spacious 
and  elegant  building  and  ample  endowments;  and  the  medical  college  ia 
highly  respectable  in  its  standing.  St.  Mary's  college  a  catholic  institu- 
tion, has  a  number  of  buildin.;j,s,  considerable  cnclowmenlH,  and  about  150 
student.*,  much  younger  than  the  mcmhors  of  colU'i^os  in  general.  At- 
tached to  the  institution  is  a  theological  soniinary. 

Exports.  In  and  about  Baltimore,  and  in  tlij  i Icher  and  niore  popu- 
lous districts  west  of  it  the  products  of  the  customary  American  manu 
fac lures  are  very  rospectable  in  amount.  But  Maryland,  being,  a  slave 
owning  state,  is  chiefly  devoted  to  agriculture.  The  principal  exports 
are  flour,  tobacco,  pig  iron,  some  lumber,  and  grain.  Tliey  amounted 
in  1829  to  .$4,S01,4G3.     Tlie  shippiiig  was  170,1)17  tom^ 

Roads  and  Canal':.  There  arc  a  jiuniber  of  long  turnpikes  in  the 
state;  particularly  one  cjunecting  with  thj  ntlionul  or  Cumberland  road f 
and  constituting  the  great  thoroughfare  to  the  v.'cstcrn  country.  •^*'' 

The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  cdmmenccs  at  the  Potomac  in  the 
Federal  city,  and  j)roneeds  along  the  river  near  the  limits  of  Maryland 
and  Virginia;  and  is  laid  out  to  pass  through  tlie  higlilands,  and  over 
the  Alleghanies,  not  far  from  the  rout-i  of  the  great  national  road,  to 
meet  the  Ohio  at  or  near  Pittsburgh.  Among  the  three  great  national 
works,  to  connect  the  Atlantic  waters  with  the  Ohio,  and  two  of  which 
r.re  nearly  completed,  this  is  by  no  means  the  least  stupendous.  In 
fertility  of  the  country  through  which  it  wi.l  pass,  in  the  romantic 
grandeur  of  the  scenery,  and  ia  the  importance  of  the  results  that  may 
be  expected,  it  will  probably  equal  either.  An  unfortunate  litigation 
between  this  corporation  and  that  of  tlie  Baltimore  and  Ohio  rail  way 
has  retarded  the  progress  of  this  canal.  About  50  miles  of  the  route 
are  completed.  The  whole  surveys  have  been  made,  and  various  exca- 
vatious  on  the  line  beyond  commenced.  A  lateral  cut  from  Frederick- 
town  to  this  canal  has  been  authorized,  and  surveyed  by  the  state.  The 
whole  length  of  the  route,  when  completed,  must  considerably  exceed 
300  miles.  ^mm 


111,11! 


H 


-iiii 


'"m 


ill 


76 


ATFrANTIC    STATKS. 


The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Jl:iil  Uorul  in  Ity  Tir  tlio  innst  stdpeiK.'ous 
national  work  of  the  kind  cvrr  iin(k>r1:il<en  in  thin  or  any  olhor  country. 
The  length  of  the  route  must  bu  noiu'ly  ;30()  niih'M.  'i'ho.ol<!Viitioii  to  ho 
overcome,  on  thohi,','ht'st  cfiilrnl  point  of  the  lino  aliovo  the  termination 
at  Baltimore,  is  SiSf)  fret.  ]''r()ni  Jlijiirmno  to  Cunilicrhind  the  inclin;i- 
tion  will  be  about  15  feet  and  10  in-  h(  s  ii  niih';  and  Ihctico  to  the  Oliio 
about  5  foot  2  inchoa  u  mile.  Th(!  route  I'loni  JJiiitimore  to  the  Potumac, 
of  60  miles,  will  have  but  a  sin;:;in  f^inninit  rcquirintf  stationary  power. 
Thence  up  the  Potomac  valley,  a  rnuto  1>J0  inile.s  firther  will  rc(iuire  none. 
The  first  section  of  the  road  to  Kllicott's  Mills,  on  thortitapsco,  11}  uiiUis 
from  the  city,  has  been  ilnishcd  h  ;n>o  time,  rnd  otiicr  sections  are  in  u 
state  of  progress  near  to  completion.  On  this  route  every  mode  of  j)as- 
sageby  horse-car  power,  and  liicornolivestoai.i-car  power,  anil  wind  |>owei 
by  sails  has  been  adopted.  Altiiough  tiio  speed  of  a  mile  in  a  minute, 
which  has  been  cflcctcd  on  the  I.ivorp.jol  i:nd  JMauciu^ler  rail  way,  has 
not  been  attempted  on  this,  IkiII' that  distam-e  has  often  I  een  alfuincd. 
A  single  steam  car  will  trantiport  N  ciuvsaud  150  pas^sengcrs  tlic  distance 
of  13  miles  in  about  80  minutes,  a  speed  and  power  as  patent  as  could  ho 
desired.  To  judge  of  the  cai)ahilities  of  hucIi  u  rail  v,i\y,  we  state  a  fact 
in  relation  to  the  Liverpool  and  P.Iaiichcslev  rail  road.  The  distance  be- 
tween the  two  towns  is  32  milct;.  An  cjitire  ship's  cargo,  consisting  of 
1,200  bales  of  cotton,  was  conveyed  by  two  en;'iues  froui  Liverpool  to 
Manchester  in  two  hours ! 

The  route  of  this  stupendous  undertaking  is  through  a  country  abound- 
ing in  every  variety  of  splendid  scenery,  that  mountains,  vallics,  cascades, 
livers,  forests,  and  the  wildness  of  natinc  in  her  mountainous  retreats  can 
furnish.  Neither  Alexander,  Hannibal,  or  Napoleon  ever  meditated  a 
more  gigantic  undertaking.  What  a  conception  to  imagine  the  thousands 
of  teams  that  will  travel  on  this  road,  each  conveying  half  a  ship  load, 
continually  gliding  along  the  iron  rail  way,  bound  in  oj)posite  directions, 
propelled  along  their  everlasting  course  up  the  hills  and  down  the  vallies, 
by  a  power  apparently  as  untiring  as  the  rivers  that  roll  by,  or  the  lapse 
of  time,  and  with  a  flight  almost  to  emulate  the  eagle  soaring  above! 
The  expense  of  the  route,  where  it  has  been  completed  and  double 
tracked,  exceeds  the  average  of  $40,000  a  mile.  The  average  expense 
of  the  whole  route  will  be  much  less.  The  CarroUton  viaduct  on  the 
route  is  a  stupendous  work,  and  supposed  to  be  the  noblest  piece  of  mason 
work  which  our  country  can  show.  The  Jackson  Bridge,  Deep  Cut, 
Great  Embankment,  Gadsby's  Run  V^iaduct,  Patterson  Viaduct,  and  the 
cut  through  Buzzard's  Rock  are  vast  works  already  accomplished.  What 
sublime  views  will  the  whole  route  over  the  Alleghanics  and  to  the  Ohio 
furnish! 


A 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


w 


Uipendoiis 

roimtry. 

tioit  to  l>o 

jvminiUion 

10  inclin:i- 

0  till)  Ohio 
(  I'otniuac, 
iry  power. 
[mm  none. 
(>,  llJnnlos 
ns  lire  in  u 
jde  of  pas-' 
kvind  power 

11  M  inin\ite, 
il  way,  has 
a  iilluincd. 
[he  distance 
as  could  1)0 

1  state  a  fact 
distance  bc- 
:onsisling  of 
Liverpool  to 

iitry  abound- 
DS,  cascades, 
retreats  can 
meditated  a 
le  thousands 
a  shipload, 
|e  directions, 
the  vallies, 
or  the  lapse 
Ting  above! 
and  double 
[age  expense 
aduct  on  the 
lece  of  mason 
Deep  Cut, 
luct,  and  the 
ished.    What 
to  the  Ohio 


A  rail  road  from  York-llavcii  to  tli<j  Siisrpiclinnnali  has  been  undertaken 
by  the  logisliiture  of  Miirylni;!.  The;  distimco  i.s  (50  miles,  and  the  esti- 
mated cost  7,r)0()  dollars  n  rnilo.  This  will  connect  with  the  Siisfpichan- 
nali  and  Philadelphia  lv;iil  I'ond.  'J'lio  Frciidi  Town  and  Kv.w  Cnstio 
Rail  Road  is  laid  out,  and  tiie  stofk  taken.  Various  other  rail  ways  nro 
in  contemplation.  When  these  ;:rcat  works  shall  he  completeil,  Maryland 
will  probably  come  in  for  her  full  sham  of  the  trade  of  (ho  western  country. 
Both  the  great  canal  and  rail  way  routes  traverse  a  country  of  great  fertil- 
ity, abounding  in  exhaustless  bo.Is  of  coal  and  iron  ore.  Marble  and  free 
stone  sullicicnt  to  build  up  all  the  cities  in  tlu;  Union,  abound  on  the 
route.  No  elements  of  national  wealth  can  well  ho  iniayinod,  that  these 
works  are  not  calculated  to  develop  to  an  unlimited  extent. 

Chief  Tomns.  Baltimore,  the  commercial  capital  of  Maryland,  is  the 
third  city  in  the  Union  in  point  of  population  and  extent.  It  is  situated 
on  the  north  shore  of  the  Patapsco,  14  miles  above  its  entrance  into 
Chesapeake  Bay,  ICO  S.  W.  of  New  York,  100  S.  W.  of  Philadelphia, 
and  37  N.  E.  of  Washington.  No  Atlantic  city  has  had  so  rapid  a  growth. 
It  naturally  commands  the  trade  of  a  great  and  growing  interior  country, 
comprising  Maryland,  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  the  western 
country.  Vessels  of  (iOOtons  can  comn  to  the  wharves  at  Old  Town  and 
Fell's  Point.  But  vessels  over  200  tons  burden  cannot  come  quite  up  to 
the  compact  part  of  the  city  shore.  Six  or  seven  bridges,  some  of  them 
elegant  and  of  stone,  connect  Old  Town  with  the  city.  In  other  respects 
the  harbor  is  admirably  adapted  for  trade,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  num- 
ber of  vessels  that  arrive  and  depart.  The  mouth  of  the  harbor  is  a  strait 
effectually  guarded  hy  Fort  McIIenry.  The  marshes  in  and  about  the 
city  have  been  filled  up,  and  various  improvements  for  health  and  utility 
adopted,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  supplying  the  city  with  water 
from  public  fountains. 

The  area  of  the  town  is  a  square  of  4  miles,  divided  into  12  wards. 
It  contains  25  public  buildings,  and  40  places  of  worship,  in  which  the 
common  denominations  are  all  represented. 

The  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  is  a  spacious  and  magnificent  building, 
the  largest,  it  is  believed,  in  the  United  States.  A  beautiful  painting  of 
the  taking  of  Christ  from  the  Cross  is  shown  in  it.  The  Unitarian 
church  is  a  large  and  beautiful  one,  as  is  St.  Paul's  cliurch.  The 
Exchange  is  a  vast  building  36G  feet  by  140,  with  4  wings.  The 
Athenasum  is  a  spacious  and  beautiful  structure.  The  Union  Bank  is 
one  of  the  most  showy  buildings  of  the  kind.  The  Penitentiary  is  on  a 
great  seale,  and  under  excellent  management.  The  hospital  is  distin- 
guished for  the  extent  and  excellence  of  its  anatomical  apparatus,  having 
generally  from  150  to  200  patients.     Among  the  conspicuous  objects  are 


wvm 


?N 


ATLANTIC   STATCtf. 


'% 


its  inoiiiiiiunti.      TIk;  Wusliiii<rtoa  MuuunuMit  iii  a  innrblo  colurnu  in 
lltjwunl  Park,  175  Hot  lii<,'li.      'I'lic  huso  or  pctlost.il  in  f)()  focf.  Kiuart', 
ni)(l  '^0  fi'ot  liii;h,  mid  lln^  coliiinn  It  fcut  in  diaiiiotcr  tittlin  Hiimmil,  aiul 
20  nt  tlio  foot.     'J'iii;  Hattio  Moniirneiit  is  raisiul  in  nioniory  ufthoiic  who 
fell  in  (IrlL'ncf  of  llic  rily  in  tlio  JJritisli  attack  of  INI 1.     At  tho  corner 
of  Front  and  PiltslrciMsis  a  nliot  lower,  tlin  inoHtconspicnons  object  in  u 
distant  view  id'  iIk'  clfy.     It  is  *J,'M  fci't  liiyh.     IJirnntn's  Ifotcl  is  onoof 
the  most  s|)k'n'liil  in  the  I'nitod  States,  heinj]  li^ill  feet  front,  by  100  in 
«le|)lh.     The  I'ublir,  |''ount;iin  isn  sprini,' foiinlairj  of  water  in  the  western 
part  of  the  city  shiulcd  with  tredn,  and  surroiindedby  a  pnblic  s(|uarc. 
In  th'j  snllry  inonthsi  it  is  a  i>l:t<'e  of  ijreat  rt'smt.     BMJlinioro  has  been  su 
rcconlly  settled,  llr.it  its  vicinity  is  mere  wcoded,  and  Ims  sc^enory  of  moro 
freshness  tlmn  siinonnds  Anici  ican  cities  in  }>cnerab     The  approaches  to 
it  are  of  siirpassin<j[  l.eaiily;  and  in  rc/jfard  to  position,  and  tho  configura- 
tion of  its  area  for  eonvenienco,  s!iow  or  havin<f  ila  streets  cleaned  by  tho 
rains  no  place  in  America  exceeds  it.     A  considerable  part  of  tho  city  is 
bnilt  up  with  tho  same  regularity  as  Fhihulelphia.     A  great  number  of 
the  houses  are  elegant,  and  on  tho  whole  tho  city  ol'  monuments  strikes 
tho  eye  of  a  stranger  as  a  beatitifiil  |)lace.     it  issues  7  or  H  jrazottes,  and 
has   100  consiJerable  niaindiictoi'iea  of  one  kind  or  another.     In  1830 
were  insi)ected  r>77,S04  barrc-ls  of  wheal  Hour,  4,43(5  barrels  rye  flour, 
TjfjH  hogsheads,  and  5,^158  barrels  of  corn  meal.       ropuliition,  in  185iO, 
02,738.     In  1N3(),  >S0,rjli\     Annapolis  is  tho  political  metropolis  of  tho 
slate,  and  is  situated  on  the  weslcru  side  of  llu;  estuary  of  tho  Severn, 
28  miles   S.  E.  of  IJaltimore,  and    10  N.  10.  of  Washington.     It  has  a 
spacious  and  eleiraiii  couit  Ikhisc,  which  is  the  only  conspicuous  building 
in  it.     It  has  2  cliiiiclies,  and  alioul  3,000  inhabitants.     Fredcricktown, 
on  a  branch  of  the  Moiidcocy,  is  a  largo  and  plnasuit  interior  town,  45 
miles  W.  of  Hallimore,  and  43  N.  W.  of  Washington.      It  contains  6 
public  buildings   aiul  7  churches.     Intermixed   with  the  beautiful  and 
spacious  private  and  puldic  biiildiiig.s  are  not  a  few  log  houses,  memorials 
of  the  recent  woods,  from  which  ihcir  limber  was  hewn.     It  is  a  peculi- 
arity in  the  modes  of   this  place,  that   tiic  markelin;};  is  finished  before 
sunrise.     It  is  in  tho  centre  of  a  very  pleasant  and  fertile  country;  and 
when  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  shall  be  finished,  will  have  a  direct 
beatable  water  communication  with  the  (Chesapeake.     It  issues  4  gazettes, 
and  has  bclween  4  and  6,000  inhabit:uils.     IJagcrslown  is  a  very  neat 
town,  regularly  laid  out  on-Anliotam  Creek.     It  contains  4  public  build- 
ings, and  4  houses  of  public  worship,  2  of  which  are  handsome.     The 
town  is  built  chiefly  of  wood  or  stone.     iMany  of  the  inhabitants  arc  Ger- 
mans. It  issues  2  gazettes,  and  has  about  4,000  inhabitants.   Cumberland 
in  a  conpidernble  village  on  the  \.  hank  of  the  Potomac,  at  the  rommence- 


«!fi*VA 


ATLANTIC   STATKH. 


n 


mentof  the  nntiunil  road.  It  itt  70  iitilcii  VV.  uf  Ilii<TorB!own,  and  130 
f],  of  Wheolinjj.  It  coiitniiia  4  piihlic  l)uili  in^;i,  nud  -I  rliiiitlu's.  An 
iininonsc  abundni.cn  of  utono  roul  in  fjinfl  in  I  In;  vicinity.  ilaiirocl<,  on 
iho  most  iiortliorn  \'vn<\  of  llio  P«)li)in;H.s  nrnr  tlii;  IN'niisylvaniii  lino,  i» 
nlflo^ns  well  ua  the  tiircc  hflt  mentioned  towns,  v\\  llio  i\atlonal  lioiul^ 
and  id  nn  important  villn^e.  Tlio  naiiK  h  of  tlu^  other  eonHideriihlo  vilhigui 
in  this  Btnto  follow;  Klktori,  rrenclitnwn,  Clrirle.Htown,  ('licskTlown, 
Kaslon,  Middlolon,  Salisbury,  Prineess  Amic,  and  Snowliill.  Tlieso  uro 
on  the  eastern  uhore:  llure  do  (iracc,  Belhi-Air,  Harford,  IJl;u!ensl)iirgh, 
Port  Tobacco  and  Lcoimrdtown  nie  on  the  wcijtcrn  shore. 

Manners  of  the  People.  Maryland  was  ori;,'inally  ii  jloman  (y'atholic 
settlement,  made  by  lord  Baltimore.  Dee])  tnices  <if  the  inniience  of  the 
Roman  Calliolie  worship  nre  inwrought  into  tho  nrinners  of  the  pcoplo. 
The  elToct  of  slavery  on  a  largo  scale  is  fuM  perceplible  as  we  advance 
south  in  this  state.  Tiie  edncalcil  citi/yns  have  a  ^irencroua  frankness  of 
manners,  oxcoeilinrrly  atlriictivo  to  stran^uMS,  and  worthy  of  all  praise. 

Distriet  of  Columbia.    This  is  a  tra<M  ten  miles  sipunv  on  both  sides  of 
the  Potomac,  under  the  peculiar  jnristhclion  cf  the  general  /Government, 
and  w  llio  seat  of  that  j,'ovcrnment.     It  contains  two  counties,  Washing 
ton,  Washington   and  (rcorgctovn ;  Alexandria,  AUwandriu.     Pojuda- 
Uon  in  18'->0,  33,03D.     In  INJiO,  :}«),r)SH. 

Washington,  the  metropolis  of  the  United  Slates  is  situated  on  the  Ma- 
ryland side  of  the  Potomac,  by  the  curves  of  the  river  and  the  bay  21)5 
miles  from  the  Atlantic,  about  intennodialc  between  it  and  the  Ohio,  and 
not  far  from  intermediate  between  the  northern  and  southern  divisi.  ns  of 
the  union;  in  38"  f)?'  N.  L.  and  77<^  2'  W.  F..  from  Greenwich.  Its  po- 
sition is  between  the  Eastern  Branch  and  the  Potomac.  Rock  Creek 
divides  it  from  Georgetown,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  4  bridges  j  and 
the  Potomac  separates  it  from  Alexandria,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
n  bridge  of  more  than  a  milo  in  length.  A  canal  following  the  course  of 
the  Tyber,  a  small  stream  that  runs  through  Washington,  connects  tho 
Potomac  with  the  Eastern  Branch.  The  space,  on  which  the  city  is 
built,  is  high,  airy,  commanding  and  salubrious;  and,  as  but  a  small  part 
of  it  is  yet  covered  with  buildings  has  the  aspect  of  a  succession  of 
opulent  villages  in  the  midst  of  the  country.  The  original  plan 
was  a  regular,  but  a  singular,  one.  The  streets  were  laid  out  to 
radiate  in  right  lines  from  the  capitoI,  as  a  centre.  This  i)lan  has 
been  but  imperfectly  carried  but.  Some  of  the  smaller  streets  are  desig- 
nated by  the  iotters  of  the  alphabet.  It  presents  the  appearance  of  3 
distinct  villages,  the  navy  yard  village,  C'lpilol  hill  village;  and  the  Penn 
sylvania  Avenue,  which  is  the  must  showy  and  compact  part  of  the 
city.    The  Capitol  presents  an  im[)'>singm.ifisof  3ri2  feet  front,  and  the 


V 


I 


mmi 


80 


ATLANTIC   STATUS. 


wings  121  feet  in  depth.  The  eastern  projection  is  65  feet  and  the 
western  88.  The  building  covers  nearly  an  acre  and  three  qnnrters. 
The  centre  of  the  dome  is  95  feet  high.  It  is  handsomely  terraced  in 
front,  and  occtipies  a  hill,  which  renders  it  a  conspicuous  object  for  sev- 
eral miles  in  the  distance.  It  is  built  of  beautiful  freestone,  adorned 
with  massive  stone  columns  in  dificrcnt  styles  of  architecture.  It  is  too 
large  to  have  its  proportions  fully  apprehended  by  the  eye,  when  viewed 
near  at  hand.  It  is  seen  in  the  best  light  at  the  distance  of  half  a  mile, 
and  its  white  columns  illumined  by  the  mild  radiance  of  the  setting  sun. 
The  rcpresentalive^/s  chamber  is  a  magnificent  semicircular  apartment, 
supported  by  bluish  polished  stone  columns,  lighted  from  above.  The 
greatest  length  of  tho  representative's  room  is  05  feet.  The  senate  cham- 
ber is  a  similar,  but  smaller  apartment  74  feet  in  length.  The  height  of 
the  former  is  60  feet,  and  that  of  the  latter  only  40.  In  the  centre  of  the 
building  is  the  Rotunda,  98  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  same  number  of 
.feet  in  height.  It  is  orniimented  wilh  national  paintings,  representing 
the  surrender  at  Saratoga  and  Yorktown,  the  declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, and  Washington  resigning  his  commission.  Each  of  these  paint- 
ings is  12  feet  by  18.  There  are  also  relievos  in  marble  representing 
Pocahontas  rescuing  Captain  Smith  from  death,  the  landing  of  the  pil- 
grims at  Plymouth,  one  of  Penn's  treaties  wilh  the  Indians,  and  a  battle 
between  Boone  anc  two  Indians.  This  noble  and  magnificent  apartment 
is  of  white  marble,  and  lighted  from  the  dome.  Men  on  the  pediment 
seem  dwindled  to  atoms,  and  the  slightest  noise  creates  echoes,  which  re- 
verberate upon  the  ear  with  a  grand  and  surprising  effect.  Its  solitude, 
during  the  recess  of  congress,  gives  these  deafening  echoes  a  peculiar 
impressiveness.  It  would  require  no  great  effort  of  the  imagination,  to 
suppose  them  the  shades  of  the  interminable  speeches  uttered  during  the 
session  lingering  behind,  in  the  absence  of  the  orators,  like  clouds,  in  the 
phrase  of  scripture,  returning  after  the  rain.  A  most  splendid  view  is 
enjoyed  from  the  topof  thecapitol,  commanding  avast  s'.vecp  of  country, 
the  noble  Potomac,  and  handsome  mansions  embowered  in  the  distant 
groves.  The  beautiful  area,  in  which  the  Capitol  is  situated,  is  sur- 
rounded by  an  avenue  of  young  trees,  which  will  soon  give  the  softening 
of  verdure  and  shade  to  the  view  of  this  imposing  structure.  The  whole 
expense  of  the  Capitol  and  appurtenances  was  not  far  from  $2,000,000. 
The  President's  house  is  an  elegant  mansion,  170  feet  front,  and  85 
deep,  and  built  of  the  same  material  wilh  the  Capitol.  The  entrance 
hall  leads  into  the  drawing  room,  where  are  the  levees,  upon  which  occa- 
sions two  other  .magnificent  apartments  are  thrown  open,  all  easily  ac- 
cessible to  strangers.  The  offices  for  ihe  departments  of  state  are  4 
spa''ious  brick  edifices,  in  which  are  kept  the  papers,  records,  archives 


•«* 


ATLANTIC  STATES. 


81 


and  offices  of  the  several  departments.  The  general  post  office  is  a  large 
brick  edifice,  nearly  a  mile  northwest  of  the  Capitol,  in  which  are  kept 
the  offices  of  the  post  office  establishment,  the  general  land  office,  and  the 
patent  office,  in  which  more  than  2,000  patents  are  shown,  among  which 
^re  a  great  many  useful  and  useless  inventions.  The  Navy  Yard  is  sit- 
uated on  the  Eastern  Branch,  and  has  all  the  appurtenances  for  building 
ships  of  the  largest  size.  The  city  hall  is  251  feet  long  by  50  in  breadth. 
Congress'  library  is  now  kept  in  the  Capitol,  and  contains  from  8  to 
10,000  volumes.  The  Columbian  college  has  an  extent  of  117  feet  by 
47,  is  situated  on  elevated  ground,  and  is  a  lofty  building,  calculated  to 
accommodate  100  students.  There  are  a  number  of  other  public  build- 
ings, and  14  houses  for  public  worship.     Population  13,823. 

Georgetown  is  separated  from  Washington  by  Rock  Creek ;  and  from 
its  proximity  seems  to  the  eye  to  make  a  part  of  the  city.  It  contains  8 
public  buildings  and  5  churches.  It  is  a  handsomely  built  and  flour- 
ishing town  with  considerable  trade.  It  contains  a  respectable  Catholic 
literary  institution,  called  Georgetown  college,  which  has  two  spacious 
edifices,  containing  a  library  of  7,000  volumes,  and  ha'  g  an  average 
number  of  150  students.     Population  8,441. 

Alexandria  is  included  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  though  6  miles 
distant  from  Washington,  and  the  Potomac  interposing  between  them 
in  passing  to  it  from  Washington,  with  a  bridge  over  it  more  than  a 
mile  in  length.  The  remaining  distance  is  an  almost  uninhabited 
plain.  It  contains  12  or  15  public  buildings,  and  8  churches.  The 
streets  are  regular  and  the  squares  rectangular.  It  is  favorably  situated 
for  commerce,  at  the  head  of  tide  water  on  the  Potomac.  The  amount 
of  )ts  trade  is  respectable,  and  it  has  between  15  and  16,000  tons  of 
shipping.  The  progress  of  this  neat  and  ancient  town  has  been  for  a 
long  time  almost  stationary.  It  is  expected  that  the  Ohio  and  Chesa- 
peake canal,  with  which  it  is  connected,  will  communicate  to  it  a  new  im 
pulse  of  prosperity.     Population  in  1820,  8,216.     In  1830,  8,221. 


I 

i 

t 


'i'\!'''f'i"       t'-'.\ 


VIRGINIA. 

Length  320  miles;  breadth  200;  containing  64,000  square  miles. 
Between  36°  40'  and  40°  39'  N.  L.;  and  Q°  34'  W.,  and  1°  20'  E.  L. 
Bounded  N.  by  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland;  E.  by  the  Atlantic;  S.  by 
North  Carolina  and  Tennessee;  W.  by  Kentucky;  N.  W.  byOhto. 
Vol.  II  .  11 


# 


82 


ATLANTIC    STATES. 


•if. 


Counties.  Chief  Toxms. 
Accomac,  Accomac  C.  H.j 
Albemarle,  Charlottesville ; 
Alleghany,  Covington; 
Amelia,  Amelia; 
Amherst,  Amherst; 
Augusta,  Staunton  5 
Bath,  Hot  Springs; 
Bedford,  Liberty; 
Berkley,  Martinsliurghf        » 
Botetount,  Fincastle; 
Brooke,  Wellsburgh; 
Brunswick,  Lawrenceville ; 
Buckingham,  Buckingham « 
Cabell,  Cabell  C.H.; 
Campbell,  Lynchburgh; 
Caroline,  Bowling  Green ; 
Charles  City,  Charles  City  C.  II.; 
Charlotte,  Charlotte  C.  II. ; 
Chesterfield,  Chesterfield  C.  IL; 
Culpepper,  Culpepper  C.  IL ; 
Cumberland,  Cumberland  C.  IL; 
Dinwiddie,  Dinwiddle  C.  IL; 
Elizabeth  City,  Hampton; 
Essex,  Tappahannoc; 
Fairfax,  Fairfax  C.  H. ; 
Fauquier,  Warrenton; 
Flucanna,  Columbia; 
Franklin,  Rocky  Mount} 
Frederic,  Winchester; 
Giles,  Giles  C.H.; 
Gloucester,  Gloucester  C.  IL ; 
Goochland,  Goochland  C.  H.; 
Grayson,  Grayson  C  H.; 
Greenbriar,  Greenbriar  C.  IL; 
Greenville,  Ilicksford; 
Halifax,  Halifax  C.  H.j 
Hamp-;hire,  Romn.  ;v ; 
Hanover,  Hanover  C.  H.; 
Hardy,  Moorefields; 
Harrison,  Clarksburghj 
Henrco,  Richmond; 


Counties.  Chief  Towns. 
Henry,  Martinsville; 
James  City,  Williamsburgh; 
Jefferson,  Charlestown ; 
Kcnhawa,  Kenhawa  C.  IL; 
King «fc  Queen, King«fcQueen  C  H.- 
King George,  King  George  C.  IL; 
King  William,  King  William  C.  H,; 
Lancaster,  Lancaster  C.  IL| 
Lee,  Joncsville; 
Lewis,  Weston; 
Logan,  Logan  C.  IL; 
Loudon,  Lecsburghj 
Louisa,  Louisa  C.  IL* 
Lunonburgh,  Lunenburgh  C.  H.;; 
Madison,  Madison ; 
JMasDn,  Point  Pleasant; 
Matthews,  Matthews  C.  U.f 
JNIecklenbiirgli,  Boydtonj 
Middlesex,  Urbana; 
Monongalia,  Moigantovvn| 
Monroe,  Union; 
Montgomery,  Christiansburg})^ 
Morgan,  Oakland; 
Nansemond,  Suffblkj 
Nelson,  Lovington ; 
New  Kent;  New  Kent  C.  H.| 
Nicholas,  Nicholas  C.  H.| 
Norfolk,  Norfolk; 
Northampton,  Eastville ; 
Northumberland,  Northumberland; 
Nottaway,  Nottaway  C.  H.  j 
Ohio,  Wheeling; 
Orange,  Orange; 
Patric,  Patric  C.  H.j 
Pendleton,  Franklin; 
Pittsylvania,  Pittsylvania  C*  H* 
Pocahontas,  Huntersville| 
Powhatan,  Scottsville; 
Preston,  Kingwood; 
Prince  F/ward,  Prince  Edwardf 
Prince  George,  City  Pointf 


11. ; 

^ueen  C  H.| 
orge  C.  II.; 
illiam  C.  H,; 
3.  H.J 


rghaH.j 


H| 


n 


)wni 


nsburg!j;r 


C.  H.f 


lumberland,' 
Hi 


nia  C*  H* 


!  Edward f 
oint: 


ATLANTIC   STATES- 


ft 

83 


Princess  Anne,  Princess  Anne  C  n;Staflbid,  Staflbrd; 


Prince  William,  Brcnlsvillc; 
Randolph,  Beverly ; 
Riclimond,  Richmond  C.  II.; 
Rockbridge,  Lexington; 


Rockingham,  Ilarrisonburgh ; 
Russell,  Lebancn; 
Scott,  Estillville; 
Shenandoah,  Woodstock; 
Southampton,  Jerusalem; 
Spottsylvania,  Fredericksburgh ; 
Population  in  1S20,  1,005,360 


Surry,  Siury  C  H.; 
Sussex,  Sussex  C.  H.; 
Tsizcwell,  Tazewell  C.H.; 
Tyler,  Middlebourne; 
Warwich,  Warwich  C.  H.; 
W-ishington,  Abingdon ; 
Westmoreland,  Westmoreland  C  H; 
Wood,  Parkersburgh; 
Wythe.  Wythe  C.H.; 
York,  York  town. 
In  1S30,  1,211,266. 
Physical  Aspect.     A  wide  maritime  belt  from  the  shore  of  the  sea  to 
the  head  of  tide  waters,  is  of  maritime  formation,  low,  level,  sandy,  and 
not  rich,  except  the  alluvial  borders  of  the  rivers,  which  have  a  loamy  and 
fertile  soil,  producing  the  rankest  vegetation.     This  district,  during  the 
sultry  months,  is  exposed  to  intermittents  and  bilious  complaints.  Thence 
to  the  Blue  Ridge  is  level,  inclining  to  undulating,  and  from  that  to  a 
rough  surface,     The  vallies  between  the  mountains  are  generally  fertile- 
It  has  been  remarked,  that  the  rich  and  the  poor  counties  of  the  state  lie 
in  parallel  belts.     But  in  such  a  wide  tract  of  country,  stretching  from 
the  sea  across  the  Atlantic  belt,  over  the  mountains,  and  thence  to  the 
Ohio,  embracing  more  than  half  the  breadth  of  the  Union,  and  comprising 
every  variety  of  sea  plain,  alluvial  plain,  mountain  table  summits,  and 
cedar  declivities,  deep  vallies,  and  large  districts  of  the  Ohio  valley,  and 
every  quality  of  soil  from  the  best  to  the  worst,  every  diversity  of  config- 
uration  might  naturally  be  expected  to  be  found.      We  have  already 
spoken  of  Western  Virginia.     Atlantic  Virginia  will  compare  favorably, 
as  to  fertility  of  soil,  with  the  states  south  of  her.     The  mountain  peaks 
of  the  AUeghanies,  which  run  through  the  state  as  in  Pennsylvania,  are 
the  Blue  Ridge,  the  Peaks  of  Otter,  North  Mountain,  Clinch,  Cumber- 
land, Chesnut  Ridge,  and  Gauley  Mountains. 

Rivers.  The  principal  Atlantic  Rivers  are  Potomac,  Shenandoah, 
Rappahannoc,  Mattapony,  Pamnuky,  York,  James,  Rivanna,  Appomat- 
loxe,  Elizabeth,  Nottaway,  Meherrin,  Staunton  and  Roanoke. 

The  Potomac  rises  among  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  It  runs  a  N. 
E.  course  approaching  Pennsylvania,  receives  the  Shenandoah,  and  makes 
its  celebrated  pass  through  South  Mountain.  At  the  city  of  Washington 
it  is  over  a  mile  in  width.  It  empties  into  Chesapeake  Bay  about  90 
miles  below  the  city.  Its  course,  including  its  curves,  is  between  3  and 
400  miles.  In  its  whole  length  it  constitutes  the  boundary  between 
Maryland  and  Virginia.    James  River  rises  in  the  same  range  of  moun- 


TT'i-l^- 


I  v* 


d^, 


% 


ii 


^#' 


ATIi ANTIC    STATES. 


tains,  60  miles  S.  of  the  sources  of  llie  Potomac.  It  breaks  throuch 
three  ridges  of  mountains  .in  its  course,  and  falls  into  the  Chesapeake 
near  Norfolk.  It  meets  the  tide  at  Richmond,  and  its  whole  course  is 
over  300  miles.  Artificial  improvements  have  rendered  more  than  200 
miles  of  this  distance  boatable.  Roanoke  rises  in  the  AUeghanies  near 
the  sources  of  James  River,  and  pursuing  a  S.  E.  direction,  enters  North 
Carolina.  Rappahannoc  rises  in  the  Blue  Mountains  from  two  branches, 
which  unite  below  Fredcricksburgh.  It  falls  into  Chesapeake  Bay  TO 
miles  below  that  place.  York  River  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  Matta* 
pony  and  Pamunky,  27  miles  above  York,  and  falls  into  Chesapeake 
Bay  15  miles  below  that  town.  Large  vessels  ascer^d  it  to  the  junction 
of  the  two  streams.  Roanoke  River  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
Dan  and  Staunton,  and  runs  100  miles  in  this  state,  before  it  passes  into 
North  Carolina.  Shenandoah  rises  near  Staunton,  and  winds  near  the 
base  of  the  Blue  Mountain,  uniting  wifii  tlie  Potor.iac  immediately  before 
its  passage  through  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  Potomac  South  Branch  rises 
in  the  AUeghanies,  and  after  a  N.  E.  cou)::f!  of  100  miles,  unites  with  the 
other  branch  below  Old  Towh.  This  state  is  traversed  by  so  many  con- 
Biderable  streams,  that  pursue  parallel  courses  through  the  level  Atlantic 
belt,  and  the  navigation  of  these  stre^.-d  has  lieen  so  much  improved  by 
artificial  means,  that  most  of  the  transport  of  the  state  is  by  water,  and 
commerce  is  in  this  way  brought  to  the  doors  of  the  people. 

Productions.     In  this  medial  climate,  and  this  formation  of  sea,  river, 
and  detritus  of  mountains,  embracing  all  varieties  of  elevation,  from  the 
low  sand  plain,  on  a  level  with  the  sea,  to  the  Alpine  heights  of  the  mouii' 
tains,  a  rich  flora  would  naturally  be  expected.     In  passing  trom  Norfolk 
to  the  Ohio,  a  naturalist  will  detect  most  of  the  trees,  shrubs,  and  plants, 
that  can  be  found  in  North  America.     The  unlearned  traveller  over  the 
AUeghanies  will  be  struck  with  the  view  of  strange  plants  and  flowers  in 
the  vernal  months,  which  will  impress  him  with  the  pleasure  of  surprise 
from  the  novelty  of  their  form,  scent  and  hues.     This  is,  probably,  the 
richest  region  in  the  Union  in  medicinal  plants.     Among  those  most 
abundant  and  best  known,  are  ginseng  and  snake  root.    To  the  produc- 
tions common  to  the  northern  and  middle  states,  tliis  state  adds  the  sweet 
potatoe,  the  finest  tobacco,  and  in  the  soutliern  parts  cotton,  as  a  crop. 
The  productions  of  the  north  and  the  south,  apples  and  wheat,  cotton  and 
tobacco  meet  here,  as  in  Tennessee  in  the  western  country      Tlio  temper- 
ature, soil,  and  circumstances,  are  supposed  to  be  favorable  in  the  higliest 
degree  to  the  cultivated  grape  and  the  silk  mulberry. 

Minerals  and  Fossils.  In  these  respects  Virginia  is  considered  the 
richest  state  in  the  Union.  Quarries  of  the  most  beautiful  marble  and 
freestone,  blue  lime  atone,  pit  coal  and  iron  ore  are  found  in  inexhaustible 


*■ 


ATIiANTIC   STATES. 


86 


abundance,  and  in  places  too  numerous  to  be  designated.      Black  lead, 
lead  ore,  rock  crystal,  amctliysts  and  emeralds  are  discovered.     Porcelain 
clay  and  cbalk  are  common,  and  almost  all  the  useful  fossils.    At  Bath, 
in  the  central  part  of  the  state,  are  the  Warm  Springs,  the  ordinary  tem- 
perature of  which  is  90°  Fahr.     The  Hot  Springs,  G  miles  distant,  are 
112°,  and   varying  in  temperature,  will  sometimes  boil  an  egg.      The 
Sulphur  Springs  are  situated  among  the  mountains.     They  are  resorted 
to  by  rheumatic  patients  with  great  benefit.     The  Sweet  Springs  in  Bote- 
tourt county  are  strongly  charged  with  carbonic  acid  gas,  and  are  also  a 
place  of  resort.     The  elastic  air,  the  exciting  scenery,  and  the  exercise  of 
climbing  the  mountains,  probably  exert  more  salutary  influence  upon  the 
numerous  patients  that  resort  to  these  springs,  than  the  healing  efficacy  of 
the  waters.     The  public  are  sufFicicntly  informed,  that  an  extensive  belt 
of  hill  and   and  mountainous  country,  in  which  gold  is  found  in  every 
form,  commences  in  this  state,  nearly  in  the  midland  regions,  and  extends 
S.  W.  many  hundred   miles.     Although  this  state  is  not  the  richest  in 
these  newly  discovered  beds  of  gold,  yet,  as  the  belt  begins  here,  a  few 
general  remarks  upon  the  gold  region  in  general  belong  to  this  place. 
Commencing  in  Virginia,  it  extends  S.  W.  through  North   Carolina^ 
nearly  bisecting  the  state,  and  passing  through  the  northern  section  of 
South  Carolina,  and  thence  through  the  upper  part  of  Georgia  in  a  N. 
W.  direction,  and  through  Alabama,  ending  in  Tennessee.     The  mines 
in  North  Caroline^  and  Georgia  are  most  wrought.     In  North  Carolina, 
in  the  counlies  of  Burke  and  Rutherford,  are  the  chief  sections  where 
gold  washinff  is  practiced.      In  Mecklenburgh,  Rowan,  Davidson,  and 
Cabarras,  in  North  Carolina,  are  the  richest   gold  mines.     In  working 
these  mines  the   ore  is  perfectly  pulverised,  and  mixed  with  mercury, 
which  extracts  every  particle  of  it,  and  forms  an  amalgan.    The  mercury 
is  then  driven  off'  in   an  alembic,    leaving  the  gold    perfectly    pure. 
The  gold  washing  is  a  simple  and  easy  occupation ;  but  the  mining 
requires    great  practical   knowledge  and  experience,  and   not  a  little 
science.       The  sinking    shafts  and   forming    horizontal    perforations, 
or  fortifying  galleries  to  reach  the  veins,  are  operations  in  which,  without 
much  geological  knowledge,  money  and  labor  will  be  thrown  away  to  no 
purpose.     The  richest  veins  have  a  dip  of  42  degrees  to  the  horizon,  and 
vary  in  width  from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet.     They  are  not,  as  in  other 
countries,  confined  to  bills,  but  are  often  found  in  the  vallies.     The  veins 
are  often  parallel  to  each  other  at  unequal  distances.     Shafts  have  been 
s  ink  to  the  depth  of  120  feet.     The  mines  have  not  been  worked  to  any 
extent  for  more  than  5  years. 

The  mills  for  grinding  the  ore,  are  propelled  by  water,  or  steam.  They 
ere  in  great  numbers,     A  single  establi.ijiment  employs  500  hands.    The 


80 


ATI- ANTIC    STATES. 


whole  nutnLer  of  miners  in  estimated  to  Ln  over  20,000.  But  a  smnll 
proporti m  of  the  {fold  roadit's  the  I'liite:!  Sditos  mint.  'I'iic  fjreatcrpart 
is  sent  to  Kuropd,  particularly  to  Pari?.  A  c()nsi(!eral)lo  proportion  of 
the  labourinj^  minors  are  forci^fuers.  'J'iiirtcon  languages  are  spoken  at 
the  chief  uiines.  Most  of  them  can  e;irn  enough  in  three  days  of  the 
week  to  enable  them  to  spend  the  roniaininjj  four  in  dissipation.  It 
may  be  ima^jineil,  that  the  morals  of  such  miners,  perfectly  free  and 
unrestrained,  will  be  (h^ploiably  h\d.  The  opening  of  the  mines  indubit* 
ably  proves,  tint  thoy  wore  known  in  piist  ages.  Crucil)le3  and  other 
mining  instruments  have  been  rc])ealeilly  discovered,  muler  circumstan- 
ces to  preclude  tlie  possibility  of  their  having  been  left  there  by  descend- 
ants of  tlie  European  races.  The  largest  masses  of  solid  gold  have  been 
found  in  this  mining  district,  that  have  ever  been  discovered  in  value 
from  SOUK)  thousand  dollars  to  2  or  IJOO.  Pieces  of  2  ounces  weight  are 
not  unfiequently  found.  They  are  of  unusual  fineness,  and  seem  to 
have  been  thrown  oil" from  their  ores  by  fusion. 

Canals.  Extensive  improvements  have  been  made  in  the  navigation 
of  the  Potomac,  Shenandoah,  and  James  Rivers,  by  dams  and  canals 
round  their  falls.  The  Hoard  of  public  n-or/iS  have  reported  the  practi- 
cability of  connecting  James  River  with  the  Ohio  by  a  canal.  The 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal,  in  almost  its  whole  length,  is  between  this 
state  and  Maryland,  or  through  this  state.  The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  rail- 
way, it  is  calculated  will  pass  through  the  western  part  of  this  state.  The 
Dismal  Swamp  canal  opens  a  water  intercommunication  between  this 
state  and  North  Carolina.  It  admits  vessels  of  7  feet  drauglit  and  90 
ions  burden;  and  is  twenty  two  and  a  quarter  miles  in  length.  It  ren- 
ders an  immense  forest  of  valuable  cypress  timber  accessible.  The  state 
has  in  short  canals,  and  in  ditlcrent  sections,  a  total  of  120  miles  finished, 
There  are  a  great  number  of  short  turnpike  roads;  but  the  country  east  of 
the  Alleghanies  is  so  level,  that  good  roads,  artificially  made  are  not  com- 
mon. The  capital  employed  in  internal  improvements  under  the  control 
of  the  Board  of  public  works,  is  !Jij3,2();i,^ll. 

Climate.  In  a  country  so  unequal  in  surface,  ami  extending  from  the 
sea  to  the  Oliio,  if  is  obvious,  that  no  general  character  will  apply  to  the 
climate  of  the  whole  slate.  The  district  south  of  the  Potomac  is  decidedly 
classed  in  the  si»utheru  climate  of  the  United  States.  The  low,  maritime 
belt  has  a  hot,  sultry  and  rather  unhealthy  summer;  but  a  mild  and 
iigreeablo  winter.  The  air  near  the  mountains  is  more  pure  and  elastic^ 
Among  the  mountains  snows  and  frosts  arc  common  in  the  winter;  but 
the  summer  tenqjerature  is  delightful 

Curioffificft.  This  state  abounds  in  caverns  of  vast  extent  and  variety. 
Too  numerous  to  be  given  in  detail  in  this  article.     The  tourist  generally 


a  smtxil 
!atcr  part 
nrlion  of 
lokcn  at 
lys  of  lIiQ 
tion.     It 

free  and 
i  iiuUibit* 
and  other 
•cuinstan- 

dcscend- 
have  been 
1  in  value 
weight  are 
id  seem  to 


£T  from  the 
ply  to  the 
s  decidedly 
V.  maritime 
mild  and 
and  elastic 
winter;  but 

md  variety. 
St  generally 


# 


ATLANTIC    STATES. 


w 


commences  with  visiting  a  point,  fertile  in  the  hij:jlicst  poasiblo  moral 
interest,  the  estate  of  Mount  Vernon,  iiml  the  tomb  of  VV.iHhinijton.    The 
estate  is  situated  0  miles  south  of  Alcximdrin,  and  in  a  position  so  se- 
cluded, as  to  be  found  with  dilliculty,  except  when  visited  by  a  steam 
boat.     The  beautiful  lawn,  the  noble  trees  and  the  venerable  aspect  of 
the  mansion,  embosomed  amon^r  woods  and  hills,   seem   precisely  the 
spot,  where  the  worthiest  statcsniiin  and  /.'cncral,  that  the  world  hasseen^ 
should   have  found  the  repose  of  i\<jn  and  decline,  and  wiiero  his  ashea 
ought  to  have  rested.     The  tomb  is  under  tlic  sliade  of  u  little  grove  of 
cedars  near  the  brow  of  the  precipitous  shore  of  the  Potomac,  humble, 
simple  and  unadorned,  and  from  that  very  circvmstancc  an  object  of  more 
sublime  interest.     Monticello,  the  abode  of  the  late  Thomas  Tcllcrson,  is 
a  magnificent   hill,  ft)   iiiil'>s  northwest  of  Jlichmond,  commanding  a 
boundless  prosj)ecl.     The  mansion  is  iifind  up  with  that  taste,  and  those 
classical  ornaments,   whifh   the   travelle;!   and    philosophic    sta*«^smnn 
knew  so  well  to  collect  and  arrange.     'J'ho  natunl   bridge!  (v^r  Ced'ir 
Creek,  12  miles  soiith  west  of  liCxington,  is  a  sublime  curiosity.     The 
chasm,  through  which  tlic  river  passes  under  the  bridge,  is  '.)()  feet  wide, 
and  250  deep,     The  bridge  is  00  feet  broad  at  the  middle  und  covered 
with  earth  and  trees.     To  look  down  from  this  inmicnse  height  upon  the 
foaming  waters  below  inspires  in  common  minds  a.  revulsion  of  terror 
and  in   minds   of  more  self   possession  the    unmingled  sensation  of 
the  sublime.     At  Harper's  ferry  is  another  sublime  spectacle.    Though 
a   striking    scene,    the    spectator   hns     formed    loo   high    raised    ex- 
pectations from  reading  the  eloquent  description  of  nature's  war  be- 
tween rivers  and  mountains  at  this  place  from  the  pen  of  Jefterson.    The 
tourist,  in  search  of  the  watering  j)laces  and  beautiful  scenery,  takes  his 
departure  from  Lynchburg.     lie  is  successively  brougiit  in  view  of  the 
impressive  peaks  of  Otter,   the  natural  bridge,  the  canal  through  the 
Blue  Ridge,  the  while  sulphur  springs,  the  sweet  springs,  ihcsiilt  sulphur 
springs,  a  place  of  resort  for  consumptive  patients,  the  hot  springs,  and 
the  warm   springs.     In  appro. iching  Staunton,  ho  |)asses  the  Blowing 
cave;  and  beyond  Staunton  Weyer's  cave,  one  of  the  most  imposing  sub- 
terranean curiosities  of  nature;    terminating  with  the   United  State's 
manufactory  of  arms  at  Harper's  ferry,  and  the  junction  of  the  Shenan" 
doah  and  Potomac      IVo  route  of  the  same  extent  in  our  country  pre- 
sents a  greater  variety   of  picturesque  and   grand   scenery,  or  passes 
through  a  pleasanler  country. 

Religion.  The  Baptists  are  by  far  the  most  numerous  denomination 
in  this  state.  A  Baptist  report  of  1817  makes  the  number  of  their  con- 
gregations 314.  Presbyterians  and  Kpiscopalians  are  the  next  most 
numerous  denomiiiationB.     There  aie  rnanv  Methodist  societies,  30  or 


■ky'^:; 


I     'If   |V':l«'li'ii 


A , 


-tO^ 


86 


ATLANTIC    STATES. 


40  meetings  of  the  Friciuln,  a  number  uf  Jloman  Cutliolir  con!j;rcgations, 
some  Jewish  synngoguos,  and  more  or  lessrhurclica  of  all  the  (HfTorcnt 
denomination?. 

Education.  The  fiinons  Uiiivorsily,  of  whifh  Mr.  JelVorson  was  the 
principal  founder,  is  at  C'h:irluttosvill<',  it  is  amply  endowed,  and  the 
buildings  make  a  splendid  show.  William  and  Mary  college  nt  Williams- 
burg is  the  oldost  literary  institution  in  the  state.  It  iias  graduated  a 
large  numlici^of  respectable  scholars  and  statesmen.  Ilampilen  Sydney 
in  Prince  Edward  county,  and  Washinijton  eollcge  at  Lexington  are  re- 
spectable literary  institutions.  Theni  aro  'JO  incorporated  academies 
The  state  has  a  literary  fund  of  ."ail,'j:j;{,.^)'J2.  Other  contingent  funds 
are  added  lo  the  avails  of  this.  }jfiir>,()0()  of  the  avails  of  the  fund  are  an- 
nually appropriated  to  the  university  of  Virginia,  and  15,000  to  the  edu- 
cation of  the  poor  in  the  resi)octive  counties,  apportioiuui  among  them 
in  the  ratit)  of  the  white  i)o|)ulation.  In  iSvJH  tlierc;  were  'JG,OUO  appli- 
cants for  tlie  benefit  of  this  lund,  and  rJ,0l\2  recipients. 

Exports.  The  great  exports  of  Virginia  arc  flour  and  tobacco.  TJesido 
the  common  productions  of  the  north,  it  exports  s  ^no  cotton.  The  value 
of  the  produce  in  iSiiSwas  $';?,773,  llKJ,  and  the  state  owned  G7,30iJ  tons 
of  shipping.     In  182iS-'J0,  JM,3r)0  hogsheads  of  tohaco  were  inspected. 

Chief  Towns.  RichmontI  is  the  political  metropolis  of  Virginia,  and  is 
situated  on  the  north  bank  of  James  River,  just  below  the  falls,  150  miles 
from  its  mouth,  and  liJ3  south  West  from  Washington.  The  situation  is 
alike  picturesque,  salubrious  and  beautiful.  The  position  is  favorable 
for  commerce,  it  being  the  natural  depot  of  tobacco,  wheat,  and  hemp, 
raised  in  the  populous  country  watered  by  the  river.  An  abundance  of 
mineral  coal  is  cheaply  conveyed  to  it.  It  contains  13  public  buildings, 
and  8  churches,  together  with  a  number  of  respectable  manufactories. 
The  Capitol,  the  penitentiary,  and  the  beautiful  church  raised  on  the 
ruins  of  the  theatre,  in  the  conflagration  of  which  70  citizens  perished,  are 
beautiful  and  conspicuous  erections.  The  new  court  house  is  also  a 
spacious  and  elegant  building.  The  Virginia  armory  is  an  extensive  es- 
tablishment. The  river  has  been  rendered  boataole  220  miles  above  the 
city.  This  town  owns  a  respectable  amount  of  shipping,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  flourishing  places  in  the  state.  Population  in  1820,  12,046.  In 
1830,  16,085.  Norfolk  is  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  Elizabeth  river. 
Eight  miles  from  its  estuary,  32  from  the  sea,  and  102  south  east  from 
Richmond.  It  contains  13  public  buildings,  and  6  churches.  The  far- 
mer's bank,  the  orphan  asylum  and  the  Lancasterian  school  are  among  the 
most  conspicuous  buildings.  The  position  of  the  town  is  not  pleasant, 
being  low,  and  in  some  places  marshy;  but  it  affords  agreeabl*^  society, 
and  the  citizens  are  distinguished  for  their  hospitality.     It  has  a  spaciou* 


^ 


ATLANTIC  STATES. 


urcgations, 
he  different 

son  was  tl»e 
ifcd,  and  tho 
at  WilUiims- 
nruduatod  a 
[)dcn  Sydney 
<Tt()ii  arc  re- 
d  firadcmiea 
innont  funds 
i  fund  arcan- 
M)  to  the  cdu- 
umonf?  them 
'20,t')yO  njn.'li- 

bacco.  "Resiilo 
n.    The  vahio 
id  07,302  tons 
vcrc  inspected. 
Virginia,  and  is 
fiillH,  150  miles 
hie  situation  is 
m  is  favorable 
ical,  and  hemp, 
abundance  of 
iblic  buildings, 
manufactories. 
\\  raised  on  the 
IS  perished,  are 
louse  is  also  a 
]n  extensive  es- 
liles  above  the 
and  is  one  of 
to,  12,046.   In 
Slizabeth  river, 
louth  east  from 
|hes.    The  far- 
are  among  the 
s  not  pleasant, 
■eeable  society, 
has  a  spacious 


and  commodious  harbor,  strongly  defended  by  3  forts.    It  has  more  mar- 
itime commerce  and  shipping,   thnn  any  other  town  in  the  state.     Th« 
handsome  marine  hospital  is  on  Washington  p')int,one  mile  distant.     On 
the  opposite  shore  of  this  river  is  tlic  town  of  Portsmouth,  and  a  little  far- 
ther up  the  river,  tho  village  of  O'osport,  containing  an  c.vtcnsive  United 
States  Navy  Yard,  with  all  tho  (customary  appurtenances.     Population  in 
1820,  8,478.     In   1830,  0,S(K).     Potcrsl)urgh  is  situated  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  Appoinatlor,  just  below  the  falls,  12  miles  above  its  junction 
with  James'  river,  and  2.")  S.  K.  from  lliclmiond.     It  contains  7  public 
buildings,  Ift  tobacco  warehouses,  8  flour  mills,  and  five  churches.     It  is 
a  neat  and  conuuercial  to\vu,  dialing  largely  in  tobacco  and  flour.     It  is 
amply   supplied  with  gdod  water;   and  since  tho  great  fire  of  1S15,  in 
wliieh  100  buildings  were  consumed,   it  has  been  handsomely  rebuilt 
with  brick.     Population  in  1820,0,01)0.     In  1830,  8,300.     Fredericks- 
buigh  on  the  Rnpj):>h:innoe,  110  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  a  great  depot 
for  grain,  flour,  and   tobacco.     It   contains  8  public  buildings,  and  4 
churches.     There  arc  a  mmibor  of  flour  mills  within  a  short  distance  from 
the  town.     It  is  accos-siblo  by  vessels  of  110  tons,  and  is  central  to  a 
fertile  and  well  cultivated  country,  and  circumstances  taken  together,  is 
one  of  the  most  flourishing,  healthy,  and  pleasant  towns  in  the  state* 
Population  about  5,000.     Williamsburg  is  situated  between  York  and 
James  river,  GO  miles  east  from  Richmond,  and  was  formerly  the  metrop- 
olis of  the  state.     In  this  place  is  William  and  Mary  college,  formerly  an 
eminent  seat  of  learning.  Population  in  1820,1402.   Yorklownon  theS. 
side  of  York  river  will  be  forever  remembered,  as  the  place  where  Cornwal- 
lis  surrendered  to  General  Washington.  Winchester  is  an  interior  town,  in 
the  great  limestone  valley,  30  miles  south  west  of  Harper's  Ferry,  and  70 
miles  north  west  from  Washington;  and  is  a  neat  and  flourishing  town 
containing  8  public  buildings  and  0  churches.     It  has  a  large  number  of 
manufactories  and  workslio])s.     Being  central  to  many  mineral  springs, 
and  a  place  noted  for  its  salubrity  and  pleasantness,  it  is  a  summer  re» 
sort  for  strangers.     It  contains  about  4,000  inhabitants.     Staunton  is  an 
interior  town,  120  miles  north  of  Richmond.   It  is  a  healthy  and  delight- 
ful place,  containing  a  number  of  public  buildings  and  three  ^churches. 
The  sulphur  springs,  a  {ilace  of  great  resort,  are  not  far  from  this  town.. 
Lynchburg  is  situated  20  miles  l;elow  tho  great  falls,  where  James'  River 
breaks  through  the  Blue  Ridge,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river.     It  con- 
tains 10  or  12  public  buildings,  4  churches  and  a  number  of  very  hand 
s-me  houses.     It  has  two  bridges  over  the  river,  a  large  number  of 
tobacco,  warehouses  and  manufactories,  and  a  grcr  c  number  of  commission 
houses,  flour  mills  and  cotton  end  woollen  manufactories.     There  are  4 
mineral  springs  in  its  vicinity.     It  is  favorably  situated  for  trade,  not 
Vol.  II.  12 


1  mi 


IjlJ   M^i 


t  V 


ATLANTIC    STATES. 


only  with  llifi  western  part  of  iho  stale,  \a\t  witli  tho  wcslorn  states  f»cn- 
erally.     Sm  ill  boats  rorivcjy  tlio  abundant  produce,  wliich  is  broufjlit  here, 
down  tlio  rivor  to  Riclimond.     Tho  most  iinport;iiit  item  in  the  produce 
is  from  10  to  rj,()lU)  hogsheads  of  tobacco.     It  is  almnst  embosomed  in 
mountiiins,  that  have,  however,  fertile  and  jjopulous  vallics  between, and  is 
one  of  the  most  flourisliin;?  and  commercial  towns  in  tho  slate;  and  prob- 
ably contains  '7,()0()  inlinl  itanls.     Iliirpor's  ferry  is  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  SIiiMiaudoah  and  tho  Potomac,  and  in  viow  of  that  magnificent 
junction  so  well  described  by  Jellerson.     It  is  05  miles  north  west  from 
Washington,     Tiio  United  States  possess  in  this  place  a  very  extensive 
establishment  for  thr;  manufacture  of  arms.   'Die  buildings,  taken  togeth- 
er, compose  a  little  village.  There  are  10  largo  brick  buildings  connected 
with  tho  establishment,  and  froml2(>0  to  HOO  men  constantly  employed  in 
the  making  and   repairing  of  arms.     Tiie  other  considerable  towns  in 
Virginia,  east  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  arc  ns  follows,  Dumfries, 
Colchester,  Lccsburg,  Martinsburg,  York,  New  Castle,  Hanover,  Ports- 
mouth, Hampton,  SnlVulk,  Smithlickl,  Manchester,  Charlotteville,  Milton 
Monticello,  Lexington  and  Fincastle.  p 

Character  and  j][anneni.    Tho  planters  of  Virginia  east  of  the  moun- 
tains arc  generally  large  slave  holders.     The  influence  of  slavery,  both 
fiivorablc  and  unlavorable,  is  distinctly  marked  in  their  manners.     The 
neat  and  thriving  villages  of  tho  northern  states,  with  their  numerous 
mechanics  and  the  village  spire,  are  no  longer  seen.    Towns  at  wide 
stages  from  each  other  arc  built  up  on  the  navigable  waters;  and  the 
habitations  between  arc  mansions  or  cabins.    The  state  has,  however,  re- 
cently made  munificent  and  noble  exertions  to  extend  general  education. 
It  has  produced  a  great  proportion  of  the  leading  minds  in  the  legislative 
judicial  and  military  departments  of  the  general  governr-ent.    It  has 
already  given  three  presidents  to  the  nation,  and  until  very  recently  exer- 
cised an  ascendant  influence  in  its  councils.     The  distinguishing  national 
traits  of  the  Virginians  are  frankness,  generosity  and  decision,  unshrinking 
perseverance  in  the  right,  and    obstinacy  in  the  wrong.     Nature  has 
given  the  state  every  advantage  of  position,  soil,  climate  and  navigable 
rivers;  but  a  prevalent  political  dogma  has  influenced  the  councils  of  the 
state,  that  the  inculcation  of  internal  improvement  and  domestic  indus- 
try is  the  great  heresy  of  political  economy.     So  ftir  as  the  returns  of  tho 
census  are  known,  it  appears,  that  Virginia  has  increased  at  the  rate  of 
about  15  per  cent,  in  the  last  ten  years — and  that  ihe  increase  of  free 
persons,  is  iu  a  much  greater  ratio,  than  that  of  slaves. 


fel" 


?stprn  stntcs  gcn^ 
h  is  brought  lieic, 
in  in  the  in'iKluce 
;st  cmhosonicd  in 
C3het\vccn,aiuli9 
Q slate;  tind  proV- 
ualed  at  the  juno- 
[•  that  magnificent 
s  north  west  from 
e  a  very  extensive 
nas,  taken  togeth- 
lildiiigs  connected 
nntly  employed  in 
isidcrablo  towns  in 
follows,  Dumfries, 
c,  Hanover,  Ports- 
;ulolteville,Millon 

cast  of  the  moun- 
lice  of  slavery,  both 
lir  manners.     The 
th  their  numerous 
1.    Towns  at  wide 
ble  waters;  and  the 
Lte  has,  however,  re- 
aeneral  education. 
Is  in  the  legislative 
lovernnent.    It  has 
1  very  recently  exer- 
tinguishing  national 
■cision,  unshrinking 
Irong.    Nature  has 
[mate  and  navigable 
the  councils  of  the 
md  domestic  indus- 
s  the  returns  of  the 
reascdattheratcof 
Ihe  increase  of  free 


ATLANTIC    STATESt 


NOIITII    CAROLINA. 


01 


liUNOTii  .'KV2  milos.  nrcadlh  I'il.  'l.<,'^00  square  miles.  Bulwecii 
a:\°  53'  nnd  H:'.°  ;}:{'  N.  L.  riivl  l)ot\v<-(ii  VP  )i(y  VV.  L.  1°  .'W  E.  L. 
Bounded  N.  l^y  Vir^rjuinjE.  by  the  Athinlic,  S.  S.  Carolina,  W.  Teniicasoe. 


Counties.     Chief  Touva, 
Anson,  VVadt.  »orou»>li; 
Ashe,  Jcftor.'^onton; 
Beaufort,  ^VaH!lin^^toll ; 
Bertie,  Windsor; 
Bladon,  Kli/.:iIiel!ito\vii ; 
Brunswick,  SMiitluillc 
Buncombe,  Aslivillc; 
Burke,  Mtmrantowu; 
Caharrns,  Coric'nd; 
Camden,  New  T/j!,anon; 
Carteret,  BciuTjl; 
Caswell,  Caswell;  C.  II, 
Chatham,  PiKsl.orough,' 
Chowan,  Edent  n; 
Columbus,  Wliitcavillc, 
Graven,  Newl;eru; 
Cumberland,  Fayettevilloj 
Currituck,  Curiluck  ,• 
Davidson,  Lexington; 
Dupin,  Kenansvillc; 
Edgecombe,  Tarboro; 
Franklin,  Louisburg; 
Gates,  Gates  C  XL; 
Granville,  Oxford; 
Greene,  Snow  Hill; 
Guilford,  Greensboro ; 
Halifax,  Halifax;  * 

Haywood,  Haywood,  C»  H,    ^ 
Hertford,  Winfon; 
Hyde,  German  I  on  f 
Iredell,  Slalesville;  .   ' 

Johnson,  Smithfield; 
Population  in  1820,  038,^). 


Voiintiei:.  Chief  Towns. 

Jones,  Trenton; 

TiOnnir,  FviuHtor. ;  =    • 

Lincoln,  I.incnliilon;  *, 

Macon,  Franklin; 

J\I;Mtiii,  Wil!i;iniston;  * 

]\leclv!cnbur:%  Charlotle ; 

Montoomery,  Lawrcncovillc; 

Mooiv,  (^arlli;i!fr;       ^ 

Na.^!i,  Nayli\ille; 

Now  llniovcr,  Wilmington; 

North  Ii:in.pl!;n,N.  Ilampttm  C.  IL 

OranfTc,  Hillsborough; 

Pasquotimk,  Elizalclh  City; 

I'erqninans,  Hertford,' 

Person,  lvoxl;orough; 

Pitt,  (*recnvillc; 

Randolph,  Asliborough; 

liichmond,  Rorkingliam ; 

Robeson,  Lumbcrton. 

Rockingham,  Wcntworth ; 

Rowan,  Salisbury;  j, 

Rullierford,  Rulherfordton; 

Samson,  Clinton; 

Stokes,  Salem;  \' 

Surry,  Rockford; 

Tyrrell,  Columbia; 

Wake,  Raleigh ; 

Warren,  Warrcnton; 

Washington,  Plymouth* 

Wayne,  Waynesboro; 

Wilkes  Wilkesboro; 

In  1830,738,470. 


#; 


Physical  A.vpjct.  The  boil  of  nnrilime  plain  is  still  wider  in  this 
state  than  in  Virginia,  extending  into  the  interior  more  than  GO  miles.  It 
is  a  low  plain,  with  many  swamps  and  inlets  from  the  sea.  The  greater 
portion  of  this  district,  except  along  the  watercourses,  is  a  vast  forest  of 


'■r  '• 


^n 


n^  m 


■'-Mill'   ir 


',''■■ 
h 


^ 


t. : , 


j^' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


Iii|2j8    125 
itt  K£   122 

Ml  I^^B 


Photografiiic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


■£" 


^ 


O 


'^. 


-  V 


^.'V 


i\ 


23  tVIST  MAIN  STREfT 

WISSTER,N.Y.  14580 

(716)  •72-4503 


'^ 


0 


9S 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


evergreens.  The  rich  lands  near  the  swamps  and  rivers  arc  insalubrious. 
Having  passed  this  monrtonons  region,  vre  omcrfro  (o  Ihc  p!er.snnt  and 
undulating  midland  parts  of  (he  state,  at  Ihciwscs  of  iho  AIIcghTnies,  from 
whose  summits  the  eye  traverses  an  immense  extent  of  Lenulifiil  country 
to  the  west;  and  vision  is  lost  in  the  afjrcnabb  su?cession  of  hill,  dale, 
forest  and  valley,  with  an  clastic  and  salubrious  atmosphere.  The  great 
chains  of  the  Alleghanies  pass  through  this  state,  as  through  Virginia. 
The  peaks  are  called  Stone  Mountain,  Yellow  Mountain,  Iron  Mountain, 
Bald  Mountain,  Sandusky  Mountain,  and  White  Mountain.  The  Blue 
Aidge  divides  the  Atlantic  streams  from  the  Western  waters.  Between 
the 'chains  are  numerous  detached  spurs. 

Soil  and  Productions.  The  scil  resembles  that  of  Virginia.  The 
maritime  belt  is  sandy,  and  in  many  pl;iccs  sterile,  covered  with  vast 
forests  of  pine  timber,  and  the  swamps  with  cedar,  bny  and  cypress.  The 
alluvial  belt  of  the  rivers  is  generally  fertile.  Beside  the  products  of  the 
northern  states,  cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  sweet  potatoes  and  yams  abound, 
and  the  soil  and  climate  are  favorable  to  the  growth  of  tiie  grape  and  the 
mulberry.  From  their  pines  the  people  extract  tar,  pitch,  and  turpentine. 
The  exports  consist  of  cotton,  tobacco,  lumber,  tar,  turpentine,  pitch, 
pork  and  tallow.  In  1S28  the  exports  were  r>()  1,500  d(jllars.  This  does 
not  present  a  fair  estimate  of  exports,  compared  with  that  of  the  other 
states,  as  a  great  part  of  her  exports  arc  sent  oiT  from  Charleston.  Her 
shipping  amounts  to  54,0C4  tons.  '.  ^.' 

.  Minerals,  Iron  ore  abounds,  and  the  state  possesses  valuable  iron 
works.  Freestone,  granite,  marble,  porcelain  clay,  pit  coal,  and  most  of 
the  useful  fossils  are  found  in  the  state.  The  belt  in  which  gold  is  found 
is  broader  and  more  productive  than  in  any  of  the  other  states.  In 
Mecklenburgh,  Montgomery,  Rowan,  and  particularly  Cabarras,  gold  has 
been  found  more  abundantly  than  in  any  other  portion  of  the  gold  district. 
One  of  the  largest  lumps  of  pure  gold  ever  found  was  dug  up  in  Cabarras. 
It  was  worth  between  7  and  80C0  dollars.  Lumps  from  the  value  of  300 
to  1,000  dollars  are  not  uncommon.  Gold  is  found  in  great  purity  in  small 
grains  and  particles.  There  are  innumerable  diggings  over  all  this  dis- 
trict, and  a  host  of  greedy  adventurers,  relinquishing  all  other  employ- 
ments, are  digging  the  hill  sides,  in  pursuit  of  gold.  Sulphate  of  barytas 
is  found  in  great  abundance  in  two  mines  in  the  state.  During  1829, 
the^United  States  Bank  in  Fayetteville  received  90, 803  dollars  in  bars  of 
gold,  the^produce  of  the  North  Carolina  mines. 

Rivers.  The  Chowan  River  enters  this  state  from  Virginia,  where  it 
is  called  Nottaway.  By  a  broad  estuary  it  empties  into  Albemarle  Sound 
belowiEdenton.  The  Roanoke  also  enters  this  state  from  Virginia,  and 
pursuing  a  very  sinuous  S  E.  course,  it  falls  into  Albemarle  Sound  by 
feveral  channels.    It  is  navigable  by  vessels  of  considerable  size  30  miles, 


'  k 


M« 


Fr  * 


kf,.  a, 


'■4    . 


ATLANTIC  STATES. 


and  beatable  to  the  falls  70  miles.  It  has  an  extremely  fertile  alluvion. 
Cape  Fear  River  has  ils  ^vho!c  course  in  the  stale.  It  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains in  the  N.  part  of  the  state,  nnd  after  a  S.  E.  course  of  200  miles, 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  at  Cape  Fc:ir.  Its  estuary  is  a  league  in  width, 
with  18  feet  water,  at  high  tide,  over  its  bar.  It  is  navigable  by  ves.sels  of 
11  feet  draught  to  Wilmington,  and  boatable  to  Fayetteville.  Neuse 
River  has  a  course  of  200  miles,  and  finds  its  estuary  in  Pamlico  Sound, 
18  miles  below  Newbern.  Tar  River  has  a  S.  E.  course  through  the 
state  of  150  miles,  and  empties  into  Pamlico  Sound.  It  is  navigable  to 
Washington,  30  miles,  and  boatable  to  Tarborough,  90  miles  from  its 
mouth.  Yridkin  River  rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  the  N.  W,  part  of  the 
state,  and  after  a  course  of  more  than  100  miles  in  it,  passes  into  South 
Carolina.  Catawba  River  rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  after  a  courseof 
70  or  80  miles  in  this  state,  passes  into  South  Carolina.  Broad  River 
also  rises  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  pnd  after  a  S.  E.  course  of  50  miles  in  this 
state,  passes  into  South  Carolina.  Tlie  head  waters  of  Tennessee  and 
Kenhawa  rise  in  this  state,  but  they  have  already  been  described.  The 
dangerous  and  stormy  Cape  Hatteras  is  on  the  shore  of  this  state. 

Climate.  This  grcat  state,  like  Virginia,  spreading  from  the  sea  over 
the  mountains,  has  in  summer  a  sultry  climate,  a  warm  climate,  a  tem- 
perate, and  a  cool  climate,  according  to  the  elevation  and  distance  of  the 
district  from  the  sea.  In  the  low  country  the  summers  are  decidedly  hot 
and  sultry,  and  the  high  aud  relaxing  heats,  united  with  the  exhalation 
from  decaying  vegetable  matter,  and  the  miasm  of  the  swamps,  are  in- 
jurious to  health.  The  highlands  of  North  Carolina  are  as  healthy  as  any 
part  of  the  United  States. 

Chief  Towns.  Raleigh  is  the  political  metropolis.  It  is  a  handsome 
interior  town  near  the  centre  of  the  state,  G  miles  W.  of  the  Neuse;  140 
N.  W.  of  Newbern,  and  164  S.  W.  of  Richmond.  It  contains  13  public 
buildings,  5  houses  of  public  worship,  and  about  3,000  inhabitants,  of 
whom  half  are  slaves.  Union  Square  in  the  centre  of  the  town,  con- 
taining 10  acres,  is  a  public  ground,  highly  ornamental  to  the  city.  Four 
streets  extend  from  if,  dividing  the  town  into  four  parts.  In  1831  the 
splendid  slate  house  of  this  town  was  destroyed  by  fire.  The  beautiful 
marble  statue  of  Washington,  by  Canova,  the  great  Italian  artist,  which 
cost  the  state  25,000  dollars,  was  placed  in  the  state  house,  and  was  sup- 
posed at  first  irreparably  -destroyed.  It  has  since  been  discovered  to  be 
less  injured  than  was  imagined.  The  artist  is  dead,  and  it  is  a  source  of 
melancholy  regret,  that  this  chef  d''ocutre  can  never  be  restored  to  its 
pristine  beauty.  There  are  two  flourishing  academies  in  this  town. 
The  most  beautiful  materials  for  building  abound  in  its  vicinity.  New- 
bern is  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Neuse,  30  miles  frojn  Pamlico 


:! 


V, 


.:.    •»*'■ 


*• 


-■*- 


v 


94 


ATLANTIC    STATES. 


Sound.  It  contains  8  pubiic  buildings  and  3  churches,  and  has  a  consid- 
erable qommcrce.  Its  cxp'.rts  consist  of  Imnlrpr,  tar,  pin  Ii,  grain,  and 
pork.  The  water  distnncc  between  this  place  and  I'^liza!  ctli  City  makes 
a  part  of  the  sto;;m  !;o:it  route  between  Norfolk  and  Charleston.  It  is  the 
best  built,  lieallhicst,and  nuHlflcurisliinj];  town  in  North  Carolina  upon 
tho  sea  coast.     Population  \i,'ii>'2.     i^Jovc  than  half  are  coloured  people. 

Fayetteville  is  one  of  the  largest  towns  in  tho  sttite.  I>s  position  near 
theW.  bank  of  Cape  Fear  River  at  the  head  of  boat  navi;;ation,  is  fortu- 
nate, and  it  was,  until  recentlj',  one  of  the  most  flourishing  towns  in  the 
state.  In  Mny,  IS'Jl,  it  was  laid  in  ashes  1  y  one  of  the  most  destructive 
fires  ever  known  in  our  country.  F;om  the  material  of  the  buildings  and 
the  amount  of  pitch,  tar,  and  spirits  stored  in  tho  town,  tho  fire  raged 
with  terrific  and  irresistiMc  viuleiico,  Six  hundred  buildings  were  de- 
stroyed, but  strange  to  toll,  not  a  lilo  was  lost.  It  was  a  compact  town, 
doing  much  mercantile  bui'inct^s,  and  with ;ibout  4,000  inhabitants.  It 
is  rebuilding,  like  the  Phoenix,  more  beiutiful  from  its  ruins. 

Wilmington  is  situated  on  the  E.  hank  of  Cape  Fear  River,  35  miles 
frnm  the  sea,  and  1)0  N.  E.  of  Fayetteville.  It  is  the  most  commercial 
town  in  the  state.  It  contains  5  or  0  public  buildings  and  3  churches. 
Its  annual  exports  have  sometimes  exceeded  ,^1,000,000,  and  it  owns 
10,000  tons  of  shijtping.  The  extensive  rice  fields  in  its  vicinity  are 
supposed  to  render  it  unhealthy.  Tiie  .towns  of  this  state  have  been 
peculiarly  unfortunate  in  suiibring  from  lircs.  This  town  has  been  visited 
by  two  destructive  confli'grations,  one  in  1S19,  by  which  200  buildings 
to  the  value  of  $1,000,000  were  destroyed;  and  another  in  1828,  in 
which  50  buildings,  were  burned,  valued  at  ,^130,000.  Population  about 
3,000.  Edenton  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  Chowan  River.  Amonc 
its  public  buildings  the  court  house  is  conspicuous  for  its  elegance.  Its 
commercial  position  is  favorable;  but  its  air  is  considered  insalubrious. 
It  is  supposed  to  own  6,000  tons  of  shipping,  aud  to  contain  about  2,000 
inhabitants.  Washington  and  Salisbury  are  agreeable  inland  towns. — 
The  names  of  the  other  considerable  towns  follow :  Murfreesborough, 
Plymouth,  Halifax,  Warrenton,  Greenville,  Tarborough,  Smithfield, 
Averey'sborough,  Lumbertown,  Rockingham,  Iluntsville,  Salem,  States- 
ville,  Charlotte,  Morgantown,  and  Ashville.  This  last  town,  having  a 
pleasant  position,  and  being  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Warm  Springs,  is 
rapidly  growing. 

Religion.  All  the  Christian  denominations  are  represented  in  this 
state.  The  fixed  congregations  are  net  so  numerous  as  in  the  other  states, 
but  the  people  are  generally  addicted  to  some  form  of  worship.  The 
Methodists,  Presbyterians,  and  Baptists  are  believed  to  be  the  prevailing 
denominatipns.         .      ,  .^^ 


4-.. 


'-* 


ATLANTIC   STATES. 


05 


Education.  The  University  of  North  Carolinn,  at  Chapel  Hill,  ifl 
respcctahly  endowed.  There  are  about  20  academies  in  the  state.  Tlie 
seminary  for  yoiin^  ladies  at  Salem  is  a  Moravian  institution  of  distin- 
guished reputation,  to  which  many  young  ladies  from  the  southern  coun- 
try resort  for  their  education.  'J'hc  slate  has  provided  an  accumulating 
literary  fund,  wliich  at  present  amounts  to  about  ^70,000.  It  is  intended 
that  the-avaiis  of  it  sinll  be  appropiiatcd  among  tlie  several  counties,  in 
the  ratio  of  the  free  population,  for  tlic  support  of  common  schools. 

Roads  and  Canals.  In  the  level  belt  of  the  slate  nature  has  done  so 
much  towards  giving  it  good  roads,  lliat  artificial  exertions  in  this  direc- 
tion have  been  neglccteJ.  Considerable  extent  of  canal  has  been  made 
on  Cape  Fear  River;  and  the  navigation  of  some  of  the  other  rivers  has 
been  improved  in  the  same  way.  The  canal  between  Chesapeake  Bay 
and  Albemarle  Sound  through  the  Great  Dismal  Swamp,  has  already  been 
mentioned.     The  whole  extent  of  canal  in  this  state  amounts  to  43  miles. 

General  Remarl's.  This  state  holds  a  large  proportion  of  slaves, 
especially  the  planters  in  the  lower  part  of  it.  In  this  district  the  term 
sickly  season  is  of  common  use,  and  has  a  distinct  import.  The  reed 
cane,  the  palmetto  and  long  moss  are  striking  features  in  the  landscape, 
indicating  sufficiently,  that  it  belongs  to  the  southern  states.  The  pro 
digious  forests  of  long  leafed  pine  strike  the  eye  of  a  nprtherner  with  a 
peculiar  effect.  The  sound  of  the  breeze  in  this  forest,  as  he  -joumies 
through  it,  furnishes  him  a  sad,  though  not  unpleasing  music.  The 
bright  fires  of  the  tar  makers  in  these  ancient  forests,  with  their  number- 
less tall  columns,  and  the  deep  verdure  of  their  tassels  half  a  yard  in 
length,  as  seen  illumined  by  the  bright  glare  of  the  burning  fat  pine,  taken 
together,  furnish  a  spectacle,  which,  to  be  apprehended,  must  be  seen.    ^J 

The  people  in  the  interior  and  western  parts  of  the  state  have  fewer 
slaves,  labor  with  their  own  hands,  and  arc  more  assiasilated  in  their  hab- 
its  and  manners  to  the  northern  people.  The  inhabitants  of  the  state  in 
gcncnl  have  a  mnrked  character  for  sobriety  and  morality,  and  a  sturdi- 
ness  of  independence.  In  their  temperament,  they  are  inclined  to  relig- 
ious excitement;  and  are  striving  to  remedy  past  neglect  of  common 
schools,  by  fostering  private  seminaries- and  Siinda-y  schools.  In  common 
with  Virginia,  this  state  has  a  great  extent  of  swamp  lands.  The'  Great 
Dismal'  of  Virginia  it  is  well  known  to  be  30  miles  in  extent.  There  are 
in  this  state  2,000,000  acres  of  such  land.  These  are  discovered  to  be 
easily  reclaimable,  and  to  possess  a  soil  of  great  and  exhaustless  fertility* 
They  vire  supposed  capable  of  suslaininga  population  of  100,000  peopley 
and  to  be  particularly  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  tobacco,  rice,  cotton, 
and  hemp.  The  Scuppernong  and  Catawba  grape  indigenous  to  this 
state,  are  extensively  cultivated  abroad,  and  yield  a  wine,  which  ranks  at 


1 


>^ 


■'"'j!3_'m.  7::^jW 


06 


ATLANTIC  STATBS. 


the  head  of  our  native  wines.  They  are  great  bearers.  The  euhiTation 
of  indigo  has  been  attempted  with  entire  success.  The  product  is  of  the 
best  quality.  The  people  are  beginning  to  turn  their  attention  to  the 
making  wine  from  their  native  grnpes,  and  to  raising  the  silk  mulberry. 
A  spirit  of  improvement  is  abroad  from  which  the  best  results  must  follow. 
This  state  was  the  theatre  of  some  of  the  most  brilliant  achievements, 
during  the  revolutionary  war.  The  battle  of  Moore's  Creek  bridge, 
King's  Mountain,  and  Guilford  will  remain  in  history,  imperishable  me> 
morials  of  the  bravery  and  patriotism  of  its  inhabitants.  ,  ' 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


« 


Leicgtr  18S  miles.  Breadth,  160  containg  30,000  square  miles.  Be* 
tween  32°  2'  and  35°  10'  N.  L.  and  between  1°  45'  and  6°  15'  W.  L. 

Bounded  N,  and  N.  E.  by  North  Carolina;  S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic  and 
S.  W.  by  Georgia,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Savannah. 


Counties.     Chirf  Toicns,  . 
Abbeville,  Abbeville; 
Anderson,  Pendleton ; 
BarnweH,  Barnwell ; 
Beaufort,  Coosawatchie ; 
Charleston,  Charleston;  - 
Chester,  '^hesterville: 
Chesterfield,  Bennetsville; 
Colleton,  Waterboro; 
Darlington,  Darlington ; 
Edgefield,  Edgefield; 
Fairfield,  Winnisboro; 
Georgetown,  Georgetown ; 
Greenville,  Greenville; 
Horry,  Conwayboro; 


Counties.     Chief  Toums. 
Lancaster,  Lancaster  C,  H. ; 
Laurens,  Laurensville ; 
Lexington,  Lexington  C.  H.; 
Marion,  Marion  C.  H. ; 
Marlborough,  Marlborough,  C.  H.; 
Newberry,  Newberry  C.  H. 
Orangeburgh,  Orangeburgh; 
Pickens,  Pickens; 
Richland,  Columbia;  ^ 

Spartanburgh,  Spartanburgh; 
Sumpter,  Statesburgh; 
Union,  Unionville. 
Williamsburgh,  Kingstree; 
York,  York  C.  H.    •  -^ 


Kershaw,  Camden ;  ^ 

Population  in  1820,  502  741.    In  1830  581,458. 

Physical  Aspect.  S.  Carolina  shows,  still  more  palpably  than  the 
states  farther  north,  the  maritime  belt  of  plain,  broadening  in  proportion 
to  the  advance  towards  the  south.  In  this  state  this  broad  plain  of  sea 
formation,  of  a  uniform  and  monotonous  level,  extends  more  than  100 
miles  into  the  interior.  It'  it  is  chequered  by  swamps  and  indented  by 
sea  inlets.  An  alluvial  belt  along  the  rivers  is  rich.  The  remaining  por* 
tions  of  the  phin  are  covered  with  the  long  leafed  pine.     Beyond  this  if 


•"•       ■*! 


ATLANTIC   ttTATCft. 


m 


the  sand  hill  belt,  GO  miles  in  width,  the  sterile  hills  of  which  have 
been  compared  to  the  arrested  waves  of  the  sea  in  a  storm.    It  yields  nat- 
urally nothing,  but  stinted  jiiniixirs  and  pines.     To  this  distance  the 
broad  extent  of  country  is  called  the  lower  country.     Beyond  it  we  ap- 
proach the  ridge  or  upper  country,  the  Atlantic  ascent  of  which  is  precip- 
itous.   From  the  summit  stretches  a  large  belt  of  table  country,  fertile, 
cultivated,  watered  by  rivers  and  irrigated  by  smaller  streams  extending 
from  the  Savannah  to  Broad  river.     Hills  and  dales  alternate.      The 
deep  forests  with  their  varieties  of  trees  gratify  the  eye  by  their  verdure, 
and  varied  foliage.    The  ascent  hence  to  the  mountains  is  gradual  and 
imperceptible.      A  number  of  mountains  of  striking  forms  here  swell 
with  their  peaks  to  a  very  considerable  elevation.     Table  mountain  is 
the  most  conspicuous.      Its  summit  is  supposed  to  be  4,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.    The  names  of  the  otlier  elevated  peaks  are  Oconetj 
Paris,  Glussey,  Hogback,  and  King's.     These  mountains  give  rise  to  ma- 
ny clear  and  quick  streams  of  water. 

Climate.  The  atmosphere  of  the  low  country  is  sultry,  damp,  and  un- 
elastic.  The  complexion  of  the  inhabitants  is  marked  with  a  sallow 
tinge,  and  most  of  the  summer  and  autumnal  diseases  assume  a  bilious 
type.  Intermittcnts  are  common,  and  the  autumnal  fevers  severe.  In 
the  low  country,  the  season  of  frost  does  not  comprise  more  than  3 
months,  and  the  ground  is  seldom  whitened  with  snow  more  than  one 
night;  though  the  mountains  arc  oficn  white  for  many  days  together. 
The  weather  in  the  intermediate  seasons  between  autumn  and  spring 
is  often  fickle,  and  subject  to  frequent  and  great  changes.  The 
multiflora  rose  blooms  all  the  year  in  Charleston;  and  yet  the  ex- 
tremes of  summer  heat  arc  not  often  felt  in  that  city.  The  hilly  and 
western  parts  of  the  state  have  a  climate,  mili.l,  delightful,  and  salu- 
brious. 

Productions'  The  staples  are  cotton  and  rice.  The  value  of  cotton 
exported  from  this  state  has  been  as  high  as  ,^12,1)00,000  in  a  year. 
Next  to  cotton,  rico,  is  the  most  important  production.  Indigo  is  a  large 
item  in  the  exports  of  the  state.  Tobacco  thrives  well.  Many  of  the 
northern  fruits  and  grains  would  succeed,  were  they  sufficiently  attended 
to.  The  soil  is  remarkable  for  producing  the  best  sweet  potatoes  and 
yams,  and  the  largest  and  finest  watermelons  in  the  United  States.  The 
fruits  are  pears,  pomegranates,  figs,  apricots,  nectarines,  apples,  peaches, 
olives,  grapes,  almonds,  and  oranges.  Tlie  planters  divides  their  soil 
into  several  classes,  with  distinctive  names;  as  the  tide  swamp,  which 
yields  a  sea  island  cotton,  of  nearly  double  ihc  value  of  the  upland  kinds; 
inland  swamp,  river  swamp,  oak  and  liickory  land,  and  pine  barren. 
The  oak  and  hicko'-y  land  is  favorable  to  indigo  and  cotton.  The  pine 
Vot.  II.  '  13 


'^■^ 


"!%• 


ATLANTIC   STATBC. 


♦• 


barren,  though  the  least  fertile  of  all,  is  overhung  by  an  atmosphere  so 
much  more  saltibrious,  that  much  of  it  is  cultivated ;  and  a  sufficient 
portion  for  the  planter  to  erect  his  habitation  upon,  is  deemed  an  impor- 
tant appendage  to  every  swamp  plantation.  So  various  is  the  climate, 
that  the  plants  of  Canada  may  be  found  on  its  mountains,  and  on  its 
southern  decHvities  the  hardier  tropical  fruits.  In  botaniciil  opulence  it 
surpasses  any  other  Atlantic  state.  It  is  an  extended  garden  of  medici- 
nal herbs,  and  flowering  plants.  Among  its  striking  shrubs  and  beauti- 
ful trees,  may  be  mentioned  the  magnolia  azalia,  rhododendron  rosa,  Car- 
olinensis  calicanthus,  Floridus  angelica,  robinia  fragrans,  and  different 
kinds  of  the  adromeda  delight  the  eye  with  their  flowers,  and  perfume 
the  air  with  their  fragrance. 

Minerals.  We  have  already  seen  that  the  belt,  in  which  gold  is  found 
extends  through  this  state.  Although  the  mines  are  abundant,  and  nu- 
merous, from  some  cause  the  diggings  have  been  less  numerous,  than  in 
North  Carolina.  Various  ochres,  used  in  painting,  are  found  at  York- 
Tille.  Marble,  limestone,  iron,  and  lead  ore,  potter's  clay,  fuller's  earth 
nitrous  earth,  talc,  pellucid  stones,  and  most  of  the  useful  fossils  are 
common. 

Rivers.  The  Pedee  rises  in  Virginia,  and  flows  in  a  south  east  direc- 
tion through  North  Carolina  into  South  Carolina,  and  empties  into  the 
Atlantic  below  Georgetown.  Its  length  of  course  is  300  miles,  200  of 
which  are  boatable.  Santee  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Congaree, 
and  Wateree  below  Columbia.  These  streams  rise  in  the  mountains  of 
North  Carolina.  It  pursues  a  south  east  course  of  300  miles  to  the  At- 
lantic, into  which  it  empties  50  miles  north  east  from  Charleston-  It 
is  boatable  200  miles.  The  head  waters  of  the  noble  river  Savannah 
are  in  Tennessee.  Entering  this  state,  it  becomes  the  dividing  line  be- 
tween it  and  Georgia.  The  direction  of  its  course  which  is  300  miles,  is 
south  east,  and  it  empties  into  the  Atlantic  17  miles  below  Savannah, 
Up  to  this  point  laYge  vessels  ascend.  It  is  navigable  by  steam  boats  to 
Augusta,  127  miles  higher.  Smaller  boats  ascend  far  beyond  this  place 
into  the  interior  of  the  country.  Catawba  river  rises  in  North  Carolina. 
Passing  into  South  Carolina,  it  assumes  the  name  of  Wateree,  and  unites 
with  the  Congaree  30  miles  below  Columbia.  The  stream  below  the 
junction  is  called  the  Santee.  The  most  splendid  cascade  in  the  state  is 
furnished  by  the  Catawaba  falls  above  Rocky  Mount.  The  river  which 
had  been  more  than  180  yards  wide  above,  here  contracts  to  less  than  60, 
and  dashes  down  from  cascade  to  cascade  100  feet.  This  striking  spec- 
tacle is  easily  accessible,  and  much  visited.  Broad  river  is  the  main 
l»ranch  of  the  Santeie.  It  rises  iu  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  is 
silled  in  its  course  with  the  Pacolet,  Tiger  and   Ennoree,  and  unitw 


ATLANTIC   8TATE8.  fi 

with  tho  Snlud.i  below  Cohinihiii.  8:iliul:i  river  is  tlic  western  branch  of 
the  Santee.  Cooper  river  rises  40  rniU-s  north  from  Charleston,  ond 
unites  with  Ashley  river  below  that  city,  It  is  connected  with  the  San- 
tee by  a  canal.  The  lifllc  Pctlee,  VVaccnmtiw,  Lynches  creek,  Black  river 
Edisto,  Cunibahcc,  Coosuw,  Stoiiu  und  Kcjweo  are  all  considerablo 
streams. 

Exports.  We  have  already  observed,  that  the  staples  aro  cotton  and 
rice.  In  1830,  18t},0U7  bales  of  cotton  woro  ox|)orto;l  from  Charleston. 
The  total  amount  of  exports  in  1821)  was  ,<!;S,  17 5,580.  Tho  tonnago 
owned  in  South  Carolina  in  1828  was  33,<i88. 

Literature.     I'hc  South  Carolina  college  at  Columbia,  the  political  me* 
tropolis,  is  a  respectable  institution,  liberally  endowed  receiving  from  the 
state  an  annual  grant  of  $15,000.     The  college  buildings  proper  are  2 
buildings  3  stories  high,  210  feet  long  and  25  wide.     Five  or  6  other  re- 
spectable buildings  for  the  residence  of  the  otllcers  handsomely  arranged 
present  a  striking  appearance.     Tiie  library  and  philosophical  apparatui 
are  also  respectable.      The  state  has  expended  $200,000  upon  this  in- 
stitution.   Charleston  college  in  Charleston  is  spoken  of  as  a  respectable 
institution.    There  are  also  institutions  called  colleges  at  Beaufort,  Win- 
nisboro^  and  Cambridge,  and  there  are  0  or  8  incorporated  academiei 
in  the  state.    The  state  makes  an  annual  apjiropriation  of  about  $40,000 
for  the  support  of  free  schools.     In  1828  there  were  840  such  estab- 
lished, in  which 9,036  scholars  were  instructed  at  the  expense  of  about 
$39,716.  •       r  ^ 

Chief  Towns.    Charleston  is  situated  on  a  point  of  land,  made  by  the 
junction  of  the  rivers  Cooper  and  Ashley,  ^which  by  their  union  form  a 
commodious  harbor,  opening  to  tho  ocean  below  Sullivan's  Island,  seven 
miles  below  the  city.       The  passage  over  the  bar  v.  the  mouth  of 
the  harbor,  though  deep  and  safe,  is  ditTicult  to  find.     (I  is  strongly 
defended  by  3  forts  on  different  islands  in  the  harbor.     It  contains  10  or 
12  respectable  public  buildings  and  18  or  20  churches.    Most  of  them 
are  handsome,  and  some  of  them  magnificent.     There  are  but  3  or  4 
larger  city  libraries  in  the  United  States,  than  that  of  Charleston.     It  con- 
tains between  13   and   14,000  volumes.     The  orphan  asylum  is  a  noble 
and  munificent  charily,  which  maintains  and  educates  130  orphan  child- 
ren.    There  is  a  fund  also  for  educating  at  the  South  Carolina  college 
such  boys,  as  manifest  distinguished  talents.     Many  of  the  charitable  in« 
stitutions  of  this  hospitable  city  are  munificently  endowed,  and  aflford 
ample  and  efficient  relief  to  the  various  species  of  distress,  for  the  allevia- 
tion of  whicli  they  are  designed.    It  is  regularly  laid  out;  and  handsomely 
and  in  some  parts  splendidly  built.     The  site  was  originally  low  and 
marshy;  but  the  low  places  have  been  filled  up,  and  so  raised  that  the 


¥ 


100 


ATLANTIC    UTATKi. 


* 


■troetinro  perfectly  (?rv.  Tii.?  houses  arc  Hpiuioiis  and  have  |)inr.7.n8  to 
court  the  bri'c  zo.  'I'lir  fujiiiiivs  iwv  Hlindcd  with  tlio  \nU\ci  <)(  Cliiin 
and  other  licniiiifiil  trncs,  iiiij  tin;  <jaiili'iis  with  «)r.iii,"c  \U'v^,  and  thr  in- 
habitaniii  hnvn  h:ul  the  t;ist<;  to  .'iiin'oiiiid  ihcir  d\ve1liiiji;s  with  thi;  inidtillnra 
ro80,  and  other  oriiiiiiictitni  shiidiN  niid  I'im'^miiiiI  lloweriii^  pl:iittH,  whicii 
impart  to  a  northern  straii<j;cr  tlic  idcn  of  a  Iropiivd  llowor  jjnrden.  Thoiiirli 
this  city  lias  been  more  ihmi  oiHUMh'solnied  hy  thtj  yellow  fever,  it  is  c  'ii- 
■idcredhonlthicr  foracrhiiiated  inhaliil  ints.thiti  thesurronndiiiireoiinirv. 
Thoplnnlors  fiMin  the  h:w  riniiidy  iitid  many  opidnil  Htian;jf«'rH  IVoni  llio 
West  Indies  mine  liere  to  spend  Ihi;  sickly  nionlhs,  and  lo  enjoy  llio  dc- 
gant  nnd  enlightened  soeiely,  with  which  this  eily  abnnds.  Thediy 
owns  n  hirgc  nnioiinl  (if  sliippimr,  and  in  the  vahie  of  its  exports  is  ilii> 
fourth  city  in  tho  iininn.  It  is  IWM)  mile^sonth  east  iVoniCoinniliia,  ;>*.!i) 
south  west  from  lldtiinore,  7n()  s)nlii  W!>sl  from  '\r\v  York,  Mid  .").'»;} 
south  west  from  Wushiii^'ton.  IJy  the  way  nf  N'orlolk  ami  across  the  hiiys, 
ithasrnpid  nnd  easystcnni  boat  eoinnnniiealinns  with  tin;  sxilln'm  eiliis. 
In  18*20  the  popuhUion  was  !<M,780of  wliich  more;  lh:ii  iialf  wore  slaves. 
Inl.M0,3(V^v"<l). 

Cohimbia  is  the  politieal  nietrop(dis  of  th;^  slate  It  is  situated  (i[)pn- 
sito  the  junction  of  the  Salnda  and  llrosd  livns,  the  union  of  wiiicli  fnniis 
the  Con/:jnrce.  The  jKisilion  <4"  llic  town  i^s  v.n  el<!vate(l  p' tin,  that  slupc- 
beautifully  to  the  river.  It  is  refrnlarly  laid  out;  tlu^  s  jnarosare  reclani'ii- 
lor,  and  the  streets  100  feel  wide.  'J'li"  town  conlains  10  or  \2  pnl  lir 
buihlinn^;  and '1  or  5  ciinrclies,  two  ofwi.icli  t.'u^  I'rjshytciian,  and  Mjiis 
copalian  arc  handsome.  The  fonner  ins  2  lofiy  spires,  and  liio  latter  a 
bell  nnd  an  or^an.  Tiio  slal(5  hou.^e  is  170  fenl  hy  00.  The  eollcw 
buildings,  which  wo  have  already  iiientioneil,  show  to  <ivviii  :ulvant,i<;(\ 
Altogolher  it  is  a  very  neat  place,  and  has  freipient  steam  hoat  (•oinmiiiii- 
cations  with  Charleston.  It  is  ItiO  miles  north  east  from  Charleston. 
Georgetown  is  situated  on  tlio  west  side  of  VVinyaw  IJay,  into  which  a 
number  of  considcrahlo  slrcains  empty,  c mnoeiini'  it  extensively  with  llio 
back  country.  It  is  (iO  miles  north  east  of  ('harleston.  Althjuyli  the 
bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  bay  prevents  the  entrance  of  vessels  drawing 
more  than  7  foet  water,  it  is  a  port  of  some  imjxirtance.  It  contains  4  or 
five  public  buildings,  4  churches,  and  ahaut  !:2,000  iidiahitanls. 
;yi^*  Beaufort  is  situated  on  Port  Royal  island,  near  the  outlet  of  the  Coo- 
saw.  It  is  a  pleasant  and  healthy  place,  containinfr  3  churches,  and  11 
or  1200  inhabitants.  It  has  a  literary  institution,  incorporated  as  a  col- 
lege which  has  an  endowment  of  $70,000. 

Cambden  is  situated  on  the  cast  bank  of  the  Watereo,  at  a  point  in  the 
river  to  which  it  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  70  tons.  It  is  central  to  a 
fertile  and  populous  district  of  the  state.  It  is  a  neat  and  regularly  built 
town,  containing  4  or  5  public  buildings,  and  1  churches.     It  is  a  mem- 


T 


ATLANTIC   ITATr.l. 


101 


orabic  sput  in  tlio  liiutory  of  tliu  r(!vo!iitiuti:iry  atrii^<r|i%  two  conaidorablo 
bnltlos  linvin/j  been  foiiplit  brro;  nnn  Iritwoon  (inirrnl  Ciiitcs  and  liord 
CornwnlliH, niicl  ilicotlirr  bolwron  (Icii.  (irocno  anil  Lord  R'lwdnn.  Itia 
35  miles  N.  K.  from  (,'()ltiml»i;i,  ;m<l  I'M  iN.  W.  iV.nn  ('l»iirlt\«t()n.  PoMti- 
Ifttinn  about  l,'.i(10.  'riiisnniiicM  of  (li»>()tlior ronHiilcMiiMo  \II!i;Toaf tilow: 
Darlington,  Society  Hill,  Clicniw,  ClicsUMlifld,  Kiii;,'troo,  Siimplor\ille, 
MfincboBtor,  HtHtcHburjrli,  Lancaslcr,  ('liostorvillo,  Yorkvillo,  Cambridge, 
Lnurensville,  (Jroenvillc,  Piclvoiisville,  ()ian;.'t'l)urgli,  IJiniwcll,  Coosa- 
wliatcliio,  PnniHliurgli,  Robrrlsvillc,  Md^cliold,  Wilmington,  Vienna, 
Abbeville,  Aiulorsonvillf.  .'Mil  Pfiullcton. 

Roads  and  i'anah.  Tliid  slate  bis  ii  Hoard  of  Public  Worka,  under 
wliosc  exertions  piil  lie,  woiis  of  cnnsiik'niblo  extent  bavc  been  executed. 
Tbo  Santoo  ('anal,  '>J'J  uuUw  in  IciilmIi,  Cdnnecls  tbe  Santco  River  with 
Clmrleston  Iiarl.or.  A  nunilnT  of  short  eanalH,  niakiiifj  in  all  a.  ronsid- 
ernblc  extent,  have  been  cnt  aroiuid  the  falls  of  tbe  rivers,  to  render  them 
beatable.  Tbe  wliobi  extent  of  eanal  completed,  or  in  progress  in  tbis 
state  amounts  to  ir)0  miles.  But  tbe  most  important  public  work  it  Uqa 
attempted,  is  tlio  Soulli  ('iioliiia  Rail  Road.  Of  this  gr».vit  work  ono 
inmdred  and  Ibirty-lwo  niili's  and  a  half  in  length,  tbe  entire  line,  is  under 
contrnet,  and  eonsidoralilo  advanccniont  has  been  m.'ule  in  tbfc  whole  ex- 
tent. 'J'welve  niilcH  are  eomp'cle,  and  IIk^  rails  laid  and  wedged  upon  19 
miles  more.  In  lt«30an  avera<.^cof  (!t)t)  labourers  were  enjj)b)ycd  upon 
the  wnrk.  '  _ 

Jicligion.  All  the  denoniinalioiis  of  Christians  nro  represented  in 
Sontli  Carolina,  lis  in  the  other  states,  hut  the  prevalent  denominations 
are  Presbyterians,  Kpiseopnlians,  IMethodisIs,  and  Baptists. 

(iciirral  liniiarfi.t.  .!Son\c  of  the  most  venerated  ni'.mes  that  the  revo- 
lutionary annals  can  furnish,  arc  names  of  men  of  the  lirst  fortune  and 
highest  education  in  this  slate,  who  wrote,  b^gislated,  fought  and  bled, 
and  put  every  thing  at  hazard,  on  the  issue  of  national  independence. 
The  state  has  continued  to  furnish  citizens  of  the  mest  brilliant  talents 
and  distinguished  character  to  rej)rcsent  her  in  the  national  councils. 
The  integrity  and  glory  of  the  American  union  were,  until  lately,  as 
fondly  cherished  here  as  in  any  other  state.  This  is  not  the  place  to 
comment  upon  the  new  political  dogmas,  adopted  as  political  orthodoxy 
by  the  councils  of  the  state.  It  is  more  pleasant  to  dwell  upon  the  high- 
minded  independence,  the  frank  ami  gciicrous  hospitality,  the  prompt 
and  charitable  regard  to  distress,  and  the  elegant  affluence,  which  all 
strangers,  sojourning  in  the  state,  have  concurred  to  award  to  its  distin- 
guished citizens.  Amidst  the  querulous  and  menacing  spirit  of  complamt, 
and  the  avowal  of  real  or  supposed  depression  and  poverty,  she  is  adopting 
some  measures  for  the  amelioration  of  her  condition,  which  arc  unquea- 


t  is  a  mem- 


109 


ATLANTIC    STATM. 


tionnbly  wiio  and  expedient.  Shu  is  clierisliing  agriculture  by  tlic  eflbrtf 
of  enlightened  ngriciillural  asiioclatinnH.  (iruiit  cvxcr^ionM  are  mnking  to 
extend  tlie  cultivation  of  ica  inland  cotinn,  tliu  sugar  cano,  the  silk  niuU 
berry,  and  iho  vino.  M.'inufactures  iS  cotlon  nro  cfltublishcd,  and  on- 
couraged.  It  is  only  roiiuisito  tiiut  this  gront  sttitc  should  cherish  her 
internal  resources,  that  her  largo  planters  shuuld  have  the  knowledge  and 
dignity  to  practice  retrcnclmicnt,  and  incu lento  upon  their  children,  that 
to  be  trained  to  industry,  to  have  a  pursuit,  and  in  a  free  and  republican 
country,  even  to  labor  with  their  own  hands,  would  bring  neither  stain  nor 
indignity,  to  restore  that  prosperity,  which  will  be  sought  for  in  vain  in 
idle  menace  and  fierce  legislation.  i  * 


I' 


GEORGIA. 


LvNorn,  300  miles.  Breadth  200.  Containing  58,000  square  miles. 
Between  30°  10'  and  35°  N.  L.  and  3°  52'  and  8°  17'  W.  L.  Bounded 
N.  by  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina;  N.  E.  by  South  Carolina;  S.  E. 
by  the  Atlantic;  S. by  Florida;  and  W.  by  Alabama. 


Counties.  Towns. 

Appling,  Appling  C.  11, 

Baker,  Byron. 

Baldwin,  Milledgeville.     ' 

Bibb,  Macon. 

Bryan,  Bryan  C;  H. 

Bullock,  Statesborough. 
Burke,  Waynesboro. 

Butts,  Jackson. 

Camden,  Joffcrsonton. 

Campbell,  Campbellton. 

Carroll,  Carrollton. 

Chatham,  Savannah. 

Cherokee  Nation,  New  Echota. 

Clark,  Watkinsville. 

Columbia,  Appling. 

Coweta,  Newnan. 

Crawford,  Knoxvillo 

Creek  Nation,  Creek  Agency. 

Decatur,  Bainbridge. 

De  Kalb,  Decatur. 


Counties.  Towns. 

Dooly,  Borrian. 
Early,  Blakcly. 
EfTingham,  Willoughby. 
Elbert,  Elbcrton. 
Emanuel,  Swninsboro. 

Fayette,  Fayetteville. 
Franklin,  Carnersville. 
Glymn,  Brunswick. 
Greene,  Grcenesboro. 
Gwinnct,  Lawrenceville. 
Habcrsiiam,  Clarkcsvillo. 
Hall,  Gainesville. 
Hancock,  Sparta. 
Harris,  Hamilton. 
Henry,  McDonougb. 
Houston,  Perry. 
Irwin,  Irwin  C.  H. 
Jackson,  Jefferson. 
Jasper,  Monticello. 
Jefferson,  Louisville, 


*?' 


ATLANTIC  tTATM. 


lot 


Jonei,  Clinton. 
LaiirenR,  Dublin. 
Lee,  Pcndloton 
Liberty,  Ricoboro. 
Lincoln,  Lincolnton. 
Lowndes,  Frnnklinville. 
Modiion,  Danielsvillo. 
Mclntoih,  Dnrien. 
Marion,  Marion  C.  II. 
Merriweihor,  Greenville. 
Monroe,  Forsyth. 
Montgomery,  Mount  Vernon. 
Morgan,  Mndison. 
Miiflcogce,  Columbus. 
Newton,  Covington. 
Oglethorpe,  Lexington. 
Pike,  Zebulon. 
Pulaski,  Hartford. 


Unbun,  CInyton. 

Randolph,  Randolph  C.  H     "^ 

Richmond,  Augustn.  •  " 

Suiven,  Jacksonburgh.  / 

Tulbot,  Tolbotton. 

Taliaferro,  Crawfurdsville. 

Tulnull,  Perry's  Mills. 

Telfuir,  Jacksonville. 

Thoinas,  Thomosville. 

Troup,  Lagrange. 

Twiggs,  Miirion. 

Upson,  Thomaston. 

Walton,  Monroe.  a 

Ware,  Warcsboro.  v*,* 

Warren,  Warrenton. 

Washington,  Sandersville. 

Wayne,  Wnynesville.  , ,  -  - 

Wilkes,  Washington. 

Wilkinson,  Irwinton. 

Of  this  number 


Putnam,  Eatonton. 

Population  in  1820,  340,087.     In  1830,  510,504. 
between  the  third  and  tho  half  are  slaves.  • 

Physical  Aspect.  There  is  the  same  broad  maritime  belt  of  level 
country,  skirting  the  sen,  as  in  South  Carolina,  of  nearly  100  miles  in 
extent.  The  sea  shore  is  dotted  with  a  number  of  islands.  The  numer- 
ous rivers,  inlets  and  arms  of  the  sea  ovorHow  the  swamps  at  almost  every 
return  of  the  tide.  Hence  the  sea  marsh  swamps,  and  the  swamps  near 
the  estuaries  of  rivers,  in  order  to  be  reclaimed,  require  levees.  Beyond 
the  swamps  commences  the  extensive  belt  of  pine  barrenSj  closely  resenv 
bling  those  of  South  Carolina.  Beyond  this  belt  the  counUy  begins  to 
be  pleasantly  diversified  by  gentle  undulations.  The  soil  is  what  is  tech- 
nically called  mulatto  soil.  This  region  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
Blue  Ridge,  which  here  swells  into  elevations  1,500  feet  in  height,  which 
thence  subside,  and  are  lost  in  the  sea.  Beyond  the  mountains  is  an  ex' 
tensive  and  rich  table  country,  with  a  black  soil  of  great  fertility,  in  which 
pines  and  evergreens  arc  more  rare,  and  are  replaced  by  black  walnut  and 
the  forest  trees  that  denote  a  rich  soil.  .       «*  ? 

Climate.  Differs  very  little  from  that  of  South  Carolina.  The  low 
country  planters  have  their  sickly  season  and  their  summer  retreats  in  the 
high  pine  woods.  The  districts  central  to  the  rice  swamps  in  the  Caroli- 
nas  and  Georgia  are  universally  insalubrious.  There  are  districts  in  this 
state,  that  approach  nearer  to  tropical  temperature,  than  any  portions  of 
Sooth  Carolina,  and  are  better  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar 


»    f* 


# 


li 


104 


ATXiANTIC  tTATBS. 


ft* 

V,' 


cane,  the  olive,  and  sweet  orange.  The  hilly  and  western  parts  of  the 
state  are  as  healthy  as  any  part  of  America.  As  an  average  of  the  tem- 
perature, winter  may  be  said  to  commence  in  the  middle  ef  December, 
and  end  in  the  middle  of  Februrrv.  The  climate  of  the  low  country 
compares  very  nearly  with  that  of  juouisiana.  M 

Productions.  The  staple  is  cotton,  both  the  black  seeded  and  sea  isl< 
and.  Rice  is  the  next  staple.  Great  extents  of  rice  swamps  art  sowed 
with  this  grain.  Sugar  cane  is  cultivated  on  experiment.  Indigo  is  be- 
ginning to  constitute  a  considerable  item  in  the  products.  Silk  and  wine 
are  made  on  experiment.  The  fruits  are  melons  in  the  greatest  perfec- 
tion, figs  in  abundance,  oranges,  pomegranates,  olives,  lemons,  limes, 
citrons,  pears,  peaches  and  grapes.  The  forest  trees  and  shrubs  are  as 
numerous  and  as  various  as  in  South  Carolina,  and  it  produces  great 
numbers  of  indigenous  medicinal  plants. 

Exports.  Consisting  chiefly  of  cotton,  rice,  deer  skins,  lumber,  &c.  in 
1828  amounted  to  $4,981,376.     The  tonnage  was  13,959  tons. 

Canals  and  internal  Improvements.  A  canal  from  the  Savannah  to 
the  Ogeechee  is  completed.  It  is  intended  to  extend  it  to  the  Altamaha, 
making  in  all  72  miles.  One  hundred  negroes  are  employed  by  the  state, 
under  the  direction  of  2  superintendents,  to  work  by  the  direction  of  over- 
seers on  the  roads  and  the  rivers. 

Education.  The  university  of  Georgia  has  funds  to  the  amount  of  136 
thousand  dollars.  Its  position  is  at  Athens.  The  buildings  consist 
of  two  large  college  edifices,  two  chapels,  a  president's  and  a  steward's 
house.  The  library  and  philosophical  apparatus  are  respectable.  An 
academy,  with  an  average  number  of  SO  students,  is  connected  with  the 
college.  There  are  80  incorporated  academies  in  the  state,  C>4  of  which 
are  in  operation,  containing  3,008  pnpils.  The  total  number  of  the 
pupils  in  the  academies  and  common  schools  is  4,258.  The  legislature 
has  appropriated  $250,000,  and  1,000  acres  of  land  in  each  county  in 
such  an  investment,  as  that  the  avails  shall  be  applied  to  tht  support  of 
common  schools. 

Natives.  The  greater  portions  of  two  considerable  tribes,  the  Chero- 
kees  and  Creeks,  reside  within  the  chartered  limits  of  this  slate.  The 
Cherokees  have  shown  a  greater  capacity  for  the  improvements  of  civil- 
ized life,  and  more  progress  in  cultivation  and  the  arts,  than  any  other  In- 
dian tribein  our  country.  They  have  good  houses,  live  in  villages,  culti- 
vate farms  and  have  1,277  slaves.  They  have  carpenters  and  blacksmiths 
and  the  females^s{>in  and  weave,  and  make  butler  and  cheese.  They 
number  a  total  of  15,060  persons;  and,  instead  of  diminishing,  they 
havfc  increased,  during  the  hst  6  years,  3,563.  They  have  adopted  a 
form  of  government  and  jurisprudence  similar  to  ours.      A  half  breed 


ATLANTIC  STATES. 


105 


Cherokee  has  produced  the  surprising  invention  of  a  Cherokee  alphabet, 
which,  in  point  of  utility,  takes  a  high  place  among  the  alphabetic  inven- 
tions of  all  ages  and  countries.  Great  numbers  of  missionary  establish- 
ments are  fixed  among  them,  in  the  schools  of  which  500  children  are 
learning  to  read  and  write  the  English  language.  This  is  not  the  place 
to  vex  the  question,  which  has  proved  of  such  absorbing  interest,  of  tlie 
humanity  of  their  removal  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

Rivers.  The  Savannah,  which  is  the  boundary  between  this  state  and 
Georgia,  has  already  been  noticed.  The  Ogeechee  River  pursues  a  S.  E. 
course  through  the  state  of  200  miles.  lis  estuary  is  Ossabaw  Sound, 
17  miles  S.  W.  of  Tybee  Light  House.  Canuchee,  its  principal  branch, 
after  a  course  of  100  miles,  unites  with  it  20  miles  from  the  Atlantic. 
St.  Mary's  rises  in  the  great  swamp  of  Okanfanoka,  and  is  the  boundary 
between  Georgia  and  Florida.  Alatamaha  is  a  broad  and  deep  stream 
with  many  branches.  The  principal  of  these  are  the  Oconee  and 
Ocmulgee.  The  Apulcuhee  is  a  principal  branch  of  the  Oconee.  The 
Little  Ocmulgee  is  a  branch  of  the  Ocmulgee.  After  the  junction 
of  the  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee,  the  majestic  Alatamaha  flows  one  hundred 
miles  further  through  the  forests,  and  finds  its  estuary  in  Alatamaha 
Sound.  There  are  14  feet  water  over  the  bar,  and  the  Oconee  branch  is 
navigable  for  boats  of  30  tons  to  Milledgeville,  the  metropolis,  300  miles 
from  the  sea.  Ohoopee  is  an  important  branch  of  the  Alatamaha,  which 
has  a  course  of  100  miles.  Satilla  River  empties  into  the  Atlantic  be- 
tween St.  Symons  and  the  Cumberland  Islands.  The  rivers  of  Georgia 
that  rise  in  the  Mississippi  valley  have  been  already  noticed. 

Islands.  In  front  of  the  broad  belt  of  salt  marsh,  that  skirts  the  sea 
shore,  is  a  chain  of  islands  of  great  value  for  their  capability  of  yielding 
sea  island  cotton,  and  for  being  retreats,  during  the  sickly  months,  for  the 
low  country  planters.  The  names  of  the  principal  islands  follow :  Tybee, 
Ossaw,  Ossabaw,  St.  Catharine's,  Cumberland,  Jekvl,  Sapelo,  and  St. 
Symon's. 

Chief  Towns.  Savannah,  the  commercial  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Savannah,  17  miles  from  its  estuary,  118  miles  S.  W. 
from  Charleston,  and  058  S.  W.  from  Washington.  Its  position  is  a  low 
sandy  plain.  It  was  formerly  built  of  wood,  and  insalubrious  from  its 
marshy  surface  and  contiguity  to  rice  swamps.  It  has  sufiered  severely 
from  fires,  and  the  parts  destroyed  have  been  handsomely  rebuilt.  The 
rice  swamps  in  the  immediate  vicinity  are  no  longer  inundated,  and  the 
health  of  the  city  is  since  much  improved.  It  contains  12  public  build- 
ings and  8  churches.  The  Presbyterian  church  is  an  elegant  and  spacious 
edifice  of  stone.  The  Exchange  is  a  large  building  5  stories  high.  The 
Academy  is  partly  of  brick  and  partly  of  stone,  180  feet  front,  60  feet 
Vol.  II.  14 


106 


ATLANTIC  STATES. 


# 


i 


■ii 


wido,  and  3  •tories  liigh.  There  are  10  public  squares  planted  with  trees, 
among  which  tlio  beautiful  China  trees  are  conspicuous.  It  is  a  place  of 
very  great  trade,  and  has  exported  over  120,000  bales  of  cotton,  beside 
largo  amounts  of  rice  and  tobacco,  in  a  year.  It  is  defended  by  t\vo  forts 
and  the  entrance  to  the  river  indicated  by  a  liglit  house  on  Tybce  Island. 
In  1820,  463  buildings  wei-e  destroyed  by  fire,  valued  at  $4,0()0,0()0. 
Population,  in  1820,  7,523,  of  whom  nearly  half  were  slaves.  In  1830, 
7,473. 

Augusta  is  a  handsome  town  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Savannah,  127 
miles  above  Savannah.  It  is  laid  out  with  great  regularity.  It  is  hniid- 
soniely  built,  and  chiefly  of  brick.  Being  midway  between  the  upjxir  and 
lower  country,  it  is  a  central  emporium  of  business.  It  contains  8  pub- 
lic buildings  and  5  churches.  The  public  buildings  are  spacious,  and 
many  of  the  private  houses  elegant.  No  town  1ms  more  business  accord- 
ing to  its  size.  It  is  a  great  depot  of  cotton  and  tobacco,  brought  down 
from  the  upper  country.  It  communicates  with  Savannah  by  steam  boats. 
It  has  suffered,  as  well  as  Savannah,  severely  by  fires — but  is  at  present 
flourishing.  It  is  73  miles  S.  W.  of  Columbia,  and  138  N.  W.  of  Ciiar- 
leston.    Population  in  1820,4,000.    In  1830,  0,«1)0. 

Millcdgeville  is  situated  on  the  W.  bnnk  of  the  Oconee,  300  miles  by 
the  curves  of  the  river,  from  the  sea.  Though  in  the  upper  country  it  ig 
near  the  bordereof  the  low  country.  Ifs situation  is  elevated  and  pleas- 
ant, and  central  to  a  fertile  and  populous  country.  The  state  house,  ar 
senal,  and  penitentiary,  arc  all  large  and  conspicuous  buildings.  It  con- 
tains some  other  public  buildings,  2  or  3  churches,  and  about  3,0t)0  in- 
habitants. It  is  87  miles  S.  W.  from  Augusta,  and  170  N.  W.  from 
Savannah. 

Athens,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Oconee,  is  the  seat  of  the  University 
•of  Georgia.  The  names  of  the  other  principal  villages  follow:  Waynes- 
borough,  Louisville,  Georgetown,  Warrenton,  Dublin,  Sandersville,  Sparta, 
£atonton,  Greensburgh,  Madison,  Jefferson,  Clarksborough,  Watkinsvillc, 
Marion,  Clinton,  Monticello,  Sunbury,  Daricn,  and  St.  Mary's. 

Minerals.  Near  Milledgevillc  is  a  bed  of  yellow  ochre.  Mineral 
springs  are  found  in  difl'erent  parts  of  the  country.  Copi)cr  ores,  and  tlic 
greatest  abundance  of  iron  ore  have  been  discovered.  The  gold  region 
extends  in  a  broad  belt  through  this  state.  The  discoveries  have  been 
numerous  and  productive  in  the  Cherokee  country ;  and  collisions  of  a 
serious  character  have  ensued  between  miners  claiming  to  dig  under  the 
authority  of  the  Cherokees,  the  State,  and  the  United  States.  Many  have 
supposed  that  gold  would  be  found  more  abundantly  in  the  highlands  of 
Crcorgia  and  Alabama,  than  iu  the  eastern  section  of  the  gold  region. 


*t'<- 


^        ATLANTIC   STATES.  ! 


107 


Religion.  The  aspect  or  ttic  roligiotis  chnrnctcr  and  denominations  of 
this  state  differs  little  from  that  of  Soiitli  Carolina.  The  Baptists  and 
Methodists  are  the  prevalent  denominations. 

General  Remarks.     This  state,  in  common  with  South  Carolina,  has 
adopted  a  tone  of  qucrulousncss  complaining  of  poverty  and  depression. 
The  teaching  of  political  economy,  in  regard  to  its  bearing  upon  the  slave 
states,  indicates   alike  to  tliem  all  new  views  respecting  personal  labor. 
The  children  of  the  wealthier  planters  should  be  taught,  that  industry  is 
not  dishonor;  and  should  be  trained  to  become  sufficient  to  themselves. 
Retrenchment,  economy,  and  the  mising  and  manufacturing  every  thing, 
that  domestic  industry  can  supply,  which  is  requisite  for  the  wants  of  a 
plantation,  arc  duties  imperiously  prescribed  by  their  circumstances.  The 
itugar  cane  bids  Hiir  to  succeed,  as  a  new  species  of  cultivation.    In  the 
remote  pericKJs  of  the  colonial  history  of  Georgia,  the  manufacture  of  silk 
on  a  considerable  scale,  was  practiced  with  entire  success.     A  single  acre 
in  the  cultivation  of  the  native  grape  yielded,  on  experiment,  $160  nett 
profit  from  the  sale  of  the  wine.    An  abundant  crop  of  indigo,  of  an  ex- 
cellent quality,  can  be  grown  in  almost  every  part  of  the  state.    Its  inte- 
rior and  western  parts  are  peculiarly  favorable  to  manufactures.     With 
mines  both  of  iron  and  gold,  tho  extent  and  resources  of  which  can  only 
be  measured  by  the  imagination,  and  being  one  of  the  largest  states,  in 
regard  to  extent  of  surface  and  capabilities,  ^Georgia  has  within  herself 
all  the  elements  for  becoming  one  of  the  first  states  in  the  Union.    Wis- 
dom, dignity,  moderation  and  forbearance  in  her  councils  are  alone  re- 
quisite to  produce  tlie  desired  result. 


-% 


» 


^.v     ^ 


!>-».'^:Jt*    K 


'•'i-' 


./f- 


# 


«  * 


Vv. ' 


•*«»»■ 


DAIVIISH  POS^SESSIIONS 


IK 


NORTH  AMERICA 


*^> 


*,.p: 


GREENLAND. 


Position.  Greenland  was  long  accounted  a  part  of  our  continent,  but 
is  now  supposed  to  bo  an  immense  island.  The  most  advanced  post  of 
the  Danes  towards  the  north  pole  is  Uppernavitch  in  72°  30' ;  and  the 
most  southern  in  64°  10'.  Ships  have  not  been  known  to  have  doubled 
its  northern  extremity.  Davis'  Straits  to  the  west  separate  it  from  Amer- 
ica.   Its  southern  extremity  is  Cape  Farewell. 

Climate.  Situated  altogether  in  the  polar  circle,  this  country  has 
long  winter  nights,  and  short  summer  days.  The  flitting  glimmer  of  the 
Aurora  Borealis  softens  the  horror  of  these  polar  nights.  Eight  tenths  of 
the  year  it  is  subject  to  the  empire  of  frost.  The  contiguous  ocean  is 
covered  either  with  fields  of  ice,  prodigious  icebergs,  or  mountains  of  ice, 
that  are  of  immense  size,  rise  many  hundred  feet  in  the  air,  brilliant  with 
all  the  colors  of  the  bow,  and  having  their  moveable  bases  fixed  as  deep  in 
the  ocean.  In  winter  the  breath  emitted  returns  in  a  little  cloud  of  hoar 
frost,  the  mercury  becomes  stationary,  and  congealed  through  all  the  se- 
vere weather.  The  inhabitants  of  these  dreary  regions  can  know  nothing 
of  our  vernal  airs,  and  soft  south  breezes.  We  cannot  imagine,  how 
people  can  endure  this  period  of  frost  and  intense  cold,  passed  in  dark- 
ness and  storms.  But  the  goodness  of  the  Creator  is  shown,  in  rendering 
the  people  of  all  lands  satisfied  with  their  condition.  The  terror  of  the 
Greenlanders  is,  lest  the  inhabitants  of  more  southern  countries  should 
immigrate  among  them,  and  deprive  them  of  their  fancied  paradise. 

Soil  and  country.  Icy  Peak,  an  enormous  mass  of  ice,  rises  near  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  and  diffuses  such  a  brilliancy  through  the  air,  that  it  is 
seen  at  the  distance  of  more  than  30  miles.  The  country  along  the  sea 
shore  presents  rugged  masses  of  rock  interspersed  with  huge  blocks  of 
ice,  indicating  the  conflict  of  chaos  and  winter.  The  interior  is  covered 
with  a  chain  of  innumerable  mountains,  most  of  which  are  unexplored. 


DANISH   POSSESSIONS. 


109 


Coal  and  various  minerals  and  useful  and  beautiful  fossils  have  been  dii- 
covered  here. 

Smoke  of  Ice.  This  arises  from  tlie  crevices  of  marine  ice.  The  rare 
occurrence  of  rain,  the  small  quantity  of  snow,  and  the  intense  degree  of 
cold  produced  by  the  northeast  wind  lead  us  to  suppose,  that  the  north- 
east parts  of  Greenland  constitute  a  great  Archipelago,  encumbered  with 
perpetual  ice  which  for  many  centuries  has  been  piled  together  by  the 
winds  and  currents. 

Animals.  Hares,  reindeer,  white  bears,  foxes  and  large  dogs,  that 
howl  instead  of  barking,  and  are  employed  by  the  Greenlanders,  in  draw- 
ing their  sledges,  comprise  the  animals  of  this  country  Immense  flocks 
of  sea  fowl  frequent  the  rivers  and  shores.  The  rivers  abound  in  salmon 
and  the  seas  in  turbots  and  herrings.  It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  those  ani- 
mals, whose  blood  is  of  the  temperature  of  the  sea,  are  found  in  greatest 
nnmbers  under  these  icy  fields  and  mountains.  The  inhabitants  of  North 
Greenland  pursue  the  whale — and  those  of  South  Greenland  the  seal. 
The  flesh  of  the  animals  is  their  chief  food.  The  skins  of  the  seals 
serve  them  for  clothing,  and  as  the  material  for  their  boats.  Their  tendons 
are  used  for  thread,  their  bladders,  as  bottles,  their  fat  sometimes  as  butter, 
and  at  other  times,  as  tallow,  and  their  blood  is  considered  by  the  Green- 
lander  the  richest  broth. 

Exports.    In  value  from  50  to  100,000  rix  dollars. 

Natives.  They  are  of  a  low  stature,  have  black  hair,  small  eyes,  a  flat 
face,  and  a  yellowish  brown  skin,  evidently  assimilating  them  to  the  Es- 
quimaux. 

Language.    It  is  remarkable  for  its  copiousness,  and  regular  grammat 
ical  forms.    Its  inflections  are  as  numerous  and  as  varied  as  the  Greek. 
The  women  employ  words  and  inflections,  which  none,  but  themselves,  are 
permitted  to  use.    The  Greenlanders  call  themselves  Innouk,  or  brother; 
their  national  name  Kalalit,  and  their  country  Kalalit  Nonnet. 

Implements  and  canoes.  They  make  use  of  the  bladder  of  the  sea 
dog,  distended  with  wind,  and  attached  to  the  javelin,  with  which  they 
strike  the  whale.  The  animal,  when  wounded,  feels  this  bag  of  wind 
constantly  dragging  him  upwards  to  the  surface.  Their  boats  resemble  a 
box  formed  of  little  branches,  and  covered  on  every  side  with  the  skin  of 
the  sea  dog.  They  are  12  feet  long  and  a  foot  and  a  half  wide.  In  the 
middle  of  the  upper  surface,  there  is  a  hole,  surrounded  by  a  wood- 
en hoop,  with  a  skin  attached  to  it,  which  admits  its  being  drawn  round 
the  body,  like  a  purse  by  a  thong.  Supplied  with  a  single  oar,  which  is 
very  thin,  three  or  four  feet  long,  and  broader  at  the  two  sides,  the  boat- 
man, paddling  rapidly  to  the  right  and  left,  advances  in  a  straight  line 
across  the  waves,  in  the  midst  of  the  tumult  of  a  tempest,  little  mor^ 


m 


w 


no 


DANISH  POSSESfllONS. 


fearful  of  the  surges  than  the  whales.  The  billows  dash  over  him*  He 
shakes  off  the  water,  like  a  sea-fowl.  He  is  capsized — but  not  being  ex- 
actly disposed  to  live  under  the  water,  with  a  dextrous  movement  of  his 
oar  he  rights  himself,  and  becomes  the  companion  and  rival  of  the  whales. 
Character.  Is  an  undofinable  mixture  of  good  and  bad.  They  are 
ardently  attached  to  their  country  and  its  customs,  and  of  course  adverse 
to  the  Danish  system  of  civilization,  wliich  they  charge  with  having 
brought  spirituous  liquors  among  them.  They  look  with  abhorrence  up- 
on public  punishments,  and  think  it  enough  to  load  the  malefactor,  with 
reproach. 

Religion.  The  Moravians  have  had  great  success,  of  late  years,  in 
converting  this  people.  These  benevolent  men  endured  every  thing,  to 
train  themselves  to  sustain  the  climate  and  modes  of  life  of  these  people. 
By  these  labors  a  certain  degree  of  civilization  has  been  introduced  among 
them.  They  have  learned  to  make  barrels  and  boats,  and  to  comprehend 
the  use  of  money.  The  divinities  of  the  pagan  Greenlanders  were  Torn- 
garaook,  and  a  malevolent  goddess  without  a  name,  who  inhabited  a  pal- 
ace at  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  guarded  by  terrific  sea  dogs.  They  believed 
in  a  paradise,  where  the  soul,  in  a  state  of  happy  indolence,  was  nourish- 
|k<  ed  with  the  heads  of  sea  dogs.    Their  priests  were  called  Angekok,  and 

their  enchanters  Iliseets.  The  Danes  have  encountered  incredible 
sacrifices  and  dangers  in  this  region  of  wifiter  and  storms  to  christianize 
this  people. 

PopulatioHf  Towns.  The  Danish  establishments  are  Uppernavicb, 
Umanak,  Godhavn,  Jacob^shavn,  Holsteinborg,  Sukerstoppen,  Gothaab, 
Friderickshaab  and  Jullan^shaab.  The  largest  of  the  Moravian  establish- 
ments is  called  Lichtenau.  In  1802  the  population  amounted  to  5,122 
souls.  Vaccination  has  been  introduced  among  them,  and  will  secure 
them  hereafter  from  the  terrible  ravages  of  the  small  pox.  These  people 
wander  along  a  coast  of  900  miles.  But  neither  the  Danes  or  Greenland- 
%%  ers  have  yet  passed  the  icy  chain  of  mountains,  which  cut  off  their 
intercourse  with  the  interior. 


-^ . 


M 


ICELAND, 

Must  after  all  be  considered,  as  included  in  the  western  continent.  It 
was  known  seven  centuries  before  Columbus.  It  is  a  land  of  prodigies). 
Subterranean  fires  burst  through  the  frozen  soil,  and  boiling  springs 
shoot  up  their  fountains  amidst  eternal  snows.  The  people  are  free,  and 
in  tliis  rude  and  strange  country  feel  the  strong  impulses  of  poetry.  The 
extent  of  the  country  is  4,500  square  leagues. 


,^- 


DANISH  POSSESSIONS. 


»1 


Roek$f  Mountaifu.  The  whole  country  is  little  more,  than  a  chain  of 
immense  rocks,  covered  with  snow,  while  fire  bums  forever  within  their 
subterranean  caverns.  Various  fossils  and  shining  stones  and  lavas  are 
found  here. 

Volcanoes.  Twelve  are  known  in  this  island.  The  most  celebrated  is 
Mount  Hecla,  4,800  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  volcanoes  of 
Scaptefell  made  themselves  known,  in  1783,  by  terrific  phenomena.  The 
river  Skapt-Aa  was  filled  with  pumice  stones  and  lava.  A  fertile  district 
was  instantly  changed  to  a  desert.  Sulphureous  exhalations  and  clouds  of 
cinders  spread  over  the  whole  island,  and  an  epidemic  was  the  conse- 
quence. Immediately  before  this  eruption,  a  volcanic  island  arose  out  of 
the  sea,  and  shortly  after  sunk  again,  and  its  place  was  no  more  known. 

Hot  Springs.  Some  are  tepid,  and  are  called  baths;  others  throw  up 
boiling  water  with  great  noise,  and  are  called  Hverer  or  caldrons.  The 
most  remarkable  is  Geyser  near  Skalholt,  in  the  centre  of  a  plain, 
and  surrounded  by  40  smaller  springs.  The  mouth  of  this  spring  is  19 
feet  in  diameter,  and  its  basin  39  feet.  The  column  is  thrown  up  from 
88  to  92  feet  high.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  dense  smoke,  and  falls  back 
upon  itself  in  spray.  The  lately  discovered  spring  Strok  rivals  Geyser. 
Its  aperture  is  smaller,  but  it  presents  a  better  defined  surface,' is  thrown 
up  with  greater  power,  to  a  higher  elevation,  and  disperses  in  the  air, 
like  artificial  fountains.  Two  other  springs  near  rise,  and  fall  alternately. 
The  whole  of  this  strange  valley  is  filled  with  springs,  and  surrounded 
with  lava  and  pumice  stone.  In  these  springs  the  pagan  ancestors  of  the 
inhabitants  were  baptized,  and  the  present  Icelanders  cook  their  food; 
and  employ  them  for  various  purposes.  The  cows,  that  drink  of  these 
waters,  give  an  extraordinary  quantity  of  milk.  They  have  many  mineral 
springs,  to  which  they  give  the  name  of  beer  springs. 

Fossils.  Among  the  most  curious  is  a  heavy  inflammable  substance, 
called  in  Icelandic  Surturbrandj  which  bums  with  a  flame.  Another 
kind  of ''mineral  wood,  heavier  than  coal,  bums  without  flame,  and  con- 
tains chalcedony  in  its  transverse  fissures.  A  great  variety  of  minerals 
is  found  here,  together  with  marble,  lime,  plaster,  porcelain,  clay,  bole, 
onyx,  agate,  jasper,  sulphur  and  slate.  Under  your  feet  you  see  and 
the  clay  constantly  bubbling  up,  and  hear  the  din  of  waters  boiling, 
hissing  in  the  interior  of  the  mountain,  while  a  hot  vapor  hovers  above  the 
surface,  from  which  columns,  of  muddy  water  frequently  shoot  into 
the  air. 

Air,  Climate.  Through  the  air,  which  is  filled  with  icy  particleSj  the 
sun  and  moon  oflen  show  double.  The  Aurora  Borealis  reflects  a  thou- 
sand different  colors.  Every  where  the  magic  illusion  of  mirage^  creates 
phantom  seas,  and  imaginary  shores.    The  ordinary  climate  would  be 


i 


,*,^     -jt*. : 


119 


DANISH   rOSfllSftBIONIf. 


•uflliciontly  temperate,  to  lulinit  tliu  cultivation  of  wheal,  weru  it  not  timt 
the  floating  ice  aomctimoa  (txca  between  the  northern  uudsouthorn  prom- 
ontories. A  frightful  degree  of  cold  is  the  conse(|ucnce.  Vegetation  in 
entirely  destroyed,  and  famine  and  deupair  Hettio  upon  those  niountninH, 
which  are  heated  in  vain  by  subtcrruncnn  itrcs.  Out  of  UK)  yearH,  l.') 
were  of  this  character,  and  M  years  of  famine.  In  17H1  and  nsf),  when 
intense  cold  succeeded  volcanic  eruptions,  t),(HM)  |ierH«)Mu,  one-liftli  uf 
Uie  whole  po|)ulation,  perished,  with  u  grout  portion  of  the  ulieep,  horsoH^ 
and  horned  cuttle.  « 

Vegetation^  A  spociesof  wild  wheat,  called  Mtlur,  aiVordH  gooil  flour. 
The  lichen  IcelandicuSf  und  ueverul  other  species  of  lichen,  a  great  num- 
ber of  antiscorbutic  roots,  and  even  marine  plaiils  are  used  as  food. — 
Iceland  produces  an  immense  quantity  of  wild  herries  of  excellent  llavor. 
Gardening  is  practised  over  all  the  country.  ('uulillowerH  do  not  succoe.l, 
and  potatoes  have  made  but  small  progress.  In  former  time  the  vales  of 
the  south  of  the  island  were  covered  with  extensive  I'orests.  But  they 
have  been  improvidently  destroyed.  A  few  birch  wooils,  and  many 
bushes  remain.  But  the  wood  which  the  earth  denies  them  is  furnisheil 
by  the  ocean.  The  immense  quantity  of  thick  trunks  of  pines,  firs,  and 
other  trees,  which  are  thrown  upon  the  nortluMii  citast  of  icelantl,  espe- 
cially upon  North  Cape,  and  Cape  liangane8s,isone  of  the  most  astonish- 
ing phenomenan  in  nature.  It  comes  lloulin^r  down  upon  them  in  an 
abundance  to  bo  greater  than  the  demand  of  the  people. 

Domestic  Animals.  The  oxen  and  cows  are  without  horns.  The 
sheep  have  two  and  sometimes  three,  with  Ion*;  wool,  und  are  very  large. 
There  are  400,000  sheep,  and  40,(KH)  horned  cattle  upon  the  island. 
Pasturage  would  be  their  true  riches,  if  they  would  attend  to  it.  The 
reindeer  has  been  imported  und  thrives.  The  foxes  yield  most  beautiful 
furs.  The  white  bear  sometimes  floats  u|)on  their  shores  on  the  ice. 
Among  many  sea  fowls  is  the  duck,  that  yields  the  eider  down. 

Fish.  Their  shores  and  rivers  offer  these  riches  in  an  abundance,  from 
which  they  profit  little.  The  salmon,  trout,  barbel,  and  other  excellent 
fish  swim  in  their  waters  unmolested,  lilcis  ubound,  but  the  inhabitants 
are  afraid  to  eat  them,  fancying  them  the  young  of  the  great  sea  ser])cnt, 
which,  according  to  tlie  mythology  of  Odin,  encircles  the  whole  earth. 
The  Icelanders  pretend  to  have  seen  him  lifting  his  head  above  the  sea 
upon  their  solitary  shores.  Herrings  swarm  upon  tiie  coast, — but  it  is 
only  recently  that  the  natives  have  learned  the  use  of  the  net.  Small 
whales,  sea  calves,  sea  dogs,  and  cod,  are  the  common  objects  of  their 
fishery. 

Divisions,  Towns.    Iceland  is  divided  into  four  divisions,  correspond- 
ing to  the  four  cardinal  points.    Skulholt  and  Holuui  were  formerly  townsi 


DANISH   l*Ot»E8SION8« 


*   4 
«• 


118 


that  were  gents  of  dioccHcs.  They  now  conntituto  but  one.  Rcikiavik 
ifl  tho  capital,  and  fornuM'ly  coiitiiincil  lOU  hnuHcs.  Bcsestadr  is  thoseat 
of  on  ocodcmy  with  ti  library  of  1,500  volumes,  nu  doubt  tho  must  north- 
orn  library  in  the  world. 

Comnurcv.  'riic  cxporlM  arr  fish,  {rniii  oil,  moat,  Itilluw,  butter,  hidoi, 
eiderdown,  word,  worslod  throid,  au' I  courHU  woollens.  In  IHOIJ  they 
amounted  to  lt)l,*^:iii  rix  (lollarn,  ami  tito  importatioiiH  to  107 ,'405. 

Inhahiliinta.  Are  of  niodorate  staluio,  not  8lroii/»,  seldom  have  a  nu- 
merous olVspriug,  and  w;int  iiiduHtry.  But  they  are  honest,  benevolent, 
faithful,  obligin;r,  and  bot^pitablo.  The  men  lia!i  and  lend  their  flocka. 
The  women  cure  the  llsli,  eooU,  »cw,  and  spin.  They  have  some  manu- 
factures in  woollen.  Tlioy  are  so  attnclied  to  tlieir  country  that  they  im- 
aj,'ino  they  can  be  happy  no  where  else.  TUoy  aronatiirally  disposed  to  piety. 
Their  domestic  amusements  a  i-ereadin;^' history  and  poetry.  One  of  the  men 
gives  his  bund  to  a  woman,  and  tliey  hiiif,'  coupbils  alternately,  the  rest 
occasionally  joining  in  tho  chorus,  'i'luy  are  fond  of  chess.  Their  dress 
is  neat  and  decent.  'I'lu'y  live  more  pltiitifnlly  than  ''ormerly.  They 
have  literary  societies,  which  havepublislied  memoirs,  'i  ore  are  many 
public  libraries  among  them.  Every  Icelander  knows  hov^  !o  write  and 
calculate.  Wine,  coH'ee,  and  spices  are  not  unknown  among  iheni.  Such 
is  tho  colony  of  the  Scandinavians,  placed  between  tho  ice  of  tho  poles, 
and  the  flames  of  the  aljyds.  .  .      <■  • 


SPITSBERGEN. 


To  the  north  of  Iceland  three  lar^^c  islands  and  a  group  of  smaller 
ones  have  received  this  numa.  On  the  eastern  peninsula  of  this  group, 
the  Dutch  whalers  formerly  had  an  establishment,  called  Sweerinburg. 
The  mountains,  crowned  with  snow,  flanked  with  glaciers,  and  probably 
composed  of  red  granite,  slioot  up  in  portentous  brilliance  to  a  great 
height,  and  nro  seen  far  olF  over  the  sea.  The  deep  silence  incre?ises  the 
mysterious  horror  of  the  approaching  navigator.  Yet  even  here  nature 
has  its  annual  resurrection,  and  a  summer  day  of  five  months,  followed 
by  a  night  as  long  of  winter.  Towards  the  noon  of  this  long  day,  the 
heat  penetrates  a  little  into  the  frozen  earth,  expanding  a  few  flowerp. 
Here  among  the  marine  forests  of  the  Fuci  the  whales  roll  their  epprmqus 
bodies  of  fat,  which  the  whalers  pursue  to  the  regions. of  ^tem^l/i*?©- 
Here  beneath  the  mountains  of  ice  they  take  their  gambols  and  their  loves. 
Here  the  sea  dogs  dry  their  brown  furs  on  the  ice.  Here  the  sea  morse 
displays  his  enormous  tusks  of  ivory  Here,  too,  is  his  mortal  enemy, 
Vol.  II.  ■  15 


,.'  f 


114 


s.  • 


DANISH    POMEMIONS. 


Uie  MA  unicorn.  Here  the  whale  is  pursued,  and  sometimes  destroyed  bjr 
the  sword  fish.  Among  these  shapeless  and  colossal  monsters,  is  seen 
swimming  in  the  waves,  or  floating  on  the  ice,  the  ferocious  and  terrible 
polar  bear,  the  enemy  alike  of  all,  pursuing  every  thing  that  has  life,  de- 
vouring every  animal  that  he  encounters;  and  then, growling  with satbted 
delight,  he  seats  himself  on  his  trophy  of  carcasses  and  bones. 

Whale  Fuhery.  There  have  been  in  these  seas  400  large  whaling  ves- 
sels at  a  time.  In  40  years  the  Dutch  caught  ii'2,000  whulcs,  the  whale- 
bone and  oil  of  which  were  worth  £14,000,000  sterling.  The  whales 
•re  diminishing.  Sea  morses  are  still  abundant.  The  skin  is  of  use  for 
suspending  carriages,  and  its  teeth  are  more  precious  than  those  of  the 
elejAant.  The  horn  of  the  sea  unicorn  was  once  an  object  of  supersti- 
tious veneration,  as  a  medicine.  A  margrave  of  Bareuth  accepted  one 
in  payment  of  a  sum  of  60,000  rix  dollars.  Here,  too,  is  procured  from 
a  species  of  whale  the  substance  improperly  called  spermaceti.  Count- 
less millions  of  herrings,  of  more  real  value  than  all  the  rest, ''swarm  in 
these  seas. 

Floating  Wood,  Here,  as  upon  the  shores  of  the  other  northern 
eountries,  are  floated  down  immense  quantities  of  drift  wood.  Not  only 
pines  and  larches,  and  Siberian  cedars  accumulate,  but  even,  strange  as  it 
may  seem,  Pernambuco  and  Campeachy  woods,  probably  brought  hither 
by  the  gulf  stream. 


NEW    SIBERIA—RUSSIAN    AMERICA. 


M'^ 


4 


ExTXNDS  from  Cape  Prince  of  Wales,  at  Behring^s  Straits,  65°,  to 
Portlock  Harbor,  58°.  This  country  interposes  between  the  immense 
desolate  regions  of  the  British  North- West  Fur  Company,  and  the  terri- 
tory of  the  United  States  on  the  Columbia  or  Oregon.  The  Aleutian 
Islands,  lying  between  the  continent  of  Asia  and  America,  properly  be* 
long  to  this  division,  though  in  physical  geography,  rather  to  the  former 
continent.  We  shall  omit  them  here,  and  speak  only  of  the  Russian  ter- 
ritories on  the  American  continent. 

Phyncal  Aspect.  This  country  presents  a  most  savage  and  gloomy 
appearance.  The  hills  are  clothed  with  pines  and  birches.  Above  them 
rise  naked  mountains,  covered  with  eternal  ices,  from  which  often  roll 
down  with  frightful  noise,  and  carrying  ruin  in  their  path,  enormous  ava- 
lanches, that  fill  the  vallies,  and  dam  up  the  rivers.  When  these  masses 
roll  into  the  sea,  the  afifrightened  navigator  far  off  hears  the  echo  of  ths 
eencusiioni  and,  in  the  rising  and  sinking  of  the  waves,  feels  the  effect 


DANISH    POHSESHIOlfl. 


lift 


daihinf;  his  vessel  to  anil  fro.  Between  tlicse  mountains  and  the  lea  the 
soil  is  black,  and  mi^lit  seem  to  pronuMO  fertility.  The  country  is  covered 
with  great  extents  of  spon)];y  inoruHses,  the  soil  of  which  seems  firm,  but 
into  which  the  traveller  sinks.  The  pine  tree  obtains  its  full  dcvelope- 
mcnt  here,  but  the  other  trees  are  stinted  and  dwarfish.  On  this  coait 
(he  sea  is  rapidly  gaining  ujion  the  land. 

Natives.  They  are  more  numerous  than  might  be  expected,  and  art 
not  unlike  the  tribes  of  the  opposite  coast,  with  whom,  however,  they  are 
at  war.  The  savages,  dependent  upon  the  Russians,  are  computed  at 
50,000.  ,  There  are  no  large  rivers  in  this  region.  On  Bchring's  Bay  th« 
Russians  havo  a  small  fort.  Their  chief  establishment.  New  Archangel, 
is  two  degrees  farther  south,  in  a  milder  climate.  About  this  place  grow 
large  pines  and  American  cedars,  and  a  great  variety  of  berries.  Fish  if 
abundant  and  delicious,  und  rye  and  barley  succeed.  The  Kalougianiy 
the  chief  tribe  on  this  coast,  are  numerous  and  warlike.  These  people 
possess  fire  arms,  forge  iron  and  copper,  work  a  kind  of  tapestry,  and 
weave  baskets  and  hats  with  great  neatness  and  taste. 

Commerce  of  the  Russians.  The  furs  obtained  are  chiefly  those  of  the 
sea  wolf  and  the  sea  otter.  The  latter  animals  have  become  rare.  From 
the  interior  they  obtain  of  the  Indians  fox  skins,  blue,  black,  and  gray. 
Parties  of  Russian  hunters  have  already  crossed  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  Russian  Company  has  the  large  capital  of  £260,000,  The  cbiof 
seat  of  this  company  is  at  Irkutsk  in  Siberia. 


■Ii,.''l  :  'lii}:.::     ■ 


, .  It.:.- 


a^f- 


t  V 


% 


.#Hr 


^ 


»fc!      !J«     J' 


lira 


H  ' 


w:'s. 


m 


lUl 


NOriTII    A  mi:  li  10  A. 


,*<•  ■•  .•  ■  ', 

''••   ••'  ^-. ' 

W  I' 

••^«*^'  •' 

h 

N  V.  W     n  K  I  'I'  AI  N\ 

UNorii  lliis  nrunc  is  «'«im|»ri'li('n(ltMl  llir  immfriw  ntiil  dri'nry  connlry, 
Mtcndinjf  IVom  IIh«  ('iin;uliiin  hiKrs  to  (ln'.  iinrtli-wrHl  nxin*  iirul  IIikIhoiiV 
Bny.  This  Itny  jlividcs  fhr  rdimhy  inl'»  Mvo<rrfiif  divisions,  rninlrrii and 
woHlorn.  Tlu'  fMiHlmi  compiisrH  F,iil)n\<lni-,  mid  KnHt  Maine,  and  llii< 
wi'HiiM'n  Now  North  u\u\  New  Hniilh  Wnlrs. 

Physical  Axprcf.     lihur/t.     TU'\h  ilw.wy  nninlry  i«  iiilorsprlcd  with 

rivri'H,  InkoH,  mid  iiiiirslicH,  to  ii  ji<r('!itrn<\triit  limn  :itiy  otiirrrottntry  with 

wliirli  wv  iiro  ai'(]u.-iintr(l.     Sonir  of  tlir  riv<>is  roll   into  tlio  nnkiinwn 

lira  s  of  1 1  in  north,  <tthns  into  lliidsoirs  H:iy.      A«non^  iIh^  fonnor  am 

Alh»|»o»row   Mild  Oiinji/jnli,  or  I'r.ico  Ki\t'v.     Tlio  Coriiu'r  lo.«os  ilscir  in 

I«nk«5  Alhapos«'i»w.     HImvo  Kivor  ('inplirsitsrll'  into  SI;ivo  l.ako.     Out  of 

this  Inko  issin's  McK(>n/,i»''s  IJivrr,  wlii-li  ( iniitirH  into  the   Airtir  Sen. 

Tho  ndvontnroiis  l''r;iiiklin  li;ts  siirvryr«I  <•('()  miles  ol"  (his  c<»tiHt.     In  thin 

rr^itm  of  |MM'|)otit!il  winter,  in  ('*"/'  .'!()',  lie  round  l''.s(|niinanx,  diinitiiilive 

and  cowardly,  nnd  cvoiy  wIumo  tin*  doni/.cns  of  |)oliir  ri^or.     Sliivo  Knke 

ifl  l\00  miles  long,  intors|H;rsod  with  isl;iinls,  wliirharo  rovrrcd  with  trcoa 

resembling  (ho  nuilborry.     Tlio  lakis  and  rivers  in  this  region   join  to 

form  one  mighty  strcnin,  rxtonding  1,N<U)  miles  in  l(>iigtli,  and  resoinhlin/j 

the  mngnitirent  rivers  of  Siheri'i.      (\)])|)er-lMiin'  and  Churcliill   Rivors 

empty,  the  one  into  the  Arctic  Sen,  and  the  other  into  I Indson's  Jky. 

Two  considerable  rivers  nnito  to  form  Saschaschawin,  which  falls  into 

Lake  Winnipook.     This  lake  receives,  also,  the  Assiniboil  and  Ked  Kivcr, 

and  discharges  itself  into  lludsoir.s  Bay,  by  tin'  <>re,it  rivers  Nelson  and 

Severn.     Lake  Winnipeek  is  IS  miles  broad  by  itU)  long.     Itsbnnksarc 

shaded  by  the  sugiir  maple  nnd  white  poplar. 


llltlTIMII    I'OX^IWfllllN*. 


117 


f'lhnati'.  Hin  h  in  ilic  wvi-rily  •»!'  winli-r  Ihtp,  tlml  J'voii  in  M^  (ho 
InkcH  ri-rr/«)  S  It  I  I  ihirl.  Uriitiily  ('<iii)(iMilfi.  'I  lir  rorkn  Hplit  williii  lioiMO 
likn  (lull  of  ||i(<  InixN'*!  ntliltci y,  nnd  \\\v  HJiiitlcntl  rrii^^inctilH  fly  (n  nn 
aMnniNJiiii^  iliNlniiir,  M'lio  d  iiitMi^liiK;  in  (';i|iriciiiii!(,  tiiiii  llioclmnKi't 
nnildrn.  Tlio  nnmni  iM.rcnIiN  mIu  iIm  h  h/'lit  HniMrliiucHciiiiiii  lo  tlm(  u(  a 
full  innoii.       • 

»S'o»7.  lt;irrniiH>>4n  ni\r  «1fM»»liiiinn  fi|ifMj|  on  ovrry  nxAv.  Tlio  «ca  in 
n|)oii  only  iVoni  (lio  <''iiiini<<ri''<Miiriit  of  July  to  (lie  mil  of  H(!|iti>nilior. 
KvfMi  (lien  llio  navi^Mitor  ii  not  !><!<<  iVorii  tlio  dtin^crH  of  encountering  ico- 
li#rj;H. 

/'VffA.  lluilMon^H  Itiy  nUtinls  Imi  frw  lihli.  Hu(  ilio  int)N(  northern 
liiki^n  nloiniij  in  IIk^IichI  kiiulM,  Kurii  tiMMlur^con.  pikr,  li-oiM,  .'iiid  Miilinon. 
Tlio  hIhuch  lire  iiiliiiliiiril  liy  iiilinilo  nntuhtTH  (X  iit|iiiitic  IowIm.  About 
liMkr  Wiiitiipcck  wild  tin>  iH  nl>Uh>liinl,  llic  iMvoiiN^  ftMidol'  tlicHo  trtmn(M 
of  |Ih>  Nli'iMniM.  i'^nnkliii  Iniiiul  llmt  llin  ('op|ifi'-Minp  Itivrr,  (>von  n(  ilfl 
oiitriincr  into  tii(>  l*ol:ir  Sen,  yicMcd  nn  idiiniiliiiico  of  lint;  tisli,  iiltlinugh 
(lioro  won!  none  in  \\\o  nni  ndjcinini,'. 

AiiinHih.  'lUvnr  iii(>  i!h>  Idiird-*,  i'cind«>;ir,  tnnsk-ox,  fiillow  dciT,  lion- 
vpr,  W(dr.  InxrHof  dilK-rciit  coIo;:*,  r  it.unoiint,  wild  rat,  wliitj',  Mack, nnd 
brnwn  hraiH,  wolviMTtio,  oiler,  nice  ion,  innskiit,  mink,  pino  niurtin,  or- 
minr,  pornipinc,  line,  vaiiclir.^  td'  sipiinxdH,  niicr,  &.(•. 

Yi'iirfitf'ioii.  Tlino  iM  a  <y,T.'\\  ;il>imd,\nf('  <d"  hcrry-lnmiinff  nlirnlis, 
^nom'ltn-rit'M,  wliortldx  rrios,  and  culinary  Iu>iI;h.  In  Home  |)ai'lH  of  (ho 
roindty  tJK'  trichiiilliitus  iwv,  con  iiini,  and  other  trcoH  <.blain  a  conHidcr- 
nhlo  ui/.c.     On  U<'d  Uivcrdilli'i'cnt  Kinds  of  cnituro  hucccimI  well. 

Trmh'.  I.SHharc.I  by  two  ( 'onipanicH,  the  llndHon's  JJay,  and  Nor(h- 
Wcst  Coinpnny.  'V\w.  first  <«xpoils,  annunlly,  (o  tlui  nnioinit  of  J[^HJ,(K)(), 
nnd  itn|M)rlH  .fJM(M)(l().  TIio  olIuTconipariy  lias  been  niorc  enterprising, 
and  has  extended  its  ell' iris  to  Ibe  I'acilic,  and  Ibe  Arctic  i^^v^.  The  limits 
of  llie  eonipanies  bein^  nndelined,  tli(<y  have  come  in  collision. 

Lord  Selkirk .  In  tbrse  remote  regions  Lord  S('lkirk  settled  tt  very 
interesting' colony,  wliicit  also  bad  its  collisions  with  tliu  fur  compunieB, 
wliicli  were  nOeiwaids  happily  niljiisled.  Tlie  industrious  and  moral 
Scotch  of  tills  noideiuan's  colony,  succeeded  in  niiHinf»  fine  wheat  and 
potatoes.  liord  Selkirk  has  since?  deceased,  and  this  interesting  colony  is 
(lisport«ed. 

]Satl\\'s.  Tin"  Esiiniinniix  spread  over  tin*  country  from  Gulf  Welcome 
to  lkhrinji['s  Siniits.  Tln-ir  liuis  li;ive  been  met.  with  as  far  north  as  70". 
liitllo,  stpiat,  l'e(;i)l<',  the  coniplexion  of  these  polar  men  has  little  of  the 
copper  color  of  the  other  American  al)ori;,Mnes,  and  is  rather  of  a  dirty, 
retkliah  yellow.  Their  huts  arc  circular,  covered  with  deer  skins,  and 
entered  by  creeping  on  the  belly.     Yet    these  fcoblc  nnd  simple   beings 


1^ 


BRITISH    POSSESSIONS. 


have  been  taught  by  necessity  many  inventions,  which  do  honor  to  human 
nature.      They  make  a  snow  house  in  a  few  hours,  exceedingly  com- 
fortable.    Some  of  the  tribes  are  wholly  ignorant  of  boats  and  canoes. 
Many  circumstances  indicate  fhem  to  be  a  peculiar  race  of  people.  They 
seem  to  be  wholly  destitute  of  religious  ideas.     Some  of  the  tribes  have 
canoes  made  of  the  skin  of  the  sea  calf,  with  which  they  sail  with  amaz* 
ing  swiftness.    Tiiey  work  a  gray  and  porous  stone  into  neat  pitchers 
and  kettles.    The  Chippeways  are  the  enemies  of  the  Esquimaux,  and 
have  in  their  turn  to  contend  with  the  Knisteneaux.    The  Chippeways  are 
a  much  higher  order  of  beings  than  the  Esquimaux.     They  hold  them- 
selves  to  be  descended  from  a  dog.      They  figure  the  Creator  by  a  bird, 
whose  eyes  lighten ,  and  whose  voice  thunders.      All  the  northern  In- 
dians regard  woman  as  a  beast  of  burden,  and  their  own  peculiar  coun- 
tenance and  configuration  as  the  highest  style  of  beauty.     Murder  is  rare 
among  them.    The  perpetrator  of  this  crime  is  abandoned  by  parents  and 
friends  to  wandering  isolation.     Whenever  he  is  seen  issuing  from  his 
concealment,  the  abhorrent  and  general  cry  is  'there  goes  the  murderer!' 
Knistcneattx  J.idians.     Are  the  handsomest  Indians  of   the  north. 
They  inhabit  from  the  Lake  of  the  Mountains,  on  the  north,  to  the  Can- 
adian lakes  of  the  south,  and  from   Hudson's  Bay  on  the  east,  to  Lake 
Winnipeek  on  the  west.     They  hold  conjugal  chastity  of  little  account, 
and  offer  their  wives  to  strangers;  but  are  otherwise,  when  not  corrupted 
by  the  use  of  ardent  spirits,  mild,  honest,  generous  and  hospitable.    They 
believe  the  fogs,  which  cover  their  marslies,  to  be  the  spirits  of  their  de- 
ceased companions. 


LABRADOR, 


f 


Is  a  triangular  peninsula,  bounded  east  by  Davis'  Straits;  south  by 
Canada  and  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  Thus  removed  ncm  the  Arctic 
circle,  we  might  expect  to  find  it  partaking  of  the  temperature  of  the 
milder  climates.  But  it  is  to  the  full  as  frozen,  as  the  countries  just 
described.  It  is  constantly  enveloped  in  fog.  A  family  of  the  nativei 
was  seen  here  in  a  cavern  hollowed  out  of  snow;  the  excavation  seven  feet 
high,  twelve  in  diameter,  end  shaped  like  an  oven.  A  plate  of  ice  form- 
ed the  door;  a  lamp  lighted  and  warmed  the  interior;  at  a  little  distance 
was  a  snow  kitchen.  The  inmates  reclined  on  skins.  The  surface  of 
the  country  is  a  mass  of  mountains  and  rocks,  interspersed  with  innume- 
rable lakes  and  rivers.  These  abound  with  the  best  kinds  of  fish.  The 
beari  combine  near  thrcataracts  to  catch  the  salmon,  that  ar«  impeded 


A^ 


.  --r 


Burrisii  POSSESSION'S. 


119 


in  their  attempts  to  ascend.  These  voracious  animals  swallow  them  with 
greediness.  Some  of  the  bears  pursue  them  200  paces  under  water, 
while  the  indolent  remainder  sit  and  seem  to  enjoy  the  spectacle.  The 
country  swarms  with  beavers  and  reindeer.  The  interior  is  more  mild, 
has  rallies,  trees,  wild  cellery  and  other  plants.  The  eider  duck  fre- 
quents the  eastern  coast.  The  beautiful  spar  of  Labrador  is  well  known. 

Moravians.  Have  founded  three  Missionary  settlements,  Nain,  Okkak 
and  Hoffenthal.  The  heathen  Esquimaux  sometimes  put  their  widows 
and  orphans  to  death,  to  save  them  from  the  more  dreadful  deatli  of  fam- 
ine. The  Missionaries  besides  teaching  them  many  other  useful  things, 
built  a  magazine,  in  which  each  of  the  natives  might  deposit  his  useless 
stores,  prevailing  on  them  to  set  apart  a  tenth  for  widows  and  orphans. 
This  is  the  true  way  to  convert  a  savage  people,  by  showing  them  the 
palpable  fruits  of  the  Gospel. 

Icy  Archipelago,  north  of  these  countries,  has  been  vainly  attempted 
to  be  explored  by  various  adventurous  navigators.  Icebergs,  fields  of  ice, 
er  stationary  ice  have  always  barred  all  interior  access  to  these  frightful 
regions.  The  history  of  those  numerous  navigators,  who  have  attempted 
this  terrible  passage,  is  that  of  the  utmost  daring  of  the  human  mind,  and 
the  utmost  suffering,  that  human  nature  can  sustain. 

The  country  still  farther  north,  and  between  Labrador  and  Greenland, 
has  been  called  North  Devon  by  Capt.  Parry.  He  has  named  the  islands 
of  this  new  archipelago,  Cornwallis,  Griffith,  Somerville,  Brown,  Low- 
ther,  Garrat,  Baker,  Davy,  Young,  Bathurst,  Byam,  Morton,  Sabine  and 
Melville.  Cornwallis,  Bathurst  and  Melville  are  the  largest.  The  lat- 
ter is  between  74°  25'  and  75°  50' ;  240  by  one  hundred  miles.  It  is  a 
dreary  country  of  ice  and  mosses  and  stratified  sandstone .  Some  vege- 
tation, however  is  seen.  Reindeers,  hares,  and  musk  oxen,  come  here, 
during  the  short  summer,  and  innumerable  tribes  and  varieties  of  water- 
fowl. The  deserted  huts  of  Esquimaux  are  also  noted  here.  Feb.  20, 
1820,  the  mercury  stood  below  cypher  in  Fahr.  The  common  phenom- 
ena of  polar  meteorology  are  seen.  The  needle  of  the  compass,  approach- 
ing the  pole  scarcely  traverses. 


m 


il 


liiiiiiP'iliil!  ■'I 

!1 


BRITISH    AMERICA, 

CoMPREHEivDs  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Lower  Canada  and 
Upper  Canada.  It  lies  south  of  the  countries  just  described,  and  north 
the  United  States.  These  are  of  regions  settled  by  the  whites.  The 
immense  and  dreary  coutry  of  New  Britain,  upon  which  we  have  touched, 
is  peopled  almost  entirely  by  Indians. 


120 


BRITISH   POSSESSIONS. 


.v,¥- 


tf^t 


NEWFOUNDLAND 


This  large  island,  380  miles  in  length,  shuts  up  the  northern  entrance 
into  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  perpeticil  logs,  fliat  hover  over  it,  are  pro- 
bably, evaporations  from  the  warm  ciincut  of  the  ^nilf  stream. 

Productions,  Climate.  The  island  is  generally  barren.  It  furnislics 
however,  trees  and  shrubs  suilicicnt  fur  curing  the  fish.  The  glades  occa- 
sionally afford  pasturi'ge.  Wolves,  deer,  foxes,  and  bears  are  among  tho 
animals.  The  rivers  aboinid  in  salmon,  and  other  fish,  otters,  beavers, 
and  other  amphibious  animals. 

BanJcs.  Fish.  Tliis  island  is  chieny  important,  on  account  of  its  con- 
tiguity to  the  innnensc  fislieries  on  ihu  br.iik^'.  These  are  Grand  bank 
100  miles  south  east  of  the  island,  and  Crecn  b;uik  east  of  the  islands  270 
by  120  miles  in  extent.  'J'licse  banks,  are,  probably,  deposites  by  the  sand 
brought  down  from  the  trojjics  by  the  <;nirslrcam,  which  also,  bears  down 
under  its  bosom  countless  millions,  of  tlio  animalr!,on  which  the  fish  feed. 
Tho  temperature  of  the  water  is  iniid,  too,  and  tho  motion  comparatively 
•gentle.  Tiie  fishing  season  begins  in  April,  and  ends  in  October.  At 
this  time  there  arc  generally  100  ship?,  and  thousands  of  small  crafts  here. 
The  business  is  lucrative;  dangerous,  and  an  admirable  nursery  for  our 
hardy  and  adventurous  seamen,  and  furnishes  one  of  the  considerable  ele- 
ments of  our  trade.  Many  English  and  French  vessels  are  here  in  company. 
Every  part  of  the  process  from  taking  the  hungry  animals  from  the  water, 
to  curing  the  fish  and  delivering  it  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  is  specific, 
and  employs  its  appropriate  process.  The  English  and  French  dry  their 
fish  on  the  island.  We  biing  great  portions  of  ours  pickled  to  our  own 
ports,  and  dry  them  there,  particularly  at  ]\Iarblehead,  Gloucester  and 
Beverly.  A  great  number  of  acres  around  those  towns  are  covered  with 
the  flakes  orscallblds  on  which  the  fish  are  dried.  A  vessel  with  twelve 
jnen  usually  takes  from  20,  to  50,000  fish.  The  whole  employment  not 
only  rears  thousands  of  men  to  consider  the  sea  their  home,  and  storms 
their  element;  but  many  other  thousands  are  employed  iu  the  business,  to 
which  this  gives  birth;  and  our  share  of  the  proceeds  in  good  years 
amounts  to  some  millions  of  dollars.  Nothing  can  be  more  unique,  than 
the  modes  of  life  of  these  men,  wliose  abode  is  on  the  sea.  They 
are  hale,  healthy,  honest,  intrepid,  and  of  reckless  cheerfulness,  of 
character. 

Dog.  The  animal  of  this  kind,  called  Newfoundland  dog,  is  remark- 
able for  its  great  size,  fine,  glossy  hair,  and  capacity  for  swimming.  It 
has  probably  been  the  mixed  breed  of  the  dog  and  the  wolf  At  any 
rate,  the  species  was  not  known,  when  the  country  was  first  settled. 


h 


BRITXSII  POSSESSIONS 


121 


Population;  Inhabitants.  This  island  has  recently  doubled  its  inhab- 
itants. St.  Johns,  Placentia  and  Bonavisla  are  considerable  places,  as- 
suming in  their  embellishments  an  European  aspect.  St.  Johns,  th« 
capital,  contained,  before  the  great  fire,  12,000  inhabitants.  The  whol« 
population  may  amount  to  75,  or  80,000,  chiefly  catholics.  "  '\   W'  • 


NOVA    SCOTIA. 

Is  a  narrow  peninsula  300  miles  long,  from  southwest  to  northeast. 
Bounded  N.  W.  by  New  Brunswick,  W.  by  the  bay  of  Fundy,  and  N. 
by  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  in  other  points  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
It  was  settled  by  a  colony  of  300  English,  in  1749.  In  its  early  periods 
the  colony  suffered  much  from  the  French  and  Indians. 

Climate.  Thougli  severe,  the  winter  never  closes  the  harbors  with 
ice.  Like  the  adjoining  countries,  it  is  subject  to  glpomy  and  un- 
wholesome fogs;  but  lias  a  short  summer  as  warm,  as  that  of  the  north  of 
Europe.  The  country,  though  generally  rugged  and  mountainous,  has 
recently  made  no  inconsiderable  progress  in  agriculture.  Vast  marshes 
have  been  drained.  \Mieat,  rye,  hemp,  flax,  and  especially  the  finest  pota- 
toes are  raised.     The  gooseberry  and  raspberry  grow  in  great  perfection. 

Trees.  Oaks  attain  a  considerable  size;  but  the  chief  timber  trees 
are  pine  and  fir.  The  birch  and  the  larch  also  flourish.  The  chief  ex- 
ports are  fish,  timber,  potatoes,  and  plaster  of  Paris.  Game,  wild  fowl, 
and  the  dm.  °t  fish  abound. 

Chief  Towns.  Halifax  has  one  of  the  best  kind  of  harbors.  It  is 
strongly  fortified,  and  contains  from  15  to  20,000  inhabitants.  It  is  the 
residence  of  the  Governor  General  of  all  the  British  American  provinces, 
the  chief  naval  station,  the  seat  of  a  court  of  admiralty,  where  a  number 
of  ships  of  the  line  and  armed  vessels  are  always  lying,  either  stationed 
here  or  for  repairs.  A  considerable  number  of  troops  are  also  in  garrison, 
who,  with  the  naval  oflicers,  give  it  the  air  of  a  military  place.  It  is  sit- 
uated to  be  in  some  measure  the  key  to  the  Atlantic  shore,  and  in  our 
conflicts  with  the  English,  has  been  a  place  of  great  annoyance  to  our 
ships  and  seamen.  Annapolis,  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  opposite  Halifax* 
has  also  a  fine  harbor.  Shelburne,  on  the  south  side  of  Port  Rose  has  9 
or  10,000  inhabitants. 

Vol.  IL  16 


ii» 


-;__3,    .  .,        /*. 


132 


»• 


,'«V'f 


ilRlTlSII    POSHCHSIONS. 


CAPE    BRETON. 


Is  separated  from  Nova  Scotia  by  the  Strait  of  Canso.  It  has  a  severe 
and  tempestiious  chinate,  sul)ji>ct,  hkc  Iho  olhor  counlrics  in  tlicse  seas, 
to  fogs.  'I'lie  snil  is  nrifniitful,  though  oaks  of  v(;ry  j^Tcut  si/.e  are  found 
here.  In  the  forests  a  partridge  of  siirpnssin;:,'  heauty  is  seen.  Cultiva- 
tion would  succeed,  and  the  isUind  abounds  in  mineral  coal  near  th?  sur- 
face. 

Louinhurgh  is  on  the  south-east  const  of  this  ishind,  and  was  once  a 
place  of  great  importance.  Tlic  taking  this  town  from  tlie  French  chiefly 
by  New  England  troops,  under  Sir  William  P,.^ppcrcll,  forms  no  unimpor- 
tant passage  in  the  annals  of  our  history.  It  is  now  unfortified,  and 
much  diminished  in  importance. 


■TS^- 


PRINCE    EDWARD'S    ISLAND. 

b  near  the  northern  shore  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  100  miles  in  extent. 
Chtrlottetown  is  a  considerable  village. 


•      ^       ANTICOSTI. 
NiNSTY  by  twenty  miles,  is  covered  with  rqpks,and  has  no  harbor. 


.*^w. 


'  ■  '  ^       NEW    BRUNSWICK. 

Is  bounded  N.  by  Lower  Canada,  E.  by  the  Gulf  of  St,  Lawrence,  S. 
E.  and  S.  by  Nova  Scotia  and  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  W.  hy  Maine. 

St.  Johns  is  a  large  and  deep  river,  abounding  with  fish,  sea  wolves, 
and  sturgeon.  Its  banks  are  verdant,  lined  with  lofty  trees  and  fertilized 
with  annual  inundations.  It  affords  an  easy  communication  to  the  inhab- 
itants with  Quebec.  The  exports,  timber,  fish,  and  furs,  occupy  101 
ships  The  coribou,  moose,  catamount,  bear,  and  other  Canadian  ani- 
mals are  seen  here. 

Population.  Towns.  The  natives  are  almost  extinct.  The  white 
inhabitants  amount  to  150,000.  Frederickton,  on  the  river  St.  Johns, 
is  the  chief  town.  St.  Johns,  or  St.  Ann,  also  on  St.  Johns,  contains  8,000 


■.*■ 


BRITISH    POSSESSIONS. 


inhiibitiints.  Tlio  country  was  originally  settled  by  German  troops  in  the 
service  of  (ircat  Britain,  and  hence  it  was  called  New  Brunswick.  Tho 
coast  is  indented  with  a  great  number  of  deep  and  important  bays. 


',' 


Is  a  hi«»h  and  mountainous  country,  lyinj^  between  the  river  St.  Tiaw- 
rence  and  Clialour  Bay.  Its  ntitivo  inhabitnnts  difforcd  much  from  tho 
otlirr  Indians,  and  bnd  f^oine  traditions  <;f  diristi;\nity  amon;^  them. — 
They  must  liavo  rocoivfid  Ihem  from  the  aposlles  of  Crcenland,  in  1121. 


LOWER    CANADA.  H 

Is  divided  by  llic  great  river  St.  Lawrence,  and  is  bounded  N.  by  New 
Britain,  K.  by  the  (Julf  of  St.  Lavrenc(?,  S.  V..  and  S.by  New  Brunswick, 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and  New  York,  S.  W.  and  W.  by  Upper 
Canada. 

Dimsions.     Ai-e  counties,  townships,  seigniories,  and  parishes. 

Rieirs.  The  St.  Lawrence  is  the  second  river  in  North  America.  In 
point  of  width  and  depth,  below  Ontario  it  exceeds  the  Mississippi.  It 
begins  to  collect  its  waters  in  the  unknown  deserts  of  the  North- West, 
and  moves  on,  accumuliitin<;  water  through  all  the  great  chain  of  Cana- 
dian lakes.  AVhero  it  issues  from  Lake  I'^rie  it  is  called  Niagara.  It 
rushes  down  the  subliino  precipice  of  Niagara  falls,  and  is  lost  in  Lake 
Ontario.  That  hike  disembogues  through  the  romantic  channels  of  the 
thousand  islands,  and  is  thence  called  St.  Lawrence.  From  this  point 
the  scenery  along  the  river  is  exceedingly  romantic  and  picturesque. 
Numerous  villages  show,  ns  the  points  arc  doubled.  The  houses  seem 
placed  on  the  waters,  and  the  tin  covered  steeples  glitter  through  the  trees. 
The  scenery  varies  at  every  advancing  league.  It  is  from  two  miles  to  a 
league  in  breadth,  before  it  reaches  Montreal.  Below  Quebec  it  is  of 
such  immense  width,  that  its  banks  are  haidly  discernible  from  one  shore 
to  the  other.  '  . 

Ottawa  is  the  next  considerable  river.  It  is  a  broad,  deep,  and  beau- 
tiful stream,  passing  over  many  romantic  cascades,  before  it  mingles  its 
waters  with  the  St.  Lawrence  near  Montreal.  The  Sorcl  is  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Champlain.  The  St.  Francis  empties  through  the  south  hank  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  between  Montreal  and  Quebec.  The  Chandiere  also 
empties  into  the  south  side  of  the  river,  near  Quebec. 


.  «» 


rv&tet 


^ 


124 


-tt^' 


DRITI8II   POflflBSHIONfl. 


-'*» 


Montmorency  Catcadr.  This  stream  twicn  forces  ilnelf  a  piissaf^e 
between  the  rocks,  not  far  from  the  St.  Lawrencp.  Iih  rn|>i<lity  in  con- 
stantly accamulating  in  power,  ns  it  gradually  contrnctn  to  tho  hrondth  nf 
100  feet,  when  at  length  it  falls,  olmost  porpcndiciilarly,  in  while  clouds 
of  rolling  foam,  from  its  rock,  down  a  descent  2i{\  feet.  The  sprny  in  bo 
divided,  as  to  assume  tho  appearance  of  snow,  or  hoar  frost,  l)ofore  it 
settles  into  tho  abyss  below. 

Soil  and  Climate.  Though  a  high,  this  is  not  a  hilly  country.  The 
extremes  of  heot  and  cold  are  excessive.  Tho  rnnpo  of  tho  thermometer 
of  Fuhr.  is  from  102°  above  Zero,  to  3(^o  below.  Frost  commences  early 
in  October.  Snow  storms  begin  with  tho  next  month ;  and  tho  snow  con- 
tinues to  accumulate  till  spring.  The  dices  of  the  persona  walking  in 
the  streets  of  Quebec  frequently  freeze  from  the  driving  s!cet  and  snow. 
Europeans  cannot  long  endure  the  open  air  at  iIuh  .scnsoii.  HoiHteroiis 
winds  heap  the  snow  into  modcrafc  si/.cd  hills.  By  mid-winter  tho  weather 
generally  settles  into  a  severe  still  cold,  with  a  chvir  blue  sky.  Tlio  sur- 
face of  tho  wide  and  rapid  St.  liawrrncc  becomes  a  ni:i.s.sof  lloating  ico. 
The  lesser  rivers  nro  completely  iVozon  over;  and  thus  furnisliod  with 
glvissy  bridges,  the  sleighs  and  sledges  Hit  over  the  icy  surface  in  every 
direction.  The  breaking  upof  the  iceis  acroni|)ani«'d  with  noise  as  load 
as  artillery,  and  tho  sweeping  nias.ses  of  ice  carry  away  roots,  trees  and 
soil  with  Uicm,  ns  they  dash  against  the  sluiro .  A  stranger  to  this  cliinalo 
is  surprised  to  see  tho  earth  covcre<l  with  snow  one  day,  and  in  a  few 
subsequent  days  to  note  the  verdure  of  high  spring.  Here  the  empire  of 
summer  and  winter  is  confounded. 

Agriculture,  The  e-xtcnsive  chain  of  farms  along  the  St.  Lawrence, 
narrow  in  front,  and  from  half  a  milo  to  a  mile  in  width,  has  the  appear- 
ance of  ono  immense  town.  Cornfields,  pastures,  clusters  of  trees, 
snow-white  cottager,  and  ornamented  churches  show  through  tho  rich 
foliage  on  the  banks.  Tho  view  thence  rises  to  lofty  mountains,  and  is 
lengthened  out  to  interminable  forests.  Wheat,  pulse,  grain,  hay  and 
even  tobacco  are  cultivated  to  a  considerable  extent.  'JMio  soil  improvei 
progressively,  as  we  ascend  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Upper  Canada,  which 
may  be  termed  a  fertile  country.  But  agriculture  is  little  understood. 
The  inhabitants  use  little  manure,  and  plough  shallow.  Of  course  their 
grain  is  diminutive,  and  tlie  soil  soon  exhausted.  They  do  not  give  them- 
selves much  trouble  about  gardens,  orchards  or  fr"l;  Strawberries  and 
raspberries  are  produced  in  perfection  and  abundance.  Melons  grow  and 
ripen  well;  but  apples,  pears  and  peaches  are  not  common  below  Mon- 
treal. Many  of  the  plants  resemble  those  of  the  Arctic  regions.  Wild 
ricf,  zitania  aquatica,  grows  in  the  still  waters.  Forests  cover  the  coun- 
try, but  tho  trees  are  dwarfish,  compared  with  those  of  the  United  States. 


•* 


M. 


IIUITIIII    POH8Ef«SION8. 


125 


The  tcrcbiiitliinrs  nn«l  evergreens  nn,l  firs  nro  larpe,  numorous  and  varied. 
The  8ii^;ir  iiitiph^  :ui<i  the  birch  nre  common.  The  naval  timber  is  infurior* 
The  bonutifMl  inonntnin  nsh  \h  abiindunt.  « 

Animali.  TIjc  elk,  fjillow  dwr,  bear,  fox,  nvirlin,  ciilamount,  forrel, 
weasel,  linre,  prey  and  red  scpiirrel  are  round  hew.  The  norUiorn  re^'ioni 
fiirniuh  plenty  of  bufTaloeH,  in«u)so  and  wolves.  Otters,  lieavcr.s,  and 
muskrats  arc  taken  f«)r  their  furs  in  the  lake.s  and  marshes.  Few  rivers 
can  bo  comparci)  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  for  the  nurnl)cr,  variety  and  ex- 
cellence of  its  fish.  The  rattl(!snake,  and  some  other  noxious  reptiles 
are,  also,  seen  on  its  banks.  The  wild  pigeon,  grouse  ptarmigan,  pheas- 
ant, or  drumtning  partridgo,  and  <m;iil  arc  seen  here.  The  hununing 
bird  of  tliiscoimlry  is  the  smallest  of  tlie  s[)rcios,  that  is  known. 

Mrttih.  Arc  not  found  in  alxmdance;  thoiigli  iron,  copper  and  lead 
might  be  smelted  from  ores  discovered  in  this  region. 

Chief  Towns.  Quebec  is  on  the  north  bank  of  the  St.  liawronce, 
where  the  river  8t.  ('harh's  unites  with  it,. '{50  niih^s  from  the  sea.  The 
town  is  naturally  dividtul  into  the  iijiper  and  lower  town.  Tlio  upper 
town  is  built  on  a  higli,  pr(^ci|iitous  rock,  IM.^i  Inel  above  the  h)wer,  and 
is,  from  its  position,  and  natural  f  at i ligations,  the  strongest  military  for- 
tress in  America,  and  corisidcrod  ainvist  impregnable.  The  lower  town 
is  situated  at  the  base  of  this  rock,  fir  below  tiio  upper,  which  seems  an 
eagle's  perch,  to  the  inhabitants  below.  The  population  in  1800  amount- 
ed to  12,000.  A  traveller  approaching  the  city  is  dazzled  with  the 
glittering  of  the  tinned  .'Spires,  and  is  apt  to  form  too  high  an  opinicm  of 
the  extent  anl  beauty  of  the  city.  The  lower  town  is  dirty  and  unpleas- 
ant. The  French  parish  rliurch,  the  college,  therhnpol  of  the  seminary, 
the  barracks,  the  convents,  the  hotel  dieu,  the  castle  of  St.  Louis,  the  es- 
planade battery,  the  citadel,  the  subtmraiiean  passage, and  Brock's  batte- 
ry are  the  principal  buihlings  and  works  of  art  in  the  city,  that  arrest  the 
attention  of  a  stranger.  The  plains  of  Abraham  show  a  battle  ground  of 
intense  interest,  where,  in  one  of  the  fiercest  battles  ever  fought,  Wolfe 
fell  after  a  victory,  which  secured  th(^  possession  of  all  the  northern  divi- 
sion of  North  America  to  the  Fnglish.  The  brave  Montcalm  also  fell  in 
the  battle,  and  was  buried  in  the  chasm  made  by  the  bursting  of  a  bomb, 
that  killed  him.  In  this  city,  in  a  struggle  still  more  interesting  to  us,  fell 
the  brave  and  lamented  Montgomery.  Various  points  of  splendid  scenery 
and  spots  fertile  in  moral  interest  are  visited  in  this  interesting  city  and 
vicinity  by  the  numerous  tourists  and  strangers  from  every  part  of  the 
United  States,  who  now  make  this  city  a  point  in  the  excursion  from 
Niagara  falls  to  Boston.  It  has  numerous  and  the  most  easy  communica- 
tions with  the  country  above  and  below  by  the  beautiful  steam  boats, 
that  ply  on  the  St.  Lawrence.     The  distance  between  it  and  Montreal, 


n: 


120 


.A/^ 


-a 


BRITISH   P088DMXON8. 


f^ 


^ 


160  miles  has  been  passed  in  a  stenm  boat  in  20  hours  and  40  minutes 
In  1825  it  containod  2'i,000  inhabilnnts. 

Montreal  is  built  upon  i'.n  island  of  the  snino  name  in  the  St.  Law- 
rence, 32  miles  lon^s  and  at  its  centre  2  miles  in  width,  at  a  point  in  the 
river  just  below  the  junction  of  the  Ottawa.  The  river  is  here  2  miles 
wide,  and  capable  of  being  ascended  by  vessels  of  any  burden,  although  500 
miles  from  tlie  sea.  It  is  180  miles  south  west  of  Quebec,  and  300  north 
of  New  York.  The  town  has  a  beautiful  position,  ond  shows  to  great 
advantage.  The  mountain,  from  which  it  has  its  name,  rises  on  the  left 
of  the  city,  and  seems  i)laced  there,  like  a  n-.nipart  to  defend  it  from  the 
blasts  of  winter.  A  thick  forest  covers  the  greater  part  of  it;  though  a 
few  neatly  built  houses  show  their  roofs  from  the  midst  of  the  mountain 
groves.  Tiie  new  cathedral  is,  probably,  the  largest  church  in  America. 
Its  front  is  255  feet,  and  its  width  l.'Jl.  There  are  five  public  entran- 
ces, and  the  interior  will  conveniently  contain  10,000  persons.  There 
are  seven  altars,  and  the  eastern  window  over  the  high  altar  is  04 
by  32  feet.  The  <ircuit  of  this  vast  edifice  is  1,125  feet.  It  is  built  of 
hewn  stone  from  the  mountain.  The  college  is  the  next  most  conspicu- 
ous building  extending  in  front  with  the  wings  220  ke\.  It  contains  on 
an  average  300  students.  This  is  a  catholic  institution.  There  are  18 
or  20  public  buildings.  The  French  style  of  building,  the  number  of 
lofty  spires  and  towers  and  the  glittering  tin  coveringof  the  roofs  give  the 
city  a  majestic  and  imposing  appearance  at  a  distance.  The  popula- 
tion, by  a  census  in  1825,  was  24,000,  and  is  now  supposed  to  amount 
to  30,000,  having  advanced  much  more  rapidly  than  Quebec. 

The  chief  article  of  its  commerce  is  furs.  It  is  the  emporium  of  the 
north  west  Company;  and  of  the  trade  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States.  This  company  employs  2,000  ][ factors,  coureurs  du  hois,  and 
hunters;  as  enterprising  people  of  the  kind,  as  are  to  be  found  in  the 
world.  The  clerks  are  chiefly  adventurous  Scotchmen,  forced  by  penury 
to  encounter  the  cold  and  dangers  of  the  dreary  and  interminable  deserts 
of  the  North  West. 

Three  Rivers.  Is  situated  between  Quebec  and  Montreal,  with  a  pop- 
ulation of  2,000.  Sore!  was  built  by  American  loyalists,  in  1787,  and 
contains  200  souls.     There  are  many  other  considerable  villages. 

Commerce.  The  exports  of  commerce  are  furs,  lumber,  potash,  flour, 
pork,  and  timber. 

Population.  In  1814,  was  335,000  chiefly  French  and  Roman  Cath- 
olics. The  number  is  now,  probably  increased  to  600,000.  The 
French  colonists  are  said  to  have  originally  emigrated  from  Normandy. 
They  are  a  people  known  not  only  here,  but  in  the  north  west  and  south 
west  country,  from  the  pacific  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  by  very 


/^ 


IIUITI9II   rOSBCSSinN:^. 


l'J7 


peculiar  traits.     Thoy  arc  gay,  satisfiod  with  a  little,  atlaclicd  to  their  re- 
ligion and  native  country.    With  moderate  indiicorncnts,  they  will  under- 
take long  journies,  and  encounter  inconceivable  dnn-^era  and   hardships. 
In  the  mantifjement  of  poriojrnea  and  canoes,  on  the  hikes  nnd  long 
streams,  they  have  no  rivals.     They  are  remarkably  ingenious  in  finishing 
their  own  domestic  implements.     The  countenance  of  the  Canadian  is 
long  and  thin — his  complexion  sun-burnt  and  swarthy,  and  inclining  to- 
wards that  of  the  Indian;  his  eyes  black  and  lively,  with  lank  and  meagre 
cheeks,  a  sharp  and  prominent  chin,  and  such  easy  and  polite  manners, 
as  though  he  had  always  lived  in  the  ^reit  world,  rather  than  amidst  un- 
inhabited forests.     Their  intercourse  with  each  other  is  to  the  last  degree 
affectionate;  and  a  French  Canadian   village  constitutes    one    family. 
They  are  sober,  marry  yoting,    and   have  numerous  families.     Their 
cheerfulness,  whether  in  prospority  or  adversity)  is  inexhaustible,  and 
more  valuable  to  them,  than  all  the  boasted  attainments  of  philosophy. 

Amusements.  Society.  In  winter,  clothed  in  tanned  skins,  with  a 
woollen  capote,  the  head  piece  of  which  serves  instead  of  a  hat,  their  dress 
is  that  of  the  Russians.  Their  SDcial  intercourse  is  that  of  the  age  of 
Louis  XIV th.  As  soon  as  the  penance  of  their  long  lent  is  ended,  their 
feasting  begins.  The  friends  and  relatives  assemble.  Turkies,  pies, 
joints  of  beef,  pork  and  mutton,  tureens  of  soup,  thickened  milk,  fish, 
fowl  and  all  the  fruits,  that  can  be  procured,  decorate  the  board.  Coffee 
is  introduced. — The  violin  is  heard,  and  these  g;iy  and  simple  people 
are  the  most  inveterate  dancers  in  the  world.  Their  dress,  especially  that 
of  the  ladies,  is  gaudy:  and  the  morning  shines  in  upon  their  unfinished 
hilarity.  These  people  are  called  '  habitans,'  and  they  are  generally  in 
comfortable  competence,  though  extremely  illiterate.  The  '  Quebec 
Mercury,'  lately,  gravely  proposed  the  establishment  of  a  seminary  for  the 
instruction  of  those  members  of  their  parliament,  that  could  neither  read 
nor  write. 

Government.  All  tiie  advantages  of  the  English  constitution  and  laws 
have  been  progressively  extended  to  them.  Two  houses  of  parliament, 
a  legislative  council  and  a  house  of  assembly  are  appointed  for  legislation, 
which  requires  the  sanction  of  the  king.  Upper  and  lower  Canada  unite 
in  forming  the  assembly.  Voters  must  be  possessed  of  a  domicile, 
five  pounds  income,  and  must  have  paid  not  less  than  ten  pounds  an- 
nual  rent.  The  assemblies  are  quadricnnial,  and  dissolved  without 
day,  at  the  will  of  the  governor.  The  executive  is  a  governor,  lieutenant 
governor  and  17  members  of  the  council. 

Revenue.  Expenses.  The  civil  list,  £1.">,000,  maintenance  of  clergy^ 
presents  to  the  Indians,  and  military  (lofciice  in  all  £5(H),()00.     The  cx- 


I  ■-:•:'  '4h 


*• 


128 


BRITISH    POSfSfllllONS* 


ports  are  increasing.  In  1810,  001  vessels  were  employed;  burthen 
143,81)3  tons,  exports  £1,500,000  imports  £1,050,000. 

Military  importance.  Canada  is  the  chief  link  in  the  chain  of  British 
possessions  in  North  Americn,  and  the  only  formidable  rival  of  tlie  United 
States  in  these  regions.  -  .i 

Savages  chiefly  belong  to  the  province  of  Upper  Canada. 

History.  Too  copious  an  article  to  be  here  discussed.  Quebec  was 
among  the  first  settled  places  in  North  America.  In  1759  it  passed  fiom 
the  dominion  of  the  French  to  that  of  the  English.  In  our  revolutionary 
war  an  attempt  was  made,  unsuccessfully,  to  conquer  it  from  the  British. 
In  the  late  war  the  fionticrs  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  were  the  chief 
■cene  of  its  operations. 


UPPER    CANADA, 


A-- 


Is  peninsulated  by  the  Ottawa,  lakes  Ontario,  F.ri n,  and  Huron ;  and 
separated  from  the  United  States  by  the  St.  Lawrence  on  the  east,  south, 
and  west.  Bounded  N.  E.  by  Lower  Canada  and  Ottawa  River,  and 
N.  W.  by  New  Britain. 

Divisions.  Districts,  counties,  and  townships. 
Population  is  advancing  with  great  rapidity.  It  has  hitherto  been  con 
fined  to  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  sho"s  of  the  lakes,  but  is  now  diffused 
over  all  the  interior.  New  towns  a/e  extending  in  the  fertile  forest, 
some  of  which,  in  rapidity  of  increase,  vie  with  those  of  the  U.  States. 
Great  extents  of  fertile  land  are  yet  unoccupied,  and  the  parent  country 
is  furnishing  every  facility  for  transporting  to  these  forests  her  surplus 
population;  great  numbers  of  whom,  however,  finally  make  their  way  to 
the  United  States;  while  we  in  turn  furnish  many  emigrants  particularly 
our  free  blacks  of  color,  for  this  country.  At  present  it  is  probable  the 
number  of  inhabitants  equals  that  in  the  lower  province. 

Upper  and  Lower  Canada  taken  together  by  a  recent  census,  are  found 
to  contain  a  million  inhabitants,  2  Catholic  establishments,  200  curates 
and  missionaries,  and  1  Episcopal  Bishop  of  the  Church  of  England, 
with  250  inferior  clergy.  The  Scotch  Kirk  in  Canada  contains  10  min- 
isters. Not  more  than  one  of  five  of  the  whole  population  can  read. 
Immense  numbers  of  people  have  recently  emigrated  to  this  country; 
and  great  districts  of  Upper  Canada  are  peopling  with  the  same  rapidity 
as  the  Western  Country  of  the  United  States.  The  forests  in  all  direc- 
tions are  levelling^  and  large  and  compact  villages  grow  up  in  two  or  three 
years  from  the  building  the  first  habitation. 


^ 


'\.i 


3^' 


BRITISH    POfiflMSIONS 


120 


Rivers.  Besides  the  numoroiis  rivers  tliat  fall  into  the  lakes,  the  jjroat 
rivers  St.  I/awrence  and  Ottnwa  roll  along  the  two  frontiers  of  thif" 
country.  By  these  nnd  the  lakes  it  has  as  many  advantages  of  inlutui 
water  interconimiinication,  as  any  other  counlry  in  the  world,  with  the 
exfcption  of  the  Uniled  .States. 

Soil  and  Productions.  'I'lie  soil  in  this  groat  peninsula  is  generally  a 
vegetable  mould,  quickened  by  mixtures  of  pulverized  lime.  Many  of 
the  water  courses  have  rich  alluvial  banks.  The  country  is  fertile  in 
wheat,  grain,  fruits,  and  generally  the  productions  of  the  north  part  of 
the  Uniled  States.  Excellent  peaches,  pears,  apples,  and  plums  are 
raised,  and  great  <iuantilics  of  maple  su^Mrare  made  in  some  districts. 

(Uimate.  The  southern  parts  arc  temperate,  compared  with  the  other 
Britibh  provinces.  'I'he  northern  shore  of  Lake  Erie  compares  more 
nearly  with  Philadelphia  than  Quebec. 

Animals.  The  same  as  described  in  the  other  British  provinces,  with 
those  of  the  northern  parts  of  the  United  Slates.  The  fish  are  of  the 
greatest  excellence  and  abundance,  and  the  resort  of  sea  fowls  to  the 
lakes  during  the  summer  is  immense. 

Towns.  York,  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  is  the  n:\etropolis. 
It  has  a  fine  harbor,  is  a  neat  and  growing  town,  and  has  between  3  and 
4,000  inhabitants.  Kingston,  situated  at  the  outlet  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
from  Lake  Ontario,  is  a  hRndsome  and  thriving  town  with  2,501  inhabit- 
ants. Niagara  is  a  considerable  village  at  the  entrance  of  Niagara  into 
Lake  Ontario,  and  contains  108  houses.  Quecnstown  is  7  miles  above  on 
the  Niagara,  it  contains  a  beautiful  monument  to  General  Brock,  who 
fell  here  in  the  late  war.  Chippcway,  a  league  above  Niagara  falls,  is 
famous  in  the  history  of  the  late  war.  Fort  Erie  is  at  the  outlet  of  Ni- 
agara from  Lake  Erie.  Maiden  and  Sandwich  are  on  the  strait,  connect- 
ing Lake  St.  Clair  with  Lake  Erie.  The  catalogue  might  easily  be  in- 
creased by  giving  the  names  of  fifty  new  and  considerable  villages. 

Lakes.  Exclusive  of  the  great  lakes  which  have  been  already  noticed, 
there  is  a  Canadian  chain  of  smaller  lakes,  stretching  north  of  them. 
Simcoe,  Shallow,  Rice,  and  Nopissing  are  the  chief.  Like  the  great 
lakes,  they  are  the  summer  resort  of  immense  numbers  of  water  fowls, 
that  come  to  them  to  feed  upon  the  wild  rice,  with  which  they  abound. 
Quinfi  Bay,  an  arm  of  Lake  Ontario,  70  miles  long,  affords  fine  naviga- 
tion. The  foreign  trade  of  this  vast  counlry  has  hitherto  passed  almost 
entirely  by  Montreal  and  Quebec.  At  least  4C0  vessels,  including  steam 
boats,  already  navigate  the  northern  lakes;  and  although  the  navigation 
and  commerce  are  divided  between  two  countries,  the  necessities  of  busi- 
ness, and  the  sense  of  the  utility  of  mutual  accommodation  to  the  com- 
VoL.  II.    ..  17 


l^'' 


■   !        '      .iltl 

■ :  iv  ''li 


M 


190 


■  RITISn   POStBMIOIfl. 


mon  intereft  has  brought  about  an  understanding  of  a  good  degree  of 
amity  and  concurrence  between  the  Cnnadinns  and  Americans. 

Canals,     The  VVelland  Canal  commences  nonr  the  mouth  of  Grand 
River  on  Lake  Eric,  40  miles  N.  W.  of  BufTaln.     It  connects  Lake  Erie 
and  Lake   Ontario  by  canal   nrivi<^(ition,  overcoming  all  the  descent  of 
Niagara  Falls,  and  Niagara  River  between  the  two  lakes.     It  admits  ves- 
sels of  125  tons,  being  wider  nnd  deeper  than  any  other  canal  in  the 
country,except  the  Delaware  nnd  Chesapeake.     The  elevation  overcome 
by  tho  locks  is  320  feet.     The  canal  required  prodigious  excavations,  in 
some  places  through  solid  stone.     The  'Ravine  Locks^  ore  said  to  be  the 
most  striking  canal  spectacle  to  be  seen  in  America.     It  is  38  miles  in 
length,  and  through  it  large  schooners  have  already  ascended  from  the 
Now  York  shore  of  Ontario  to  tho  Ohio  shore  of  Erie.    The  Rideau 
Canal  is  intended  to  effect  a  navigable  communication  between  Lake 
Ontario  and  the  river  Ottawa.     The  next  object  is  to  secure  the  transport 
of  military  stores   by   an  interior    route    less  exposed  to  American 
assault,  than  that  along  the  lakes.     A  line  of  frontier  fortresses  is  to  be 
built  in  aid  of  this  object;  the  whole  estimated  to  cost  between  five  and 
six  millions  of  dollars.     This,  like  the  forementioned  canal,  is  a  prodig- 
ious undertaking,  carried  over  hills  and  rivers  and   through  morasses. 
These  vast  works  have  wrought  the  same  results  as  in  the  United  States. 
Towns  have  grown  up  along  the  line  of  their  course,  even  before  they 
were  completed,  as  by  enchantment.     Among  the  many  examples  that 
might  be  cited,  Bytown,  at  tho  junction  of  the  canal  with  Ottawa,  was  a 
solid  wilderness  in  1826.     In  1827  it  contained  a  market,  a  school  house, 
4  churches  and  2000  inhabitants.  Magnificent  roads  and  bridges  are  con- 
structed;   and   these   triumphs  over  nature  in  her  wildest  regions  of 
Canadian  forests,  cascades,  vast  rivers,  and  precipices,  have  brought  to 
view  rivers  and  lakes,  the  existence  of  which,  previous  to  them,  were 
hardly  known.     The  Rideau  Canal  is  a  work  of  greater  expense  than 
the  Welland  Canal,  and  about  the  same  length. 


.r' 


itlf- 


'%* 


..Iv 


tUf' 


■'W 


% 


m: 


^ 


IVIEXICAIV  REPIIBLIC. 


Pauino  from  Ihe  British  possessions  in  North  America,  over  the  wide 
extent  of  our  own  republic,  tho  first  country  wo  meet,  south  nnd  west  of 
the  United  Stales,  is  the  Mexican  Republic,  a  country  of  deep  interest  to 
us  in  every  point  of  view.  It  is  one  of  tho  largest  and  most  beautiful 
countries  on  the  glob?.  The  inlmbitiints  had  long  been  servile  colonists 
of  a  great  but  declining  nation,  wliose  boast  it  used  to  be,  that  the  sun 
never  went  down  upon  her  dominions.  The  vast  regions  of  Mexico  and 
New  Mexico  comprehend  all  the  countries  inhabited  by  descendants  of  the 
Spaniards,  and  by  their  conquered  and  converted  Indian  subjects,  and  the 
independent  aboriginal  Indians,  from  the  territories  of  the  United  States 
E.  and  N.  to  the  Pacific  Occnn ;  and  across  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  to  the 
Atlantic;  and  thence  down  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  tho  territory  of  the 
United  States  again.  The  various  states  of  this  immense  country  have 
passed  through  a  succession  of  revolutionary  contests  with  the  parent 
country.  The  Spanish  authority  1ms  been  totally  annihilated ;  and  although 
their  condition  is  fur  from  seeming  to  be  a  settled  one,  and  they  continue 
to  be  afflicted  with  intestine  commotions,  having  designated  their  govern- 
ment a  republic,  they  hnve  a  claim  to  be  geographically  described  as  such. 

Physical  Aspect.  This  great  country  comprises  all  the  varieties  of 
soil,  climate  and  temperature  on  our  globe.  Immense  level  tropical 
plains,  covered  with  a  gigantic  growth  of  evergreen  vegetation  from  the 
shrub  to  the  loftiest  trees  in  the  world;  table  elevations  on  tropical  moun- 
tains, where  perpetual  spring  prevails,  and  where  productions  of  the 
tropics  grow  side  by  side  with  those  of  the  temperate  climates ;  mountain 
summits  covered  with  unmelting  snows,  or  throwing  up  volcanic  fires, 
immense  prairies  clothed  with  ever  verdant  grass,  and  feeding  innumera- 
ble herds  of  buflfaloes  and  wild  cattle  and  horses;  vast  tracts  of  sandy 
desert,  scorched  with  a  cloudless  sun  and  moistened  with  no  rain;  other 
regions,  where  periodical  rains  deluge  the  country  for  weeks  in  succes- 
sion, such  are  the  contrasts  of  this  strange  country.     African  heats  are 


I 


mm 
Him  ^ 


-» "I 


m 


^- 


,i»A. 


^- 


132 


m 


MEXICAN  REpunur. 


^  -  contiguous  to  Arctic  snows;  the  wheats  and  fniits  of  iho  United  States 
to  the  banana,  cocoa  and  pine  apple  of  tlie  tropics.  In  one  district  no- 
thing is  raised  except  by  nrlificial  irrigation.  In  another  the  rank  vege- 
tation is  thrown  up  by  the  richost  soil,  and  a  rcckiiifT  humidity.  Ancient 
and  deep  forests  untouched  by  the  axc.grovcsof  mahogany  and  logwood  the 
palm  and  guava  rear  their  columns  on  the  plains.  In  another,  mountains 
whose  summits  were  never  pressed  by  mortal  foot,  pour  fiom  their  cone- 
shaped  funnels  into  the  elevated  and  frosty  atmos|)hcro  the  flame  and  lava 
of  never  quenched  iiiternal  fncs.  It  is  a  scene  of  continual  wonders 
strong  contrasts,  and  sublime  contemplations,  whether  we  view  the  gran 
deur  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  or  the  diversity  of  the  animal  races,  par- 

V  *      ticularly  the  splendor  and  variety  of  tho  birds,  the  beauty  and  sublin»ity 
of  tho  scenery,  or  tho  grandeur  of  the  almost  numberless  mountam  pcak.s. 
The  Federal  Government  is  cotnposcd  of  a  great  number  of  stales, 
which  send  representatives  to  the  general  congress  at  Mexico. 


Northern  Provinces, 

Sq.  Miles. 

Pop,  in  1803. 

Chief  Towns. 

Old  California, 

55,880     ' 

9,000 

Loreto. 

New  California, 

16,278 

15,600 

Monterey. 

Sonora, 

146,635 

121,400 

Arispe. 

Durango, 

129,247' 

159,700 

.Durango. 

New  Mexico, 

43,731 

40,200 

Santa  Fe. 

San  Luis  Potosi, 

263,109 

334,900 

St.  Luis  Potosi 

654,880 

080,800 

Southern  Provinces. 

Sq.  Miles, 

Pop.in  1803. 

Chief  Toitms. 

Guadalaxara, 

73,638 

630,500 

Guadalaxara. 

Zacatecas,         ^ 

18,039 

153,300 

Zacatecas, 

Guanaxuato, 

6,878 

4         517,300 

Guanaxuato. 

Valladolid, 

.,  26,396 

376,400 

Valladolid, 

Mexico, 

45,401 

1,511,800 

Mexico. 

Puebia, 

20,651 

813,300 

Puebia. 

Vera  Cruz, 

31,720 

156,000 

Vera  Cruz, 

Oaxaca, 

34,664 

534,800 

Oaxaca. 

Yucatan  or  Merida, 

45,784  ' 

405,800 

Merida. 

5,159,200 

680,800 


302,561 
^     Northern  provinces,       654,880 

Grand  Total,  957,441  5,840,000 

The  present  population  is  rated  at  8,000,000. 


p.*^ 

WM 


'¥- 


# 


MEXICAN    REPTrOLIC. 


198 


>«•-* 


M  ■'•      # 

Dlvisiona.  Two  thirds  of  the  Mexican  republic  are  under  iho  l«mperatc,         **• 
and  the  romaininjr  third  under  the  torrid  zone.     The  fust  division  ct)in-     "^ 
prchends  the  states  of  St.  Loon,  and  St.  Andero,  Diiran,'To,  Sonora.  Co-     * 
ahuihj,  Texas  and  New  Mexico.      But  ilio  romaining  tropical  regionst 
from  a  variety  of  causes,  enjoy  for  the  greiter  part,  a  cool,  rather  than  a 
torrid  temperature.     Tiie  interior  of  Now  Mexico  and  New  Biscay  forms 
an  immense  elevated  plateau,  from  G,r)00  to  8,200  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.     Consequently,  thcso  rc<,'ion3  extend  from  the  delightful  tempe- 
rature of  the  city  of  Mexico  to  the  rcfrions  of  eternal  ice  and  snow.  This 
plateau  may  be  classed  into  four  divisions    The  lower  division  is  adapt- 
ed to  the  sugar  cane,  the  banana,  pine  apple,  and  agave.     The  second  is 
appropriate  to  cotton  and  plants,  that  require  thn  samo  temperature. 
The  third  produces  the  wheat  and   apples  of  the  Unifcd  States.     'J'he 
last  is  only  adapted  to  alpine  cultiv.atioii. 

Mountains.  Tiiey  arecalled  in  this  cotnilry  Cordillera.  They  are  so 
numerous,  and  of  such  on  infinite  diversity  of  forms,  that  this  summary 
cannot  notice  all  the  ranges.  No  doubt,  they  might  be  traced  to  families, 
or  classes  of  mountains,  belonging  to  a  succossion  of  ranges,  with  a 
certain  degree  of  parallelism.  The  most  noted  chains  are  the  Sierra  of 
the  Andes,  the  Sierra  Madre,  and  the  Sierra  Membre.  In  Guatimala  these 
chains  bristle  with  such  frequent  volcanic  summits  that  volcanic  mountains 
in  Mexico  arc  no  curiosity.  Popoca-Topetl,  or  the  smoking  mountain  is 
nearly  18,000  feet  high.  Iztacci-IIuatl  or  the  white  woman,  is  1(5,000  feet 
high,  Citlal-Tcpctl,  or  starry  mountain,  is  17,  G<.)7  feet  high.  Perote  is 
13,(>33-feet  high.  Columns  of  smoke,  and  frequent  explosions  ascend- 
ing from  them,  however  noted  and  sublime  phenomena  in  other  countries, 
are  here  too  common  to  be  remarked,  as  occurrences,  that  excite  wonder^ 
terror  and  remembrance.  Some  of  these  mountains  are  granitic,  and 
some  porphyritic  in  structure.  The  mountain,  called  by  the  natives  Cit- 
lal-Tepetl,  or  starry  mountain,  is  so  called  on  account  of  the  luminous 
exhalations  that  rise  from  its  crater  and  play  round  its  summit,  which  is 
covered  with  eternal  snow.  The  sides  of  these  colossal  furnaces  of  the 
internal  fires  of  nature,  arc  often  crowned  with  magnificent  forests  of  ce- 
dar and  pine.  In  1759  the  plains  of  Jorulla,  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacilic, 
experienced  one  of  the  most  tremendous  catastrophes,  that  tho  surface  of  ** 
our  globe  has  ever  witnessed.  In  a  single  night  a  volcano  arose  from  the 
earth,  1494  feet  high,  with  more  than  2,000  apertures,  which  still  con- 
tinue to  throw  up  smoke .  Messrs.  Humboldt  and  Bonpland  descended  ,^ 
into  the  burning  crater  of  the  largest,  288  feet  in  depth.  The  adventure 
was  most  daring  and  dangerous.  They  found  the  air  strongly  charged 
with  carbonic  acid .                                                          .                   ^   ,  , 


^. 


I 


I 


% 

i! 


[<    If 


m 


.*•■ 


■^- 


# 


'V 


\%\ 


MKXICAN  RBPVniilC. 


■m 


^  ilfi/jM.     Every  reatltjr  knows,  that  those  of  (liu  precious  nicluls  nr« 

Koiiurally  fotiiiil  iititon;^  iiiotititiiiiis;  iiiul  that  tliiM  is  tlio  country  ut'Hil- 
vcr  anil  i^old.  The  ainniiil  pnxiuco,  inonlinnry  yunrs,  UHed  Huldoin  to  fall 
bnldw  ,«|'J2,000,0()0  of  silver.  'I'lio  ;l'oM  is  ftdind  in  liltlo  Htraw-liko  frag- 
montH  nnd  veins.  The  riclioHt  mine,  in  its  yield  of  native  Hiivor,  iH  Hnrlo- 
pilos  in  New  Discny.  In  nioHt  oftlioni,  tlu  metal  iH  extracted  from  red, 
l>lack«  niuriuted  nnd  nuiphurettcd  ore:)  oP  nilver.  In  south  America,  tlio 
chipf  mines  are  found  on  the  HummitH  of  the  Andes,  in  the  rcjOf  ions  of  per- 
petual frost  and  ice.  In  Mexico,  on  the  contrary,  tho  richest,  such  as 
those  of  (iiuanaxualo,  ZnoateciiH,  TaHco,  nnd  Real  de  Monte  nro  found 
between  r),r)t)(),  and  tl^'iOO  feet  hijLfli.  Tlie  climate  is  delightful,  r.nd  the 
vicinity  aliounds  with  forests,  and  (;very  facility  to  work  the  mines  to 
advantage.  A  Ci'.tali^iie  of  tho  nnm<<H  ofr>()  mines  might  easily  bo 
given,  extending  fr«)m  Santa  Fe,  at  tho  sources  of  tho  Uio  del  Norte,  to 
the  Pacific. 

Rivera.  Nature,  ns  if  satisfied  with  her  am|)lo  heslowment  of  mineral 
and  vegetable  ricJies,  has  denied  to  this  beautiful  country  the  numerous 
nnd  useful  rivers  of  the  United  Stales.  Scarcely  n  navigable  stream  is 
found  in  this  vast  coimtry;  and  but  two,  that  would  bo  deemed  worthy  of 
name  in  the  United  States.  These  are  the  Kio  Uravo  del  Norte,  and  Ujo 
Colorado.  Innumerable  torivnts  pour  down  from  the  mountains.  Tlio 
smaller  streams  are  Hio  Ihuusaculaco  and  Alvnrado  south  east  of  Vorn 
Crn?.;  tho  Rio  cle  Montezuma  in  tho  valley  of  Mexico,  Rio  de  Panuco 
in  tho  same  vule,  Rio  de  /acatala,  and  the  Rio  St.  Ja^yro,  tho  largest  of 
tho  whole,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Leorma  and  Las  Taxus. 

Lakcu.  The  great  lake  «>f  Cha[)ala,  in  New  Ciallicia,  covers  nearly 
100  square  leagues.  Tho  lakes  of  the  valley  of  Mexico,  and  tho  lake  of 
Pazcuasco  in  tho  intendcncy  of  Valladolid  are  among  tho  most  pictur- 
esque spols  in  the  world.  Lakes  Mexitlan  and  Parras  in  New  Biscay, 
and  Nicaragua  are  large  collections  of  water. 

Circumstances  give  this  last  pectdiar  interest.  This  lake  is  silunted 
on  the  Isthmus  of  Darien,  almost  equidistant  between  the  IwoOccnng, 
Atlantic  and  Pacific;  nnd  is  reptirtcd  to  havo  tides.  There  have  been  a 
hundred  dillerent  projects  to  canal  this  lake  from  the  two  extremities, 
and  tints  unite  these  two  oceans  by  a  canal  of  70  or  80  miles  in  extent; 
and  thus  save  a  passage  round  Capo  Horn  of  more  than  10,000  miles. 
But  on  a  full  survey  of  tho  elevation  of  this  lake  above  the  two  sons,  the 
difTicnltics  of  digging  a  ship  channel,  nnd  constructing  the  necessary 
locks  up  such  lofly  heights,  nnd  the  pestilential  autumnal  air  of  the  river 
St.  John,  by  which  this  lake  communicates  with  the  Atlantic,  the  Span- 
ish government  deemed  tho  project  impracticable,  and  forbade  any  one  to 


4   % 


# 


'♦" '  * 


.f\ 


MEXICAN    nUPUIII.IC. 


135 


roMumo  il  on  pain  of  death.  Hiiice  tliu  country  lins  boen  revolutionized, 
tlio sidyoct  has  been  rcHuncitalod.  Tho  iathintin  of  Tehiinntepcc  prcsentw 
the  two  rivcrH  IIunsncuulcofUHl  Chimilnpa,  which  riiiply,  iho  one  into  tho 
one  <iccan,  !ind  tho  other  into  llio  oHkt.  A  canal  of  N  Icagjios,  nt  furthest 
would  unite  thoHo  two  rivers,  and  bring  the  oceans  into  communicntion. 
Tho  Andes  nl  thia  point  have  disappeared,  and  tlio  elevation  of  the  canal 
nl)ovo  tho  two  sens  would  be  moderate. 

Harbors.  It  will  bo  seen,  that  this  repidilie  has  un  inunenso  extent  of 
floa  cooBt  on  both  oceans.  IJut  there  are  few  good  harbors.  Most  of  the 
rivers  oro  obstructed  by  l)arH  nt  their  rnojith.  Violent  storms,  for  consid- 
erable portions  of  the  year,  render  the  ccmst  innreesaible.  Tho  Los  Nor- 
tcs  blow  from  tho  nutinnnal  to  tho  vernal  ecpiinox,  nnd  render  tho  coast 
unsafe  of  approach.  In  another  part  of  the  year  the  papagayo  nnd  Tc- 
huantepec  winds  render  tho  roadsteds  diingerous.  JJut  these  circum- 
stances, jinfavorablo  to  the  navigation,  are  r)rtunate  to  the  republic  in 
anothor  point  of  view  lis  nHording  protetiion  against  hostile  fleets. 

Climate.  The  country  is  divided  into  the  tirrras  Calinitca,  that  is  to 
say  hot  countries,  that  produce  sugar,  indigo,  cotton,  banonas,  and  pino 
apples  in  abun<laMro.  Jn  low  and  mar.sliy  pnsitions  in  these  countries 
nnacclimated  persons,  in  particular  seasons,  are  subject  to  what  is  hero 
called  vomito  prirto,  black  vomit,  or  yellow  fever.  Acaptdco,  Papagayo 
andPeregrinoare  places  of  this  description,  on  the  Pacific;  ond  Tampico 
on  the  (lulf  of  Mexico. 

Tho  next  climate  under  the  tropics  is  at  an  elevation  from  4  to  5,000 
feet.  The  teniperat.re  seldom  varies  more  than  N  or  J)  degrees.  Intense 
licat  ond  excessive  cold  are  eipially  unknown.  'The  countries  of  this  de- 
scription are  called  Ticrra.t  tntijtlada.s,  temperate  countries.  The  oak  is  a 
native  tree  in  this  climate;  and  the  yellow  fever  seldom  prevails  in  Mex- 
ico, in  tho  region  where  the  oak  is  a  native.  This  is  the  delicious  climate 
of  Xalapn,  Tasco,Chilpaningo,  and  of  Mexico  still  more  elevated.  Tho 
air  is  cool  and  salubrious,  and  the  fruits  and  productions  rich  and  pre- 
cious. But  every  earthly  good  has  its  appendant  evil.  These  regions 
lie  in  tho  ordinary  height  of  the  clouds,  which  float  at  the  same  altitude  in 
tho  subjacent  plains,  nnd  envelope  these  charming  and  elevated  abodes 
in  frequent  nnd  dense  fogs.  The  third  belt  is  the  Ticrras  Frias,  or  cold 
countries,  higher  than  7,200  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  Kven  in  the 
city  of  Mexico,  in  tho  centre  of  the  tropics,  the  mercury  has  been  seen, 
though  rarely,  to  fall  below  the  freezing  point.  The  mountains  that 
raise  their  summits  (ar  above  these  elevations,  to  the  height  of  1IS^,000 
feet,  arc  always  white  with  snow, 

Periodical  rains.     In  the  ecpiinoxial  regions  of  Mexico,  nnd  as  far  as 
'iS^  N.  only  two  seasons  are  known,  the  rainp  and  the  dry.    The  rainy 


* 


•* 


136 


MEXICAN  ncpuniiic. 


« 


I 


commences  in  J«nc  or  July,  nnd  ends  in  September  or  October.  The 
riins  bcffin  in  llui  low  cotintrics,  and  frradnally  extend  to  llio  clcvalod 
rrf;ions,  (Icsconilin;,'  in  unrrniitting  torrculs,  ncconipnnicd,  ficcinently 
with  tlimidcr  and  ii/^lifiiing.  At  the  elevation  of  between  0  nnd  7,000 
feet  snow  and  sleet  often  fall  with  the  rain.  Beyond  20°  north,  the 
ground  nt  this  elevation  is  freq«iontly  whitened  with  snow.  But  such 
«nows  are  earnestly  wished.  They  are  deemed  salubrious,  and  exceed- 
ingly beneficial  to  tlio  wheat  and  pasture. 

New  Mexico.  ^J'lie  vast  district  of  this  country  .Tormcrly  known  by  the 
nameof  Now  Mexico,  has  j)pculiar  claims  upon  the  interest  nnd  attention 
fif  our  t;itizens,  as  b;)undin;j;  for  vast  distances  upon  the  territory  of  the 
TI.  Slates  and  sustaining  a  great  nnd  increasing  trade  with  some  of  the 
Western  Slates,  Under  the  ancient  Spnnish  regime,  it  was  designated 
by  the  term  Provincial  Internas.  It  has  a  very  variable  nnd  unequal 
climate.  The  siunmers  are  sultry,  and  in  the  elevated  regions  the  winter 
is  unremitting  and  often  severe.  On  the  whole,  the  interior  of  all  tins 
vast  country  suOIms  much  from  aridity,  and  the  want  of  the  shelter  of 
trees.  Muriates  ofsod.i  and  lime,  and  nitrate  of  potash  and  other  Saline 
substances  encrust  the  soil  so  us  to  bid  defiance  to  cultivation.  This 
chemical  annoyance  is  extending  its  injurious  eflects  in  a  manner  inexpli- 
cable. Happily,  this  incrustation  and  aridity  are  confined  to  the  most 
elevated  j^lains.  A  great  part  of  the  vast  republic,  situated  neither  too 
high  nor  too  low,  may  be  classed  with  the  most  fertile  countries  in  the 
world.  The  lower  declivity  of  the  Cordilleras  and  the  heat  and  humidity  of 
the  coasts,  favoring  the  putrefaction  of  a  prodigious  mass  of  organic  sub- 
stance, display  a  grandeur  of  vegetation  inconceivable,  except  to  those, 
who  have  seen  it,  nnd  prove  a  cause  of  fatal  diseases  to  unaccliniated 
stranger,s.  As  a  general  fact,  great  humidity,  insalubrity,  and  fertility  are 
found  together.  Yet  on  the  whole  the  greater  portion  of  this  beautiful 
country  may  be  considered,  as  among  the  healthiest  regions  in  the  world; 
the  dry  atmosphere  being  sinuularly  favorable  to  longevity.  Even  at 
Vera  Cniz,  while  the  black  vomit  sweeps  away  unacclimated  strangers, 
the  natives  and  persons  used  to  the  climate  enjty  the  most  perfect  health, 
and  live  to  extreme  c^ld  ago. 

Vegetable  prodttcfions.  We  can  only  select  the  names  of  a  few  from 
thousands.  Tn  this  country,  where  all  climates  run  into  each  other, 
nil  classes  of  trees  and  plants  might  be  expected  to  be  found.  In  the 
low  and  maritime  regions,  admiration  is  excited  by  the  number,  the  vari- 
ety nnd  the  grandeur  of  the  native  forests,  and  in  tlic  mountainous  regions 
by  the  infinite  diversity  of  the  plants  and  flowering  shrubs.  Tiie  mahog- 
any, the  logwood  and  nicaragua  trees  are  among  the  cabinet  and  dye 
woods.     The  pepper  and  cocoa  trees  are  among  the  native  fruits.    The 


"i 


■M, 


^4. 


MEXICAN    UEPUBLIC. 


tm 


oak  is  not  found  below  (HUM)  feet  of  elevation.     Pines  spread  from  the 
elevation  of  5700  to  12,300  foot. 

FAlihlc  Phintf!.     Ainonfj  ilirsn   tlio  banana  dcscrvra  llie  first  place. 
Tliroo  species  arc  common.     'J'wo  arc   iiuli'T(?non.s.      The    third  was 
brotight  from   y\fiica.     A  siiififlc  cluster  of  these  fruits  often  contains    - 
from  100  to  ISO  Ihs.  of  fruit.     An  area  of  iJiO  square  yards  will  produce 
4,000  lbs.,  while  the  same  extent  will  scarce  produce  30  lbs.  of  wheat  - 
and  150  of  potatoes.     The  ninuioc  is  cultivated  in  the  same  region;  and 
with  maize  forms  the  principal  nourishment  both  of  anima's  and   men, 
ill  tem])erature3  too  cool  for  the  banana.     'I'ho  European   grains  are 
grown  abundantly  in  the  tem])erato  rcjrions.     The  sweet  potaloe  and  the 
yam  arc  more  common  in  the  wnrmer  rejLjions.     The  country  prodtices 
iniligcnous  varieties  of  the  cherry  tree,  apple  tree,  walnut,  mulberry  and 
strawberry.     Most  European  fruits  flourish  in   the  greatest  perfection. 
The  maguey,  a  species  of  the  agave,  furnishes  the  most  profitable  culti- 
vation known  in  the  world.    It  produces  a  vinous  drink,  of  which  the  in- 
habitants of  Mexico  drink  enormous  quantities.      The  fibres  of  the 
maguey   furnish  hemp  and  p;i|ier,  and  its  thorns  are  used  for  pins  and 
nails.     The  cultivation  of  the  sugar  cane  is  increasing.     The  best  indigo 
and  cocoa  are  produced  in  Gualimala.      The  cultivation  of  this  latter 
tree  is  exceedingly  profitable.     Nor  does  the  earth  produce  a  more  useful 
tree  except  the  bread  fruit  tree.    The  nuts  of  the  cocoa  arc  of  such  prime 
necessity  in  Mexico,  that  they  pass  for  small  money.  Our  term  cAoco^a/^, 
made  from  this  nut,  is  derived  from  the  Mexican  chocolatl.     The  nopal, 
or  cactus  cochinilifcr,  upon  which  the  insect,   that  produces  cochineal 
feeds,  is  raised   on  a  large  scale  in  Oaxaca.     The  jalap  of  medicine 
grows  in  J'.ic  region  of  Xalapa,  from  which  it  derives  its  name.  Vanilla 
imparting  its  delightful  and  spicy  flavor  to  chocolate  is  cultivated.    Here, 
also  ate  produced  the  balsams  of  Copaivi  and  Tola.  Honduras  and  Cara- 
paachy  arc  covered  with  forests  of  mahngony  and  logwood.     A  species 
of  arum  yields  a  black  dye.     Guiacum,  sassafras  and  tamarind  trees  are 
abundant  in  these  fertile  countries.     In    the  low  lands  are  found  wild 
ananas;  and  in  the  rich  rocky  soils  diflbrent  species  of  the  aloe,  and 
euphorbia.  This  country  has  yielded  to  flower  gardens  the  most  rich  and 
splendid  flowers.  * 

Zoology.  It  is  very  imperfectly  known.  Along  with  most  of  the  an 
imals  common  in  the  United  States,  is  the  coendou,  the  conepalt  wease., 
the  apaxa,  or  Mexican  stag,  and  a  new  species  of  striped  squirrel.  A 
species  of  wolf  dogs  is  entirely  without  hair;  and  another  species  without 
voice,  which,  in  consequence  of  being  eaten  as  animal  food,  is  almost 
entirely  destroyed.  The  bison  and  musk  ox  are  found  in  immense 
Vol.  II.  ^  18 


I 


w. 


|i 


t 


„«, 


M*'. 


«: 
'% 


188 


IIISXICAN    RBPCBLIC. 


.       * 


f'"^' 


droves  in  the  plains  of  New  Mexico.  The  reindeer  of  that  country  art 
so  large  and  strong,  as  to  be  used  in  sunic  ])laces  as  beasts  of  draught. 
The  prairie  dog  is  a  native  of  the  connf  rics  nonr  the  Rio  del  Norte.  The 
antelope  and  mountain  sheep  arc  found  in  California.  The  jiiguar,  and 
the  cougar,  which  nre  fierce  animals,  hearing  a  resemblance  to  the  tiger 
and  lion  of  Asia  and  Africa,  arc  seen  inOuutimala,  and  the  hot  regions 
of  Mexico.  Hernandez  says,  that  the  Mexican  miztli  resembles  the  lion 
without  his  mane. 

Mexico  is  the  country  of  largo  and  splendid  birds,  abounding  in  them, 
as  Africa  does  in  beasts.  Domestic,  European  animals  have  multiplied 
in  an  incredible  degree.  Innumerable  droves  of  wild  horses  scour  over 
the  plains  of  New  Mexico.  Inronccivable  nvnnbers  of  mules  arc  raised. 
The  trade  between  Mexico  and  Vera  Cruz  alone  employs  70,000.  There 
are  families  that  possess  from  50,000  to  100,000  o.xen,  cows,  and  horses, 
and  others  with  droves  of  sheep  equally  numerous. 

Population.  It  is  well  known,  that  Mexico  has  been  in  a  state  of 
revolution,  and  of  civil  and  intestine  commotion  for  many  years.  A 
greater  degree  of  freedom,  the  removal  of  monopolies  and  interdicts,  tlio 
higher  excitements  of  newly  created  motives  and  hopes,  the  new  scope 
opened  to  enterprise  by  free  institutions  must,  necessarily,  be  highly  favo- 
rable to  increase  of  population;  and  must  tend  rapidly  to  repair Iho 
wastes  of  civil  wars,  massacres,  and  assassinations.  All  things  consid- 
ered, and  taking  the  basis  of  former  increase,  and  the  diminution  of  the 
wars  and  troubles  of  the  revolution,  as  elements,  the  population  may  bo 
safely  rated  at  8,000,000.  The  great  impediments  in  the  way  of  the  in- 
crease of  population,  are  the  ravages  of  the  small  pox,  which  will  soon  bo 
laid  out  of  the  calculation,  as  vaccination  has  been  successfully  introduced 
into  the  country.  The  next  impediment  is  a  pestilence  peculiar  to  the 
climate,  and  only  incident  to  the  Indian  race,  called  Matlazahuatl.  When 
it  prevails,  it  is  sweeping,  like  the  plague,  and  carries  dismay  and  death 
into  the  healthy  interior  regions  of  the  high  plateau.  Happily,  it  sliows 
itself  only  at  long  intervals. 

Famine  sometimes  prevails  in  this  abundant  and  fertile  country.  Of 
all  people,  the  Indians  are  most  indolent  and  improvident.  They  seldom 
accumulate  more  than  suffices  for  subsistence  from  week  to  week.  Thou- 
sands of  the  poorer  classes  are  employed  in  the  operations  of  mining. 
Consequently  the  occurrence  of  a  dry  season,  or  a  frost  produces  a  fam 
ine,  followed  too  frequently  by  epidemic  diseases.  In  1804,  a  frost  in 
August  destroyed  the  maize;  and  so  severe  a  famine  ensued,  that  more 
than  300,000  people  perished  in  consequence  of  the  subsequent  famine 
and  disease.    In  the  revolutionary  movements,  46,000  are  calculated  to 


have  porial 
small  porti 
death. 

The  popi 
castes.    1.  i 
oles  born  ir 
6.  Mixed  cl 
lattocs,  the 
Indians  and 
The  Indii 
possess  gret 
personal  dcf 
stitiously  dc 
has  rcmarkei 
seem  cxtren 
dances  have 
a  passirm ;  ai 
ment  of  vert 
The  unsubdi 
those  of  the 
The  Spani 
the  high  ofTic 
have  porishct 
The  country 
descendants 
arc  called  Is 
and  a  half, 
cular  words, 
an  Indian  is 
He  has  a  sea 
quity  of  tiie 
no(ed  for  the 
The  descent 
The  union  of 
teroons.     W 
led  Quintcro 
ered  of  pure 
er  than  the  n, 
These  dist 
society.     Inn 
Jions,  and  th 
frequently  h? 


> 


# 


MI2X1CAN    lliJPUOI.IC. 


180 


havo  porislicd  in  buttle;  but  thoso,  wliu  so  fall,  ahvoys  constitiito  but  a 
small  portion  of  tlio  mortality,  that  is  t.ncessarily  connected  with  their 
death. 

The  population  is  divided  into  four  great  classes,  subdivided  into  eight 
castes.  1.  Aboriginal  Americans.  iJ.  iSpaniards  born  in  Europe.  3.  Ore 
olcs  born  in  America.  4.  Negroes,  slaves  and  descendants  of  negroes* 
5.  Mixed  classes,  metis.  0.  The  oflspring  of  whites  and  Indians.  7.  Mu- 
lattocs,  the  ott'spring  of  Whites  and  Negroes.  8.  Zombos  the  mixture  of 
Indians  and  Negroes. 

The  Indians  arc  copper  cf)Iorcd,  like  those  of  the  United  States.  They 
possess  great  muscular  strength,  and  an  almost  entire  exemption  from 
personal  deformity;  and  generally  live  to  a  great  age.  They  are  super- 
stitiously  devoted  to  llio  ceremonial  of  the  Catholic  church.  Every  one 
has  remarked  their  astonishing  aptitude  to  carving  and  painting.  They 
seem  extremely  destitute  of  fancy  and  imagination.  Their  songs  and 
dances  havo  a  tinge  of  melancholy.  Their  taste  for  flowers  is  carried  to 
a  passion;  and  the  Indian  .shop-keeper  seats  himself  amidst  an  entrench* 
ment  of  verdure,  and  decks  his  shop  with  the  most  beautiful  flowers. 
The  unsubdued  Indians  on  the  borders  of  New  Mexico  differ  little  from 
those  of  the  United  States. 

The  Spanish  from  Old  Spain  called  gmichqnncs  formerly  enjoyed  all 
the  high  offices  and  consideration.  Since  the  revolution,  many  of  them 
have  perished.  The  remainder  arc  subject  to  penalties  and  confiscations. 
The  country  born  descendants  of  the  Spanish  arc  called  Creoles.  The 
descendants  of  the  Spanish  of  iho  Canary  Islands,  who  are  numerouS| 
arc  called  Islenos.  The  natives  of  mixed  blood  comprehend  two  millions 
and  a  half.  All  the  shades  of  this  intermixture  are  expressed  by  parti 
cular  words,  incorporated  with  Iho  language.  The  child  of  a  white  and 
an  Indian  is  called  Metis.  The  complexion  is  almost  a  perfect  white. 
He  has  a  scanty  beard,  and  small  hands  and  feet,  and  a  particular  obli- 
quity of  the  eyes.  The  olTspring  of  the  Whites  and  the  Negroes  are 
noted  for  the  violence  of  their  passions,  and  their  volubility  of  speech. 
The  descendants  of  Negroes  and  Indians  arc  called  ChinOf  or  Chinese. 
The  union  of  a  white  with  a  female  Mulatto  originates  the  caste  of  quar- 
teroons.  When  a  female  Quartcroon  marries  a  white  the  offspring  is  cal 
led  Quinteroon.  The  children  of  a  white  and  a  quarteroon  arc  consid- 
ered of  pure  blood.  Those  mixtures,  by  which  the  ch'ld  becomes  dark- 
er than  the  mother,  arc  called  Saltra-Atras,  or  Back-Steps. 

These  distinctions  of  caste  enter  into  self-estimation,  and  standing  in 
society.  Innumerable  quarrels  r.nd  litigations  grow  out  of  these  distinc- 
tions, and  the  qualifications  or  disqualifications  annexed  to  them.  It 
frequently  happens,  that  those,  suspected  of  having  mixed  blood|  clunn 


V'"  ■■ 


W 


MO 


MEXICAN    llBPUniilC. 


¥''. 


in  the  courts  declarations,  that  they  nro  whites.  Rich  and  dark  colored 
Mulattoes  contrive  to  get  themselves  tcMtencd,  as  the  phrase  is.  When 
the  applicant  is,  palp.ibly,  dark  to  the  eye,  th-i  sentence  of  the  court  sim- 
ply states,  that  such  or  such  a  one  uiny  consider  himself  white. 

There  are  no  hot  tropical  countries,  where  there  are  so  few  negro 
slaves.  There  tire  not  more  than  10,C00  in  the  whole  country;  the 
greater  part  of  whom  arc  confined  to  Vera  Cruz,  Acapulco,  and  the  hot 
country  in  their  vicinity.  There  are,  also,  considerable  numbers  of  slaves 
made  by  taking  prisoners  from  the  independent  Indians  in  the  Mexican 
conflicts  with  them.  The  slaves  aie  generally  well  treated,  and  are  pro. 
tected  by  the  laws.  There  is,  comparatively,  little  other  than  free  labor, 
and  the  laws  have  made  provision  for  the  complete  emancipation  of  all 
children  born  after  a  certain  period. 

Languages.  More  than  twenty  original  languages  were  spoken  in 
Mexico.  The  Creoles  and  the  greater  portion  of  the  mixed  races  speak 
and  write  Spanish.  The  native  languages  are  famous  for  terminations 
in  iliy  tlttf  ttl,  atl,  &,c.  Many  of  the  words  consist  of  eleven  syllables. 
The  complication  and  richness  of  the  grammatical  forms  seem  to  prove 
the  high  original  intelligence  of  those,  who  inverted,  or  methodized  them- 
Topography.  New  California  borders  the  coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean 
from  Port  San  Francisco  to  the  settlement  of  San  Diego.  The  sky 
here,  tliough  often  foggy  and  humid,  is  extremely  mild.  This  pictur- 
esque country  displays  on  every  side  magnificent  forests,  or  verdant 
savannas,  where  the  herds  of  deer  and  elks  of  enormous  size  graze  un- 
disturbed. The  soil  is  fertile.  The  vine,  olive  and  wheat  prosper.  In 
1802  the  missions  were  18,  and  the  permanent  cultivators  15,560. 

San  Francisco,  the  most  northern  presidio,  is  situated  ujwn  a  bay  of 
the  same  name,  into  which  the  Rio  San  Felipe,  which  rises  in  lake  Tim- 
panogas,  enters.  Wheat  here,  with  very  little  care,  yields  thirty-five  for 
one.  Beautiful  forests  of  oak,  intermingled  with  winding  prairies,  give 
the  country  the  appearance  of  an  artificial  park.  Monterey  is  the  seat 
of  government.  The  aspect  of  the  country  is  charming,  and  the  inhab- 
itants enjoy  a  perpetual  spring.  Santa  Barbara  is  situated  on  a  pass, 
between  the  continent  and  two  or  three,  small  islands.  The  mission  of 
San  Bueneventura  is  a  fertile  district,  but  sometimes  exposed  to  severe 
droughts.  Vancouver  saw  in  the  gardens  of  the  missionaries,  apples, 
pears,  figs,  oranges,  grapes,  pomegranates,  two  species  of  bananas,  cocoa 
nuts,  sugar  canes,  indigo  plants,  and  several  leguminous  vegetables. 

Old  California,  or  the  peninsula  of  California,  is  bounded  S.  and  W.  by 
the  Pacific,  the  gulf  of  California,  and  the  Vermilion  sea  on  the  coast. 
Its  climate  is  hot  and  dry.  The  sky,  of  a  deep  azure,  is  seldom  obscured 
by  clouds,    The  soil  is  arid,  and  the  cylindrical  cactus  is  often  the  only 


MEXICAN    nEPl'IlLir. 


141 


vegetable,  that  relieves  Ihe  barrenness  of  the  waste.  Where  there  is 
moisture  and  a  vegctablo  mould,  grains  and  fruits  multiply  in  a  most 
astonishing  manner,  and  the  vines  yield  a  generous  wine,  like  (hat  of 
the  Canaries.  The  sheep  are  large,  and  yield  a  very  fine  wool.  A  great 
number  of  wild  quadrupeds  are  nainorl,  and  a  great  and  beautiful  variety 
of  birds.  The  pearls,  (hat  are  lished  on  this  coast,  are  irregular  in  figure, 
but  have  a  boautiful  water.  There  are  gold  and  silver  mines;  but  they  are 
not  much  worked  for  want  of  materials.  Native  salt  is  abundantly  collected 
on  the  plains.  The  inhabitants  may  amount  to  0,000,  and  are  dispersed 
over  a  country  larger  than  England.  Loretto  is  the  chief  town.  The 
inhabitants  of  all  classes  may  amount  to  1,000. 

The  Indians  of  these  countries  were  an  extremely  degraded  race.  The 
Jesuits  began  the  task  of  their  conversion,  in  1698.  The  wise  fathers 
collected  these  wandering  tribes,  and  formed  (hem  into  a  stationary  and 
cultivating  people,  who  built  houses,  and  erected  chapels  amidst  the 
rocks  and  brambles.  Here  (he  fathers  diffused  order,  peace  and  plenty 
among  their  numerous  subjects.  They  were  banished  by  an  unjust  and 
impolitic  decree.  The  Franciscans  have  succeeded  them  in  the  mission. 
Their  simple  dwellings  have  a  picturesque  appearance.  The  converted 
natives  are  treated  with  gentleness  and  affection. 

New  Mexico  includes  all  the  country  between  Culifornia  and  Louisi- 
ana.  A  narrow  belt  of  country  along  the  Rio  del  Norte  is  thinly  peopled. 
The  town  of  Santa  Fe  contains  5000,  Albuquerque  COCO,  and  Taos  as 
many  inhabitants.     The  population  consists  of  poor  colonists,  whose 
scattered  hamlets  are  frequently  ravaged  by  the  powerful  and  fierce  tribes 
of  Indians,  that  surround  them.     Their  principal  subsistence  is  by  tend- 
ing their  cattle  and  flocks.     They  live  in  walled  towns,  built  as  fortresses 
to  defend  them  from  sudden  attacks  of  the  Indians.     The  houses  and 
walls  are  built  of  unburnt  bricks  in  continued  ranges  in  the  form  of  a 
hollow  square.     The  soil  is  fertile,  but  the  rains  are  so  unfrequent,  that 
the  cultivation  succeeds  only  by  artificial  irrigation.    The  environs  of 
the  Passo  del  None  produce  delicious  grapes  and  generous  wines.  Many 
of  the  inhabitants  number  their  cattle,  horses  aud  mules  by  thousands. 
The  plains  are  naked  of  trees,  while  the  mountains  are  covered  with 
forests,  among  the  trees  of  which  pines  are  predominant.     Antelopes, 
mountain  sheep  and  buiBiloes  are  abundant  in  this  region.     There  arc 
salt  springs,  and  numerous  mines  of  silver.     The  people  of  the  United 
States  carry  on  an  extensive  trade  with  this  country,  chiefly  by  tlie  way 
of  the  Council  Bluffs  on  the  Missouri  and  Santa  Fe  in  New  Mexico, 
The  mountains  at  the  sources  of  the  Arkansas  are  sublime  elevations 
above  the  point  of  congelation.    Many  of  them  have  table  summits. 
That  the  soil  is  underlaid  with  strata  of  calcareous  rock  is  attested  by  a 


•« 


%' 


.*  -  - 


149 


MKXICAN    HBPUBLIO. 


moat  sin^Milar  phenomenon.  In  175S,  the  bed  of  the  Rio  del  Norte  be 
cnmo  dry  for  an  extent  of  150  lpn«jnos.  It  had  stink,  and  passed  through 
subterraneous  chasms,  and  so  continued  to  flow  for  some  weeks,  when,  no 
doubt,  the  chasm  been  me  chonked,  and  the  river  resumed  its  former 
course.  The  town  of  Matamoras  containing  H  or  10,000  inhabitants,  is 
near  its  mouth. 

Savages.    Among  Uio  numerous  tribes,  that  inhabit  New  Mexico,  the 
A'ppaches  and  the  Commanchcs  arc  tlio  most  numerous  and  important. 
They  hunt,  fight  and  almost  live  on  horse-bnck.     They  arc  exceedingly 
formidable  enemies  to  the  stationary  population,  and  the  shock  of  their 
charge  on  horse-back  is  represented,  as  being  irresistible,  at  least  by  their 
opponents  the  timid  colonists.     Some  of  the  tribes,  that  inhabit  the  Col- 
orado, that  flows  into  tho  gulf  of  CaUf(irnia,are  rcprescutedtohave  con- 
siderable towns.     A  more  recent  traveller,  who  descended  tho  river  from 
its  sources  to  its  mouth,  describes  Ih^m,  as  barbarous  and  naked.  Arispe, 
the  chief  town  of  Sonora,  contains  7,000  inhabitants,  and  Cinalon,  cap- 
ital of  the  province  of  the  same  name,  10,000.     In  this  province  are  rich 
mines.     Culiacan,  capital  of  tho  province  of  the  same  name,  contains 
11,000  inhabitants.     Durango  is  the  chief  town  of  New  Biscay,  and 
contains  12,000  inhabitants,  with  some  splendid  edifices.     The  country 
abounds  in  silver  mines.     Batopilas  and  Cosigirachui  and  Chihuahua  are 
considerable  towns,  containing  from  8  to  10,000  inhabitants.     Monclova 
and  Santa  Rosa  are  neat  towns  in  the  province  of  Coahuila.     Monterey 
in  New  Leon  is  a  considerable  place.    On  tho  upper  courses  of  the  Riu 
del  Norte  the  country  is  dry,  and  seldom  visited  with  rains.     The  greater 
part  of  the  cultivation  is  carried  on  by  irrigation.     In  Texas  San  Antonio 
is  the  most  important  town.   Nacogdoches,  once  a  village  of  some  impor- 
tance, has  suffered  from  the  troubles  of  the  country,  and  is  in  ruins.    San 
Felipe  de  Austin  is  the  chief  town  of  Mr.  Austin's  interesting  settlement 
on  the  Brasses.     The  lower  slope  of  this  country,  towards  the  gulf,  has 
deep  forests  along  the  water  courses,  and  much  resembles  the  south  wes- 
tern part  of  Louisiana.     This  province  is  chiefly  peopled  with  adventur- 
ers from  the  United  States.     Potosi  is  the  chief  town  of  the  province  of 
the  same  name,  and  contains  12,000  inhabitants.    One  of  the  richest 
mines  in  the  world,  that  of  Real  do  Calorce,  is  near  this  city.  Zacatecas, 
chief  town  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  contains  33,000  inhabitants, 
and  exceedingly  rich  mines  are  in  its  mountainous  district.    Guadalax- 
ara  contains  a  university,  is  a  bishop's  sec,  and  has  30,000  inhabitants. 
Compostella  is  the  chief  town  of  a  district  abounding  in  cocoa  nut  trees. 
Tonala  and  Purification  are  towns  in  the  south  of  New  Gallicia.     Their 
districts  are  famous  for  sugar  and  Cochineal.    Cape  Corrientes  is  a  cele- 
brated promontory  on  the  coast,  where  the  winds  seem  to  disperse,  and 


^  MEXICAN    RGrUOLIC.  1^ 

change  the  direction  of  their  con rscd.  Tlie  port  of  SanUlusis  aurrounded 
by  deep  and  beautiful  forests,  which  furnish  ship  timber;  but  isolmostunin- 
hiibitcd  from  its  lowiiess,  and  its  extreme  insalubrity.  The  intendcncics 
of  Guanaxuato  and  Valladolid  arc  picturesque  countries  with  volcanic 
mountains.  The  richest  silver  mines  in  Mexico  arc  near  Guunaxunto. 
This  town  is  rich,  and  flutirisliing,  containing  70,0()0  inhabitants.  The 
mine  of  the  Count  do  Vnlcncianu,  in  1804,  had  been  dug  19(50  feet  per 
pendicular,  making  it  the  deepest  cut  known  in  the  woVld.  Vallndolid 
has  a  delicious  climate,  is  a  pretty  town,  and  contains  18,000  inhabitants. 

The  intendcncy  of  Mexico  is  a  rich  and  delicious  country,  abounding 
with  mountains,  some  of  them  volcanic,  and  containing  mines  and  pre- 
cious stones.  The  level  country  is  replenished  with  the  most  delicious 
fruits,  aniso  seed,  sugar  and  cochineal.  A  remarkable  curiosity  in  this 
piovinco  is  the  Ponte  Dios,  or  bridge  of  God,  a  rock,  under  which  the 
water  has  hollowed  itself  a  canal.  The  waters  have  here  cut  deep  and  foam* 
ing  courses,  over  which,  nt  a  vast  distance  above  them,  the  traveller  cros- 
ses by  bridges  suspended  by  ropes  of  the  agave.  . 

On  the  very  ridge  of  the  groat  Mexican  plateau,  a  chain  of  porphyritic 
mountains  encloses  an  elliptical  valley,  the  general  level  of  which  is  6700 
above  the  sea.  Five  lakes  fill  the  middle  of  this  valley.  The  ancient 
city  of  Mexico  stood  north  of  the  united  lakes  of  Xochimilco  and  Chalco, 
and  to  the  east  of  lake  Tezcuco.  Much  of  the  marshy  ground,  that  sur- 
rounded the  ancient  city,  has  been  drained,  or  filled  up.  A  canal,  dug 
at  a  prodigious  expense,  under  the  mountains,  contributes  still  farther  to 
drain  it.  The  houses  are  built  on  piles;  and  the  ground  is  still  soft,  and 
by  no  means  firm.  The  streets,  though  wide,  are  badly  paved.  I'he 
houses  in  this  strange  and  rich  vale  on  the  summits  of  mountains,  are  as 
magnificent  and  unique,  as  the  position.  They  are  spacious,  and  built  of 
porphyry  and  amygdaloid.  Many  of  the  palaces  and  private  mansions 
have  an  imposing  show,  and  glitter  with  metalic  riches.  The  cathedral 
is  perhaps,  the  richest  in  the  world.  Altars,  candle-sticks  and  images  of 
the  saints  arc  of  colossal  size,  and  solid  silver,  and  ornamented  with 
precious  stones.  Palaces,  mansions  of  great  families,  beautiful  fountains 
and  extensive  squares  adorn  the  interior  of  this  city.  Near  the  suburbs, 
to  the  north,  is  the  alameda,  or  chief  promenade.  Round  this  walk  flows 
a  rivulet  forming  a  fine  square,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  fountain,  with 
a  basin.  Eight  alleys  of  trees  terminate  here,  in  the  form  of  an  altar. 
The  detestable  Inquisition,  finally  abolished  by  the  ex-emperor  Iturbide, 
was  near  this  square.  ,!xAjl 

This  city,  in  the  centre  of  the  country,  is  the  seat  of  an  immense  com- 
merce between  Vera  Cruz  on  the  gulf,  and  Acapulco  on  the  Pacific.  The 
shops  glitter  with  the  abundance  of  gold,  silver  and  jewels.    This  superb 


i^ 


ili 


■.M 


JEt 


144 


MEXICAN    KBPUBI.IC. 


city  is  inbabtlod  hy  101,000  people,  nnd  is  the  centre  of  more  aciettifio 
ontnblialtmcnts.  »hun  any  other  town  in  Spanish  America.  The  L')tanicnl 
garden,  the  school  of  niincp,  iho  Acadnny  of  the  fine  urts,  nnd  the  poly- 
technique  Hchool  are  nohlo  eslablishmonls.  Kxccllcnt  draughtsmen, 
painters  nnd  scidplors  have  boon  produce:!  in  them.  The  environs  pre- 
sent a  scone  of  pleasure  williout  a  parallel  cIsowIkto  in  America.  Hun- 
dreds of  canoes  on  the  Canal  Chnlcho,  fidl  of  Indians,  sitting  under  awn- 
ings, having  their  heads  crowned  with  the  gaudiest  ilowers,  witiieach  a 
musician  on  the  stern  playing  the  guitar,  and  some  of  tho  party  singing, 
or  dancing,  present  a  scene  of  innocent  mirth.  The  people  of  tho  city 
are  given  to  gambling  and  pleasure.  The  floating  gardens  on  the  lakes, 
where  flowers  and  vegetables  used  to  be  cultivated,  are  diminishing.  The 
most  important  arts  are  here  yet  in  their  infancy.  Saws  driven  by  water,  or 
hand,  are  unknown  and  t))eir  planks  arv.  liowed  out  with  tho  broad  axe. 
The  ascent  to  the  table  plain,  on  which  tiiis  city  is  built,  is  of  immense 
height,  and  so  steep  as  to  re»|uire  11)  mules  to  draw  tho  beam  of  a  steam 
engine  up  the  sleeper  parts  of  the  ascent.  It  is  astonishing,  that  no  such 
thing  as  a  rail  road  to  this  city  has  yet  been  constructed.  A  noble  road 
of  the  common  kind  has  been  not  long  since  completed. 

Most  of  tho  monuments  of  the  ancient  grandeur  of  this  country  have 
disappeared  from  about  the  present  city.  Some  grand  memorials  of  the 
empire  of  Montezuma  still  remain.  To  the  north  east  of  the  city  are  the 
ancient  temples  of  the  sun  and  moon.  They  arc  ji  v  ramidal  in  figure,  and 
the  former  measures  at  its  base  615  feet,  and  is  175  feet  high.  That  of 
the  moon  is  somewhat  smaller.  They  arc  incased  by  a  thick  wall  of 
stone. 

Queretaro  is  north  cost  of  Mexico,  has  40,000  inhabitants,  and  is  one  of 
the  handsomest  cities  of  the  new  world.  Zacatala  and  Acapulco  are  un- 
der a  burning  sky  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 

Pueblais  an  intendcncy,  very  populous  and  well  cultivated,  and  its  chief 
town,  called  Puebla  de  los  Angclos,  or  the  angels,  is  the  fourth  town  in 
Spanish  America,  in  comparative  importance,  containing  68,000  inhabit- 
ants. Cholula  contains  16,000  souls.  Tezcncu  contains  splendid  an- 
cient remains,  and  5,000  itdiabitants.  At  Atlissco  the  traveller  is  shown 
an  enormous  cypress  l'^  feet  in  circumference. 

Vera  Cruz  is  a  beautiful  town,  and  the  centre  of  the  foreign  trade  of 
Mexico.  Its  position  is  exceedingly  unpleasant,  being  surrounded  by 
arid  sands,  or  ill  drained  marshes.  The  climate  is  hot  and  unhealthy; 
and  the  only  water,  fit  for  drinking,  is  collected  in  cisterns.  The  harbor 
is  insecure  and  of  difliicult  access.  It  is  often  d^aw^lated  with  yellow  fever; 
and  yet  the  position  is  so  important  to  commence,  that  16,000  people  in 
habit  this  disagreeable  position.   It  is  the  seat  of  an  immense  trade.    The 


■* 


^^ 


4,\ 


MEXICAN    IlKPUHMC. 


145 


inhabitants  nfion  rcpiir,  for  cotdncss,  hniltli,  nnd  tlio  I)cniitic9  of  nrtture, 
to  lliodi'licioiifl  town  ofXilMpn,  Hitinlod  ainon,;  tlio  sliclvin^rr declivities 
of  the  inonutains.     'VWia  tiwn  derives  ils  iiaino  from  tlio  inodicinfil  root 
callod  .T;!l;i|),  frmwiti;,'  nr.ir  if.    'I'lio  province  of  TiiliaHco  is   thickly 
woctlcd,  iiltoundiii;;  ^viiI^  tin;  IMnxiciiii  liijcv,  ;ind  when  cultivated,  is  fer- 
tile.    'r<liiiaiit('[)rc  Ins  ;i  hulinrcn  the  I'acilic,  with  nnl)lo  ancient  ruins 
nt  JNlil/la  in  ils  vicinity.     Yuc  itan  Iks  a  lieallliy,  th()U<,'h  n  hot  and  dry 
climate,  ahntrndiii,',' with  dye  woods,  (aid  in  sunlterffris.     The  coasts  aro 
cov(!red  with   forests  of  niaiiijrovo,   and  impen(!lrablo  hedges  of  Althea 
and  C'ainw(;oil.    In  tlio  dry  seasons,  the  people?  obtain  their  drinking  water 
from  an   incision  in  the  wild  pinoH.     Merida,  the  chief  town,  contains 
10,000  inhabitanls.     'I'lie  Mn'j,lish  cut  lof^wood  nnd  niahoj,'any  here,  nnd 
have  some  small   colonies  en  the  coast,     (jiualimula  extendi  along  the 
Pacific.     The  plains  an;  exeee;lin:!;ly  fertile.     Mai/.e  brings  .'100  for  ono; 
and  the  country  ])r()duces  the  finest  iiidi<,").     In  the  forests  arc  many  ani- 
mals imperfectly  hnciwn,  and  m;;ny  non  descript  balsamic  shrubs.     Silver 
mines  and  volcanoca  abound,  find  the  country  is  more  subject,  than  any 
other  known,  to  earthquakes.     The  oncient  city  of  Guatitnalu  was  sunk 
in  1777.     Never  was  enrtlu|uake   accompanied  with  more  tcrritic  and 
destructive  pjienomcna.     Tlio  sea  rose  from  its  bed.  Ono  volcan'o  poured 
out  boiling'  water,  and  another  waves  of  blazing  lava.     Eight  thousand 
families  were  swallowed  up  in  a  moment.     The  spot  is  now  indicated 
only  by  a  frightful  desert.     Tlio  new  town  is  built  four  leagues  from 
tlie  old  one.     Fine  cocoa,  cotton  and  ligsare  produced  here.     Cliiapa  is 
u  cheerful  town,  inhabited  by  1,000  families  of  Indians.     The  capital  of 
tlie  singular  province  of  Vera  Paz  is  Koban.   It  rains  here  nine  months  in 
the  year.    CJreat  nMnd)ers  of  the  trees  and  shrubs  yield  diflercnt  balsamic 
resins.     Dragon's  blood  is  produced  among  them.     Reed  canes  100 feet 
in  length  are  found,  and  of  such  a  thickness,  that  from  one  knot  to  anoth- 
er 2.^)lbs.  of  water  were  contained.     The  bees  of  this  region  make  an 
uncommonly  liquid  lioney.     Among  the  wild  animals  is  tho  Tapir  with 
teeth  longer  than  thor.c  of  the  wild  boar,  with  which,  it  is  affirmed,  the  ani- 
mal can  cut  down  a  tree.  Ils  skin  is  six  fingers  thick,  and  when  dried, 
resists  every  kind  of  weapon. 

The  province  of  Honduras  is  little  known.  To  the  west  it  contains  the 
little  Spinish  towns  of  Caymagua  and  Truxillo.  In  a  lake,  near  the  latter 
there  aro  said  to  be  floating  islands  with  large  trees  on  them.  Caverns  have 
been  hollowed  out  by  the  waters  under  several  of  the  mountains.  Tho 
musquetoe  coast  is  properly  so  named  from  the  intolerable  annoyance  of 
the  insects  of  that  name.  Some  years  since,  tijerc  were  exported  by  the 
English  from  this  country  800,000  feet  raahog«jny,  200,000  lbs  of  Sarsapa- 
rilla,  and  10,000  lbs.  of  tortoise  shell,  beside  tiger  and  deer  skins. 
Vol    II.  19 


146 


'■'^' 


ME?:iCAN    REPUniilC. 


»-<*- 


fi 


Nicaragua  is  a  large  and  important  province.  The  lake  of  the  same 
name  has  several  beautiful  islands,  on  one  of  which  is  a  volcano,  which 
continually  burns.  This  grerit  hike  discliarges  into  the  Atlantic  by  the 
river  St.  Johns,  on  which  th<  re  are  a  great  many  inconsiderable  falls. 
Towards  the  outlet  of  the  rivor,  the  shore  is  marshy  and  pestilential,  and 
the  Indians  numerous,  and  perfidious.  It  is  well  known,  that  by  this  river, 
and  through  this  lake,  it  has  been  proposed  to  unite  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  ocean  by  a  canal.  This  province  is  not  known  to  have  any  mines, 
but  is  exceedingly  fruitful  in  all  the  common  productions  of  tropical  cli- 
mates. Leon,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  a  lake,  that  discharges  into  Ni- 
caragua. Its  harbor  is  at  a  distance  on  the  south  sea.  The  palratrees 
grow,  here  to  a  colossal  size.  Nicaragua,  Granada  and  Xeres  are  the 
other  considerable  towns.    Little  is  known  of  them. 

Costa  Rica,  or  the  rich  coast,  is  so  called  in  derision,  as  having  no 
mines.  But  it  is  in  fact  rich  in  nature's  picturesque  scenery,  noble 
woods,  a  fertile  soil,  and  rich  pastures.  Cattle  and  swine  swarm  in  them. 
In  the  gulf  of  Salinas  is  found  the  muscle  yielding  the  rich  purple,  proba- 
bly, the  ancient  purple,  the  dye  of  which  was  supposed  to  be  lost.  The 
capita],  Carthago,  is  a  flourishing  town  in  the  interior.  Nicoya  is  a  port 
on  the  Pacific,  where  vessels  are  built,  and  refitted  The  caoutchoue 
or  India  rubber  is  a  well  known  production  of  this  country. 

Veragua  is  a  province  still  less  known,  than  the  former.  It  has  be- 
longed at  one  time  to  the  government  of  Guatimala,  and  at  another  to  that 
of  Terra  Firma.  It  is  covered  with  mountains,  forests,  and  pasture 
grounds.  It  has  silver  mines,  that  are  not  wrought.  The  capital  is  San 
Yago.  The  descendants  of  Columbus  in  the  female  line  bear  the  title  of 
dukes  of  Veragua. 

History.  Our  plan  allows  no  place  for  detail  under  tliis  head.  Under 
the  empire  of  Montezuma  and  Guatimozin,  the  Mexican  empire  had 
cities,  towns,  temples — a  police — the  art  of  working  in  gold,  silver  and 
copper,  a  kind  of  printing — and  no  small  measures  of  barbaric  spLndor 
along  with  many  traces  of  an  and  civilization.  The  empire  was  con- 
quered by  Cortes  with  a  few  Spaniards.  That  of  the  Spaniards  arose 
upon  the  ruins  of  the  Mexican  dynasty.  Stretching  over  an  immense 
extent,  embracing  a  greater  variety  of  soil,  climate  and  position  than  any 
other  country — more  of  nature's  wealth,  and  more  of  the  factitious  and 
false  wealth  of  the  precious  metals,  than  could  be  found  elsewhere  on  the 
globe,  their  establishments  extended  among  the  mountains,  valleys  and 
plains  of  this  immense  country  in  silence,  and  hidden  from  the  world. 
Nothing  hindered  it  from  becoming  one  of  the  most  populous  and  pow- 
erful empires  in  the  world,  but  the  bigotry  of  the  religion — the  ignorance 
and  mutual  jealousies  of  the  population,  and  the  odious  monopolies  and 


♦' 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


147 


interdictions  of  a  fanatic  narrow  mindetl  government.  The  revolutions 
of  the  United  States  and  of  th3  old  world  frradually  and  imperceptibly 
began  to  operate  in  Mexico.  The  assumption  of  the  crown  of  Spain  by 
a  brother  of  Napoleon,  who  was  not  recognized  in  the  new  world,  facili- 
tated revolutionary  movements.  The  revolution  here  was  effected  with 
less  bloodshed,  than  in  South  America.  After  a  variety  of  revolutionary 
movements,  Iturbide  by  military  usurpation  proclaimed  himself  empe- 
ror of  Mexico.  His  imperial  sway  was  of  sliort  date.  He  was  banished 
the  country,  and  a  government  was  esiablislied  on  a  model  very  similar 
to  that  of  the  United  States.  Tiie  ancient  provinces  and  in  tendencies 
form  states,  that  are  represented  in  gencml  congress  at  Mexico,  in  a 
legislature  modelled  after  ours.  'Vhn  chief  ofHccr  of  the  government  is 
called  president.  Tiio  last  place,  which  Spain  held  in  the  country,  was 
the  castle  of  St.  John  d'  Ulloa,  commanding  the  c  -•ast  of  Vera  Cruz. 
There  has  been  a  recent  and  bloody  revolution,  the  chief  scene  of  which 
was  the  capital.  Older  is  reaiored;  but  tliere  is  a  general  persuasion 
not  only  abroad,  but  in  t!io  country  itscif,  that  the  institutions  of  this 
country  are  as  yet  unsettled.  It  is  cause  for  regret,  that  one  of  the  most 
extensive  and  beautiful  positions  of  the  globe,  calling  itself  free,  should 
not  have  the  stability  and  quiet  of  real  freedom.  The  great  .evils  to  be 
banished  from  this  fair  country  are  the  twin  monsters  ignorance  and 
bigotry. 

South  America  is  the  richest,  healthiest,  most  picturesque,  and  ex- 
cepting Africa,  the  most  extensive  peninsula  on  the  globe.  Of  the  two 
Americas  the  northern  division  ought  to  be  called  Columbia,  and  the 
country  now  under  consideration  simply  America.  This  vast  country 
contains  100,000  square  leagues.  Its  greatest  length  from  Point  Galli- 
anas  in  Terra  Firma,  in  12°  N.  L.  to  Terra  del  Fuego  in  56°  S.  L.  is 
nearly  5,000  miles.  Its  greatest  breadth  from  Cape  St.  Roque  in  Brazil 
to  Cape  Froward  in  Patagonia,  is  4,800  miles. 

General  Aspect.  In  this  wonderful  country  rivers  roll  through  an  ex- 
tent of  4,000  miles,  and  are  so  broad,  that  the  eye  cannot  reach  from  one 
shore  to  the  other.  In  one  point  are  seen  mountain-summits  above  the 
clouds,  white  with  snows,  that  never  melt;  while  their  bases  rear  the  ba- 
nana and  pine  apple.  In  a  day  a  man  can  pass  through  all  climates,  from 
tliat  of  the  equator  to  that  of  Nova  Zembla.  In  other  places  volcanoes, 
too  numerous  to  be  classed,  throw  out  smoke  and  flames.  Still  in  other 
places,  are  vast  and  deep  forests  abounding  in  all  the  grand  flowering 
and  gigantic  vegetation  of  tropical  climates,  which  spread  an  immense 
extent,  that  has  never  yet  resounded  with  the  wood  cutter's  hatchet. 
Nature  here  shows  herself  alternately  in  unexampled  magnificence,  beauty 
sublimity,  power  and  terror.      To  the  west  spreads  an  immense  chain  of 


^}fr 


m 

At 


m. 


H 


,-4*ti 


"^1 


148 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


mountains  with  a  plateau  12,000  feet  above  the  sea.  East  of  tliisisa  belt 
of  plains  and  marshes  three  times  as  broad,  penetrated  by  immense  rivers 
with  their  innumerable  branches.  To  llie  east  is  another  chain  of  moun- 
tains less  elevated,  than  the  western.  Descendants  of  the  Spaniards  occupy 
the  western  chain  r.nd  belt,  and  the  Portuguese  the  etistcrn.  Thus  South 
America  is  arranged  into  two  great  political  divisions. 

Rivers.  The  Amazon  has  undisputed  claims  to  bo  the  first  on  the 
globe  in  length,  breadth  and  deptl).  Its  sources  are  in  the  Andes.  One 
of  its  chief  branches  is  the  Ucayal.  This  stream  is  formed  by  the  Mara- 
non  and  Apurimac.  The  other  branch  is  the  Lauricocha,  or  High  I\Iara- 
non.  From  San  Joaquin  d'Omaguas,  the  united  stream  rolls  its  broad 
wave  over  an  immense  plain,  to  which  great  numbers  of  riveis  Iring 
down  their  tribute  from  the  mountains.  Tiie  Napo,  Yupura,  Parana, 
Chuchivara  Yutay  and  Puruz  would  be  viewed,  as  great  rivers  in  any  other 
country.  Along  with  the  great  Rio  Negro  from  Terra  Firmn,  they  are 
all  swallowed  up  in  tlie  Amazon.  This  prodigious  river  is  known  by 
authors  and  in  poetry  by  the  names  Orellana  or  Maranon.  But  the  bet- 
ter name  is  that  here  given,  which  had  its  origin  from  a  supposed  notion 
of  women  on  its  banks,  wlio  were  clad  in  arms,  and  considered  the  males, 
as  the  women  are  viewed  in  other  countries.  The  Madeira  is  another 
wide  branch  of  this  river.  The  Topayos  and  Xingu ,  also,  empty  them- 
selves into  it.  But  Araguay  ought  to  be  considered  aii  independent  out- 
let, united  to  the  Amazon  by  a  branch  of  communication.  In  its  upper 
courses,  this  river  varies  from  two  to  three  miles  in  width,  and  its  depth 
exceeds  100  fathoms.  Below  the  Xingu,  the  eye  cannot  discern  the  op- 
posite bank.  The  tide  is  felt  between  7  and  8  hundred  miles  from  the 
sea.  At  the  mouth  the  conflict  between  the  waves  of  the  sea  and  the 
force  of  this  mighty  stream  produces  a  violent  and  dangerous  ripple. 

The  second  river  of  the  country,  and  flir  surpassing  in  breadth  and 
depth  any  other  in  the  world,  except  the  Amazon,  is  the  La  Plata,  or  sil- 
ver river.  Its  chief  branch  is  the  Parana.  This  river  has  a  grand  cata- 
ract not^far  from  the  town  of  Guayra.  From  the  north  the  Parana  re- 
ceives the  Paraguay.  The  Paraguay  receives  the  Pilconnya,  a  great  river 
rising  in  the  vicinity  of  Potosi.  The  La  Plata  receives,  also,  the  Vermejo 
and  Salado  from  the  Andes,  and  the  Uraguay  from  t)ie  Brazils.  lis  ma- 
jestic course  is  to  the  full  as  broad,  as  the  Amazon;  and  its  estuary  ex- 
ceeds the  British  channel  in  breadth.  The  Oronoco,  though  not  equal- 
ling either  of  these,  is  a  vast  river.  It  rises  in  the  lake  Ypava  in  5°  5' 
N.  L.  It  passes  through  the  great  lake  Parima.  From  this  lake  it  issues 
by  two  mouths,  and  receives  the  Guyavari,  and  several  other  riveis  and 
falls  into  the  sea,  after  a  course  of  nearly  1,000  miles.  When  it  meets  the 
sea,  its  green  colored  waves  strongly  contrast  with  the  blue  of  the  ocean. 


''W 


SOUTH    AMEHIt'A. 


149 


The  stream,  formed  by  this  river  along  the  gulf  of  Paria,  is  a  place  of 
most  formidable  navi,intion,  an;l  it  is  fo  swift,  tint  vessels  require  a  fresli 
breeze  to  stem  it.  Tiic  asjiect  of  tlie  out'ct  of  this  immense  river  con- 
vinced Columbus,  that  such  a  body  of  ficsh  wiilor  could  only  issue  from 
a  continent.  Here  it  was,  v.'liile  feeling  the  refroshiufr  land  breeze, 
charged  with  tlic  aromatic  fragrance  of  a  boundless  wilderness  of  flowers, 
and  contemplating  the  ctlieri-.l  mildness  of  the  shy,  that  the  f.mous  dis- 
coverer imagined  himself  near  the  garden  of  Edon,  and  that  the  Oronoco 
was  one  of  the  four  great  rivers,  mentioned  in  the  scrip'ures,  as  issuing 
from  Paradise.  Among  tlie  numerous  cataracts  of  this  river,  baron  Huui- 
boldt  distinguishes  two,  the  Maypurcs  nnd  Asturcs,  as  extremely  grand 
and  picturesque.  Between  the  Oronoco  and  the  Atnazon,  there  is  a  sin- 
gular communication,  by  means  of  the  Casiqr.iare.  Innumerable  smaller 
streams  water  this  vast  country. 

South  America,  liho  Africa,  contains  both  rivers  and  lakes,  that  have 
no  known  outlet.  Such  is  the  lake  Titiaca,  connected  with  the  lake  des 
Angelos.  In  Tucuman,  and  south  west  of  Buenos  Ayres,  there  is  an 
immense  level  chain  furrowed  by  torrents  and  little  lakes,  which  lose 
themselves  in  the  sands  and  lagoons. 

"'fountains.     The  Andes  dciive  their  name  from  the  Peruvian  word 

'f ,  implying  copper.  These  mountains  commence  on  the  coast  of  the 
jt^acific,  ten  or  twelve  leagues  from  the  slioro.  Near  Potosi  and  lake  Tit" 
iaca,  the  chain  is  160  miles  broad.  Near  Quito  under  the  equator  are  the 
loftiest  summits  of  this  chain,  which  until  some  travellers  have  recently 
pronounced  the  Himalaya  in  Thibet  highest,  were  universally  accounted 
the  loftiest  on  our  globe.  At  Popayan  this  great  belt  terminates,  and  di- 
vides into  a  number  of  distinct  chains.  The  Sierra  Nevada  de  Merida 
has  a  height  of  14,000  feet;  the  Silla  de  Caraccas  13,S96  feet.  Chimbora- 
zo  in  Quito  has  generally  been  reckoned  at  524,000  feet  in  heipht,  and  is 
higher  than  mount  Etna  would  le  if  piled  on  the  summit  of  St.  Gotliard. 
Cayambe,  Antisana  and  Cotopaxi  the  next  highest  summits  exceed 
19,000  feet.  The  natives  assert,  that  Capa  Urcu,  at  present  an  extin- 
guished volcano,  was  once  higher  than  Chimborazo.  After  a  continued 
eruption  of  eight  years,  the  high  cone  fell  in,  and  the  volcano  was  extin- 
guished. Near  Cuzco,  Ilimani  and  Cucurana  shoot  up  their  summits 
above  the  clouds. 

The  Andes  of  Chili  arc  not  less  lofty,  than  those  cf  Peru,  and  volca- 
noes are  still  mure  numeikjus.  Tiie  most  IVcqi'.ented  tkips  of  these  m.oun- 
tains  is  the  Paramo  do  Guanucas.  But  baron  Humboldt  preferred  that  of 
Quindiu  between  Ilagua  and  Carthago.  He  first  crc.ssed  a  vast  and  deep 
forest,  generally  requiring  len  or  twelve  days  to  traverse.  Not  a  cabin 
is  met  in  all  this  extent.      The  pathway  over  the  mountain  is  not  more 


•t, 


Ml 


ff 


m 


■J-f»j' 


^*t  »*-■- 


150 


SOITTII    A.^IEHICA. 


than  one  or  two  feet  in  Ijieadth;  and  resembles  a  hollow  gallery  open  to 
the  sky. 

The  Qiicl)radas  arc  imn-ionso  routs,  dividinir  the  mass  of  tlic  Andes, 
and  breaking  the  continuily  of  tlio  chaii!,  wliicli  Ihcy  traverse.  Muun- 
lains  of  a  great  size  mi</Iit  bo  swallowed  up  in  these  almost  fathomless 
ravines,  which  seom  so  miiny  peninsulas  on  the  bosom  of  an  aerial  ocean. 
It  is  at  the  bottom  of  these  Quebradas,  that  the  eye  of  the  terrified  travel- 
ler can  best  comprehend  the  gigantic  mngnilicence  of  tliose  mountains. 
Through  these  natural  gates,  the  great  rivers  find  a  passage  to  the  sea. 

The  greater  part  of  the  i)opulalion  of  I'liLise  countries  is  concentrated 
on  the  plateaus  of  these  prodigit.u-?  mountains.  Hero  llic  traveller  looks 
round  on  what  seems  to  bo  a  wide  plain,  or  a  deep  valloy.  lie  forgets, 
that  thevilhigcs  of  these  mountaineers,  these  pastures  covered  with  lamas 
and  bhecp,  these  orchiirds  fenced  with  qr.ii'kset  hedges,  tlieso  luxuriant 
fields  occupy  a  position  suspended  in  the  high  regions  of  the  atmosphere, 
and  can  hardly  bring  himself  to  believe,  th:it  this  habitable  region  is  more 
elevated  above  the  neighboring  Pacific,  than  the  sunnnit  of  the  Pyrenees 
is  above  the  Mediterranean.  Aiitisana,  a  villaj^e  at  the  base  of  the  moun- 
tain of  that  name,  is  the  highest  inhabited  spot  in  our  world,  being 
13,500  feet  above  the  sea.  The  structure  of  these  mountains  is  gener- 
ally granite  at  the  base,  and  the  crests  are  covered  with  porphyries,  and 
when  there  are  volcanoes,  with  obsidiitn  and  amygdaloid. 

Temperature.  In  the  torrid  zone  the  lower  limit  of  perpetual  snow  is 
14,760  feet.  In  the  temperate  /one  it  is  from  (>  to  10,000  icet.  The 
temperature  is  a  regular  and  constant  warmth,  like  a  perpetual  spring. 
Accordingly  a  journey  from  the  summit  of  the  Andes  to  the  sea,  or  vice 
versa  has  a  medicinal  operation  upon  the  frame  suliicicnt  to  produce  the 
most  important  changes.  But  living  constantly  in  either  of  these  un- 
changeable zones  has  a  tendency  to  enervate  both  body  and  mind  by  its 
monotonous  tranquility.  Sunmier,  spiing,  and  winter  are  here  seated  on 
three  distinct  thrones,  which  they  never  quit.  The  palm,  the  Canana 
and  pine  apple,  together  with  the  most  brilliant  and  fragrant  flowers  in- 
habit the  region  at  the  base  of  tliese  mountains.  A  single  vaiiety  of  the 
palm  is  found  from  5,400  to  i-',700  feet  high.  Above  that  commences  the 
belt  of  the  arborescent  fern,  and  the  cinchona,  the  bark  of  which  is  such 
a  precious  remedy  in  fevers.  Between  3  and  4,000  feet  is  a  most  rich 
and  abundant  turf,  with  various  beautiful  plants  and  flowers  and  mosses, 
that  are  always  green.  A  broad  belt,  from  0  to  12,C00  feet,  is  the  region 
of  Alpine  plants.  This  is  the  country  of  grasses.  In  tlie  distance  it  has 
the  appearance  of  a  gilded  carpet.  Above  this  belt  to  tiiat  of  perpetual 
snow  only  lichens  cover  the  rocks.  The  banana,  jatropha,  maize,  cocoa, 
ftngax  cane  and  indigo  grow  in  the  region  of  the  palm.   Cofiee  and  cotton 


mu 


SO;]TJl    AMRUICA. 


151 


extend  across  this  region  into  that  in  wfiicli  wheat  grows.  This  is 
found  in  full  perfection  at  4,500  feet.  Barl'oy  from  tliat  Jo  0,000.  It  is 
liowcver,  between  0  and  0,000  feet  high,  thattlie  various  European  grains 
are  chiefly  cultivated.  TJio  cliief  mines  of  the  Andes  arc  higher  than 
those  of  Mexico,  and  are  generally,  ahovc  the  region  of  perpetual  snow, 
away  from  cultivation  and  wu;,d,and  of  course  are  not  so  much  wrought, 
as  the  former. 

Animals.  In  the  hot  region  we  find  llioslotli,  the  terrible  hoa  serpent 
the  crocodile,  and  the  cavia  hitl'js  1  Innnsalvcs  in  the  marshes.  The  Tanayi 
Crax  and  paroquet  mingle  tlio  brilliance  of  their  plumage  with  that  of 
the  flowers  and  leaves.  The  howlings  of  the  alonates  arc  heard,  and 
the  sapajou,  or  marmoset  monkeys  are  seen.  The  Yaguar,  the  Felix 
concolor  and  the  hlack  tiger  strive  to  satiate  their  sanguinary  appetite. 
Innumeralle  niusquitos  sting,  and  termites  and  ants  annoy  the  inhabit- 
ants; and  the  oestrus  punctures  the  flesh,  and  deposits  its  eggs  in  the  body. 
Still  higher  are  the  tapir,  sus  1;:jassu,  and  tlie  feiix  pardalis;  and  the  pnlex 
is  more  numerous  and  annoying,  than  lower  dov.n.  Still  higher  we  find  the 
tiger  cat,  and  the  hear;  and  the  fleas  are  here  exceedingly  trouhlesomc. 
From  9  to  12,000  feel  is  seen  a  small  species  of  lion,  known  by  the  name 
Pouma,  the  lesser  bear  with  a  white  fureheafl,  and  some  of  the  weasel 
tribe.  In  the  region  of  the  grasses,  from  12  to  15,000  feet,  feed  innume- 
rable herds  of  lamas,  vicunas  and  pacos.  In  this  region  culture  and 
gardening  cease,  and  man  dwells  in  the  midst  of  numerous  flocks  of 
lamas,  sheep,  and  oxen,  which  sometimes  stray  away  into  the  regions  of 
perpetual  snow  and  perish.  Some  lichens  grow  under  the  perpetual 
snow.  Above  all,  above  even  the  solitary  mountaineer  in  the  midst  of 
his  flocks  is  seen  the  prodigious  condor.  They  have  been  observed  sail- 
ing through  the  air  at  the  immense  height  of  21,100  feet. 

Caraccas.  New  Grenada,  Quito.  These  countries  have  been  called 
Terra  I'irrna  and  Castile  dor.  At  present  they  comprehend  the  provin- 
ces or  states  of  Varaguas,  Panama  an;l  Darien.  New  Grenada  Caraccas, 
Maracaib.o,  Merida  Truxillo,  Varinas,  Spanish  Guiana  and  Cumana  and 
the  island  of  Margania  belong  to  this  g.^nc ;  al  division.  This  country  has 
been  the  scene  of  recent  and  desolating  revolutionary  wars. 

According  to  the  diflerence  of  the  level  and  elevation  of  Caraccas,  pre- 
vails either  perpetual  spring  or  perjictual  summer.  The  rainy  and  dry 
season  completely  divide  the  year.  'I'lie  rainy  commences  in  Noveniber, 
and  lasts  till  April.  Daring  the  dry  season,  the  rains  arc  less  frequent; 
sometimes  even  none.  The  country  is  much  exposed  to  earthquakes. 
Mines  of  gold  and  copper  are  found;  bul,  owing  to  the  recent  troubles, 
not  much  wo(|j|^ed.  The  pearl  fishery  ctn  the  coast  is  now  in  consecjuence 
of  the  late  troubles,  nearlv  abandoned.     The  forests  would  supply  to  a 


m 


M   ^^mofEe^mi^rmm^M 


»m 


152 


ROVTII    AMERICA. 


settled  anrl  active  government  inexhaustible  supplies  ofship  and  building 
timber.  Dyeing  and  cabinet  woods  abound.  Ciiicliona  und  susaoarillu 
are  cclicctod.  The  l:i!;e  of  iManicaibo  furniHJicg  mineral  pitch  in  abun- 
dance, r.scd  for  calking'  siiipH.  The  lako  is  '210  1  y  *,)0  miles;  and  the  in- 
habitants prcTcr  living'  <  n  islands  in  the  lake  to  a  residence  on  its  arid 
and  unhealthy  shores.  TJie  water  of  the  lake  is  fiesli,  tlnuyli  it  commu- 
nicates with  the  vcn,  and  is  of  easy  and  safe  navigation.  The  lake  Valencia 
is  a  more  attractive  sheet  of  water.  Its  banks  have  an  agreeable  tempe- 
rature from  the  luxuriant  vegetation  on  their  shores.  Being  40  miles 
long  by  one  broati,  it  receives  the  wafer  of  twenty  rivers,  and  has  no  visi. 
bio  outlet.  IJetw.-en  it  and  the  sei  is  a  belt  of  mountains  six  leagues  in 
width.  The  territories  of  Carracas  arc  every  whore  well  watered,  and 
furnish  abundant  faeililies  for  irrigation.  In  some  places  the  river 
inundates  the  country,  during  the  rainy  season.  The  northern  valliesaro 
the  mo'it  productive,  because  there  heat  and  moisture  are  most  equally 
combined.  The  s;:uthern  parts  produce  pasture,  which  rears  cattle, 
mules  and  horses.  Cocoa,  indigo,  cotton  and  sugar  might  be  produce  1 
in  great  abundance.  Caraccas,  the  capital,  before  the  last  earthquake, 
contained  42,000  inhabitants.  The  valley  in  whi  /lit  is  situated,  is  un- 
even, and  is  watered  by  four  small  rivers;  nevertheless  it  has  handsome 
streets  and  well  built  houses.  Being  on  an  elevation  of  3,000  feet,  it 
enjoys  a  perpetual  spring.  La  Gur.yra,  15  miles  distant,  is  the  port.  The 
sea  is  here  as  boisterous,  as  the  air  is  hot  and  unhealthy.  Porto  Cavallo 
in  the  middle  of  marshes  and  an  insalubrious  air,  has  some  trade.  Valen- 
cia, half  a  league  from  the  lake  of  the  same  name,  is  a  flourishing  place, 
in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  and  salubrious  plain.  Core  an  ancient  capital,  is 
built  near  the  sea  on  a  dry  and  arid  level.  Cumana  has  28,000  inhabit- 
ants, and  is  situated  on  an  arid,  flat  and  sandy  shore,  where  the  air  is  salu- 
brious, though  burning  hot.  Like  the  other  town,  it  is  always  in  dread  of 
earthquakes.  New  Barcelona  is  a  dirty  town  in  the  midst  of  an  unculti- 
vated, but  fertile  country.  Maracaibo,  the  sent  of  government,  is  built 
on  a  sandy  plain,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  lake  of  the  same  name,  G 
leagues  from  the  sea.  The  nir  though  excessively  hot,  is  not  unhealthy. 
The  country  houses  are  at  Gibralli'.r,  on  the  opposite  ^shore  of  the  lake. 
At  the  upper  end  of  the  lake  is  jMcrida  in  the  midst  of  a  well  cultivated 
district.  Truxill'i,  ojice  a  inagniriccnt  town,  was  ravaged  by  the  bucca- 
niers.  In  the  isle  of  IM.irgsirita  is  the  town  of  Ascension,  formerly  cele- 
brated for  its  pearl  fishery;  t'.nd  still  more  for  its  abundance  and  variety 
of  fish. 

Popnlatton.  Before  the  Into  levolulinn,  it  was  rated  at  nea;'a  million. 
The  people  present  nearly  the  same  mixtures,  as  in  Mexico.  The  Span- 
ish immigrants  prefer  a  country  of  mines  to  one  of  agriculture,  however 


W 


'm. 


a^ 


BOUTH    AMERICA. 


153 


rich.  Hence  this  country  has  not  become  populous,  in  proportion  to  its 
fertility.  A  small  colony  of  French  and  Irish  lead  a  patriarchal  life 
under  the  shade  of  their  cocoa  trees  on  the  promontory  of  Paria.  The 
Zambos,  or  descendants  of  Indians  and  negroes,  are  the  scourge  of  some 
parts  of  this  country  by  their  Lumbers  and  hostility. 

Spanish  Guiana  extends  more  than  1,1200  miles  from  the  moutlis  of 
the  Oronoco  to  Brazil.  It  is  between  3  and  40C  miles  broad.  The 
population  is  sparse.  The  missionaries,  before  the  revolution,  had  20  or 
30,000  Indians  under  them.  It  is  a  very  fertile  country,  and  watered  by 
300  branches  of  the  Oronoco.  Situated  very  favorably  for  commerce, 
it  will  one  day  become  a  country  of  great  importance. 

Angostura  is  the  chief  town.  In  this  imp:jrtant  point,  communicating 
by  so  many  navigable  rivers  both  with  the  Oronoco  and  the  Amazon,  the 
English  have  established  some  military  posts,  on  islands  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river,  where  they  cultivated  an  alliance  of  the  savages,  and  stcured 
for  themselves  the  monopoly  of  llie  cabinet  and  dye  woods  of  the  country. 

On  the  upper  country  of  the  Oronoco,  between  3°  and  4°  N.  L.  is  seen 
the  astonishing  phenomenon  of  the  '  black  waters.'  The  waters  of  the 
Atabaco,  Temi,  Tuamini  and  Guiainia  is  of  a  coffee  color.  Under  the 
shade  of  the  palm  forests,  it  becomes  deep  black.  In  transparent  ves- 
sels, it  shows  of  a  golden  yellow,  in  which  the  image  of  the  southern  con- 
stellations is  reflected  with  great  brilliancy.  In  the  black  rivers  there  are 
no  alligators,  nor  fish,  fewer  musquetoes,  and  a  cooler  and  healthier  air. 
They  are  supposed  to  derive  their  colors  from  a  solution  of  carburet  of 
hydrogen  from  the  multitude  of  vegetables  that  cover  the  soil,  through 
which  they  flow. 

Llanos.  In  Guiana  and  New  Granada  are  seen  these  astonishing  de- 
serts. Over  an  extent  of  more  than  a  thousand  square  leagues,  the 
burning  soil  no  where  varies  more  than  a  few  inches  in  level.  The  sand, 
like  a  vast  sea,  exhibits  curious  pb.enomena  of  refraction  and  mirage.  The 
traveller  is  guided  only  by  the  stars,  or  a  solitary  palm  trunk  seen  at  an 
immense  distance.  These  plains  change  their  appearance  twice  every 
year.  At  one  time  they  are  as  bare,  as  the  Lybian  deserts;  and  at  an- 
other they  are  covered  with  a  verdant  turf,  like  the  steppes  of  Tartary. 
They  have  begun  to  rear  cattle  on  these  immense  plains,  and  notwith 
standing  the  alternate  danger  of  the  dry  season,  and  the  inundation  of 
the  rainy,  the  cattle  rnMliply  to  an  amazing  extent.  These  plains  are 
surrounded  by  ravage  and  frightful  solitudes.  Forests  of  impenetrable 
thickness  cover  the  humid  country  between  the  Oronoco  and  the  Amazon. 
Immense  masses  of  granite  contract  the  beds  of  the  rivers.  Tiie  forests 
and  mountaii.s  incessantly  resound  with  the  deafening  noise  of  cataracts, 
the  roaring  of  beasts  of  prey,  and  the  hollow  howling  of  the  bearded 
Vol.  II.  20 


# 


IP 


i 


^ 


•«. 


154 


ItOirTII    AMr.RICA. 


monkey,  which  profjtnosticalcs  rain.  Tlio  allignfor  slietchinfj  himself  on 
a  sand  bank,  and  the  boa,  conrciiling  in  the  mud  hin  rnormoiifl  coils  anx- 
iously await  their  prey,  or  repose  themselves  iiffer  rnrnn«;e. 

New  GrcnmJa,  Under  this  head  wo  inrliule  not  only  the  country 
properly  so  called,  but  the  provinres  of  P;iti:im!i  nn;l  Daiien.  Quito  con- 
tains the  provinces  of  Quito,  T\I;ic;is,  Qiiixos,  and  Juan  de  Braeamoras. 
Guyaquil  is  also  suiiject  to  the  same  cnunlry,  nnd  rontains  Santa  Fc  de 
Bogota,  and  Antioquia, Santa  ]M!irlha,niid  ('artlia<feiiii,  San  Juan  de  los 
Llanos,  and  Pop;  'an,  Raposo.  Barlmeoas  and  Choco,  Boiiquete,  Novila 
and  Koposo.  New  Grenada  C(mtains  the  greatest  divcisily  of  climate; 
and  is  temperate,  and  even  cold  and  frosty,  hut  very  healthy  on  the  ele- 
vated lands.  The  air  is  burning;,  suflbcaliiijL',  Jind  pestilential  on  the  ssa 
shore;  and  in  some  of  the  deep  vallies  of  the  interior.  At  Carthatrena  and 
Guynquil,  the  yellow  fever  is  endemic.  The  town  of  Honda,  though  ele- 
vated 900  feet  above  the  sea,  has  an  atm!;sphere  excessively  hot.  This 
is  on  the  river  Magdalena.  The  river  Cauca  is  obstructed  by  rapidg. 
From  Honda  to  Santa  Fe  the  rouds  arc  dangerous  through  deep  forests  of 
oak,  Melastome,  and  Cinchona.  The  unvarying  nature  of  the  climate 
in  each  belt,  the  want  of  an  agreeable  succession  of  the  seasons,  perhaps, 
also  the  frequent  volcanic  explosions  have  hindered  the  country  from  be- 
coming populous.  The  cocoa  of  Guyaquil  is  in  great  estimation.  Cy- 
press, firs,  juniper,  the  passion  (lower  tree,  the  bambusas  and  the  wax 
palm  are  common.  Cotton,  tobacco,  and  sugar  are  abundant.  The  in- 
habitants make  use  of  the  expressed  juice  of  the  Uvilla  instead  of  ink. 
It  is  a  blue  liquid,  more  indestructible,  than  the  best  ink  of  Europe.  Coa) 
is  found  at  an  elevation  of  7,()S0.  Platina  is  met  with  at  Choco  and 
Barbacoas.  Choco  is  rich  in  gold  dust.  A  piece  of  gold  was  found 
there,  that  weiged  25  lbs.  Tiie  country,  also,  contains  extensive  and  rich 
veins  of  silver.  At  Muzo  in  the  valley  of  Tunca  are  the  principal  eme- 
rald mines  of  Peru.  Small  diamonds,  are  also  found  here.  Sulphuret- 
ted mercnry  is  discovered  in  some  of  the  gold  mines. 

Chief  Towns.  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota  is  the  scat  of  government,  and  of  a 
university.  It  contains  30,000  inhabitants,  many  churches  and  magnifi- 
cent houses,  and  five  superb  bridges.  The  air  is  constantly  temperate. 
The  grains  of  Europe  here  produce  abundant  crops.  Near  this  place  in 
the  Rio  de  Bogota  is  the  cataract  of  Tcqucndama.  The  river,  before  it 
reaches  the  leap  is  270  feet  wide;  but  at  the  cascade  itself  it  narrows  to 
between  30,  or  40  feet.  But  still  Ihovn  is  presented  in  the  driest  seasons 
a  surface  of  750  square  feet.  At  two  leaps  the  river  rushes  down 
530  feet.  There  is  no  where  in  the  world  another  so  large  a  body  of 
water  that  has  a  fall  to  compare  with  it.  Rainbows  glitter  with  the  most 
brilliant  colors.      An  immense  cloud  of  vapor  rises,  which  may  be  dis- 


a 


SOUTH    AMcniCA. 


155 


linguished  at  a  distance  of  15  tnilrg.     This  vapor,  condensed  in  mois- 
Inre,  conduces  to  the  cxccodini:?  foriilily  of  tlio  vale  of  Bopota.     The 
people  of  Sruita  Fo  gay,  in  doiiciihiiis;  this  fill,  that  the  Tequenduma  is 
so  high,  that  the  water  leaps  at  one  fill  from  the  cold  region  Tierra  Fria 
to  the  hot  region  Tiorra  c.tlienti\    Tlicio  is  an  astonishing  natural  bridge 
at  the  vale  of  Icononzo.     Tiiu  arch  is  17  foot  long  hy  41  broad,  and  the 
bridge  is  317  feet  above  the  level  of  iho  torrent,  that  has  pierced  its  way 
under  the  rocks,  probably,  by  the  agency  of  an  carthqunlio.     Porto  Bello 
on  the  Atlantic,  and  Paiiiunaon  the  i'acific  were  formerly  more  flourish- 
ing towns,  than  at   present.     The  precious  metals,  that  now  find  their 
way  abroad  from  Buenos  Ayrcs,  upe;l  to  l.c  shipped  from  these  places. 
Although  they  are  situated  on  two  oceans,  thoy  arc  not  more  than  35 
or  40  miles  in  a  right  line  apart.     Tli<5  luxuriance  of  the  vegetation 
is  surprising.     But  the  climate  is  excoelingly  insalubrious.     In  the  nar- 
rowest part  of  the  isthmus,  it  is  oidy  eight  leagues  from  sea  to  sea.     But 
the  rocky  and  rugged  nature  of  the  soil,  probably  intcrpf>ses  insurmount- 
able obstacle  to  a  canal.     Carthagena  on  the  Atlantic  is  now  one  of  the 
chief  towns.     It  has  25,000  inhabitants,  a  bishop's  see,  a  university,  and 
a  deep  and  safe  harbor.     The  country  is  fertile  in  the  highest  degree;  but 
the  air  exceedingly   insalubrious.     To  avoid  the  extremely  hot  air  of 
summer,  unaccliniated  persons  take  shilter  m   the  village  of Turbaco, 
surrounded  by  limpid  springs,  cooled  by  the  refreshing  and  deep  shade  of 
colossal  trees,  and  UOO  feet  above  the  s(^a.    Various  splendid  trees,  plants 
and  flowers  adorn  the  vicinity;  and  not  far  from  this  place,  are  the  cele- 
brated air  volcanoes.    They  issue  from  18  or  20  volcanoes  from  20  to  25 
feet  high.     These  cones  arc  tilled  with  water,  and  every  18  or  20  seconds 
a  vast  quantity  of  air,  and  sometimes  mud  is  ejected  with  great  force. 
The  air  is  found  to  be  azotic  g.is  of  a  pvire  quality.    Santa  Martha  has  an 
excellent  harbor,  and  a  healthy  situation.     The  district,  to  which  it  be- 
longs, is  fertile,  and  has  mines  of  gold  and  silver,  and  salt  springs.     Rio 
de  la  Hacha  was  formerly  enriched  by  being  the  chief  seat  of  the  pearl 
fishery.     Popayan  is  an  important  town  containing  20,000  inhabitants, 
chiefly  mulattoes.    Near  it  rise  two  volcanoes  covered  with  snow.     Pasto 
is  a  town  situated  at  the  foot  of  a  terrible   volcano,  and  surrounded 
by  forests  and  marshes.     It  is  a  b.igh  table  plain  in  a  region  almost  too 
elevated  and  cold  for  vegetation.  The  inhabitants  are  surrounded  by  ever 
steaming  sulphur  pits,  andean  raise  little  beside  potatoes.     When  this 
crop  fails,  they  eat  the  trunk  of  a  small  tree  called  Achupallo.  Tiie  bear  of 
the  Andes  feeds  upon  tile  same,  and  the  inhabitants  and  the  bears  there 
come  in  conflict  for  their  fcod."* 

The  province  of  Choco  would  be  richer  in  the  fertility  of  its  hills,  and 
the  excellence  of  its  cocoa,  than  its  mines,  if  human  industry  vi^ere  not 


1;:^ 


:  -  HI  8 


m 


V    il 


BOUTII    AMERICA. 


Ma 


interdicted  by  its  cloudy  and  burning  climate.  Dark  forests,  thick  clouds, 
howling  winds  the  roar  of  thunder,  perpetual  torrents  dashing  between 
bristling  rocks,  tho  hollow  groans  of  tlio  waves,  torn  by  tempests,  the 
howling  of  wolves,  tho  roaring  of  tigers,  the  hissing  of  enormous  snakes, 
crawling  under  the  humid  grass  of  the  marshes,  nnd  with  their  vast  coils 
encircling  tho  trunks  of  the  tires,  innumerable  insects,  engendered  by 
the  heat  nnd  stagnant  nir — Such  is  the  picture,  which  M.  Marmontel 
draws  of  this  country.  Gorgona  and  the  Pearl  islands  in  the  bay  of 
Choco  are  more  inhabitable. 

Quito,  tho  ancient  capital  of  the  second  Peruvian  monarchy  is  cele- 
brated for  its  manufactures.  It  is  situated  nearly  10,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  tho  sen,  nnd  too  high  for  the  region  of  perpetual  spring.  Tho 
atmosphere  is  chilly  and  lowering,  and  the  climate  rather  severe.  In  1707, 
an  earthquake  overwhelmed  this  province  and  in  a  moment  destroyed 
40,000  people.  Since  that  time  earthquakes  have  been  continually  re- 
peated. Yet  the  population,  00  or  70,000  in  number,  breathes  gaiety, 
luxury  and  pleasure  on  this  earth  heaving  under  their  feet. 

Guyaquil  is  a  sea  port,  with  a  dock-yard  and  abundance  of  ship  tim- 
ber in  its  vicinity.  It  contains  18  or  20,000  inhabitants,  and  is  a  port  of 
interchange  between  the  productions  of  Mexico,  and  those  of  Chili  and 
Peru. 

The  provinces  of  Quixos  and  Macas  in  2°  S.  L.  have  their  winter 
from  April  to  September.  Tiie  vast  province  of  Maynas  extends  along 
the  Amazon.  It  contains  a  very  few  Spanish  establishments — the  prin- 
cipal one  is  San  Joaquin  de  Ornaguas. 

Ibarra,  between  50  and  60  miles  from  Quito,  contains  12,000  inhabi- 
tants with  considerable  manufactories.     Otavola,  S.  W.  of  this  place 
contains  from  18  to  20,000  inhabitants.     The  district  of  Quito  is  noted 
for  its  large  caves,  the  excellence  of  its  cocoa,  tho  variety  and  beauty  of 
its  cabinet  woods,  and  the  terribly  eflicacious  poison  of  the  Manzanillo 
tree,  under  which,  if  a  person  sleep,  sickness  and  death  would  ensue  m 
consequence.     The  caoban  is  a  beautiful  species  of  mahogany.    The 
ebony  is  a  very  large  tree  and  yields  a  wood  of  a  deep  black,  while  the 
porsilde  nearly  resembles  ivory.     Tiie  Guayacan  is  a  green  wood.     Tiie 
bark  of  the  Caoutchouc  is  used  for  mattrasses,  curtains  or  sails.     There 
is  a  wood,  that  petrifies  in  a  few  months,  to  a  degree  of  hardness,  that,  it 
is  asserted,  pieces  of  it  are  used  for  gun  flints.     There  are  bees  here, 
which  make  their  nests  under  ground,  from  which  great  quantities  of  wax 
are  extracted.     Fine  thread  is  made  in  great  quantities  from  the  leaf  of 
the  Aloe.  There  is,  also,  a  tree  from  which  a  rich  purple  dye  is  extracted. 
There  is,  probably,  no  place  on  the  earth  where  the  vegetable  kingdom  is 
richer  than  in  Quito. 


SOUTH    AMi:iUCAt 


157 


Volcanoes.  Pinchina  is,  prohnbly,  tho  j,'reutost  volcano  on  tlio  glolic. 
Tlip  mouth  of  ihc;  cnil(>r  is  cirtiihr,  and  nearly  a  lon^nin  in  circiunforenco. 
'I'ho  interior,  wlion  not  on  fire,  is  drcp  black.  Tlin  tops  of  several 
moiinlnins  arc  seen  inside  of  it.  Tlii-ir  siiininita  arc  I»()0  f.illioms  tlecp 
in  the  centre.  'J'lie  crater  is  proLably  on  ii  level  with  the  city  of  Quito. 
Cotopaxi  is  the  hi'.'liost  of  (iie  volcanoes  of  tiie  Andes,  and  the  rnr.st  de- 
structive in  il8  eruptions.  In  175N  (lames  arose  I;i,700  feet  above  its 
summit.  The  roarin;,'  was  hoard  at  a  town  on  tho  Maf'dalcna,  a  distanco 
of  (501)  miles.  Tho  sky  continued  as  dark  as  ni<,dit,  after  noon  day.  An- 
other eruption  occnsioncd  destructive  torrents  of  melted  snow.  M.  Hum- 
boldt Jieard  the  roarins^'s  of  tliis  volcano,  !;')()  miles  in  a  rij^ht  line,  like 
the  repeated  disciiar^'os  of  artillery. 

The  group  of  tho  (jallipagos,  of  which  22  islands  are  known,  is  situa- 
ted 5  or  (iOO  miles  from  this  coast.  They  arc  directly  beneath  the  equa- 
tor, and  contain  volcanic  peaks.  The  Cactus  and  Aloe  cover  their  sides, 
and  a  deep  and  black  mould  furnislu^s  tlio  nutriment  of  large  trees. 
Flamingoes  and  turtle  doves  fdl  the  air,  and  enormous  turtles  cover  the 
shore.  No  trace  of  mortal  foot,  save  that  of  the  crews  of  ships  occasion- 
ally touching  them,  socms  ever  to  hav(!  left  its  print  on  the  soil. 

Pern.  This  country  is  penetrated  by  two  chains  of  the  Ancles  nearly 
parallel  to  each  other.  The  ont;  is  callod  the  (vordillera  of  the  coast.  The 
other  is  the  central  chain.  Lower  Peru  is  situated  between  tlie  coast 
Cordillera  and  the  son,  sloping  from  the  one  line  to  the  other.  Tho  soil 
Buficrs  from  excessive  aridity.  Neither  rain  or  thunder  arc  known.  The 
only  fertile  lands  are  those  capable  of  irrigation.  Nothing  can  exceed 
the  fertility  and  beauty  of  such  plains.  The  climate  is  remarkable  for 
its  mildness.  Tiic  mercury  seldom  falls  below  (50°,  and  seldom  rises 
above  8(5°. 

Upper  Peru  is  between  these  two  ridges.  It  is  covered  with  rocks 
and  mountains,  with  some  fertile  vallies.  This  region  contains  the 
richest  veins  of  silver  in  the  world.  Tho  longevity  of  tho  inhabitants 
of  this  region  is  proverbial. 

Interior  Peru  slopes  in  an  eastern  direction  towards  the  banks  of  tho 
Ucayal,  and  iVlaranon.  The  inhabitants  denominate  it  Montana  Reale. 
This  country  is  as  humid,  as  the  other  division  is  dry.  The  forests  are 
charmingly  verdant,  but  subject  to  the  draw  back  of  immdations,  marsh- 
es, noxious  reptiles,  and  innumerable  insects.  Peru  is  thinly  peopled, 
and  not  much  adapted  to  become  an  agricultural  country.  There  are 
neither  roads  nor  canals.  All  conveyance  is  by  packing  on  mules .  Hence 
the  fragrant  gums,  the  medicinal  planls,"thc  precious  woods,  the  musk  nut, 
and  the  Peruvian  cinnamon,  the  oil,  cocoa,  cotton,  and  silk  will  not  pay 
the  expense  of  transporting  them  to  the  coast.     So  much  Cinchona  has 


ii'    It 


i:.H 


MOirni    AMKUIOA 


lit'cii  (xportt'*!,  Imwuvcr,  aa  to  liiivo  j'ivt'ii  tlio  arlitlo  \\iv  iiaintj  of  lN>rnvi 
nil  link. 

But  it  in  rliirily  I'r  its  ixocioiisniclnlH,  tliit  IVrii  iscclolinitrd;  nloiitul- 
iii;;  in  tliiMii  tosiicli  ii  (l<!^Mt'c,  (IS  Id  l)V  llu!  ii;iiiialiv(!  tcriii  Inr  wcmIiIi.  A 
pnijt'cliii^  p  titiiiii  (,!'  ]\!<iiiiit  lliiiiaiii  ^'iwc  way  iirar  l<;i  I'a/.  and  a  pircc! 
of  ^'oUI  was  (l(la»la'  I  iVoiu  it,  tint  wt'i.'licd  r»t»  Ihs.  INIohI  ol*  llio  ;^m»I(I 
obtainotl  at  prrHi'nt  in  liy  wasliinj,'  tlm  Hinds.  'I'lu*  ii<'lH'sl  silver  niin's 
nro  those  ol'  I'liseo,  near  liaiiiitliiiclia.  'I'licy  t'nrniHli,  annually,  two  mil- 
lions of  dollaiM.  Tliey  are  elevated  over  l!»,tUH)  feel  above  the  lev<'l  of 
tho  sua.  'I'l'  next  liehest  mines  uiclhoHuof  Chota,  Fticnlestiana,  Cam- 
olachn,  and  I'l.tnpi  de  Navar. 

(luanc-a  VeliiM,  not  fir  S.  VV.  fioin  Tiiiiia,  yields  (piieksilver.  Tin,  lead 
and  ('o|)p<;riiiiiies  aliiatnd.  None,  lint  llie  wrelehed  IniliaiiH,  can  support 
working'  in  Ihest;  <N>ld,  damp  mines,  on  siieli  miseraMt!  provisions,  ;is  llir 
snowy  r<'^ions  furnish.  'I'he  Imsiness  of  minin;,'  is  sinred  lietween  thivo 
clasHcs,  tho  .siu'i'ulnton.s,  the  /inhHitiulorry,  and  the  nsat/lri  'I'he  e\- 
portM  of  IVni  consist  of  ;^"ild,  silvtir,  win(>,  hrandy,  pimento,  ciiiciionii, 
salt,  vicunna  woi»|,  nud  coarse  wtiolleu  /.joeds. 

Toini.t.  liima  is  situatcal  on  the  hroa«l  and  ferlilo  vale  of  tlui  Hiinrir, 
nnd  roininaiuls  a  view  of  the  whole  vale  with  the  Andes  in  tla;  dislaneo- 
The  Rinmc  Hows  beneath  its  walls.  Th  •  form  of  tlu;  city  is  trianynlar, 
and  it  extends  two  miles  in  leniMli.  It  is  sinrnunlrd  with  walls  fortilicd 
with  bastions.  TIk;  streets  are  clean,  well  paveil,  imd  cross  (.vieh  ollici 
at  ri^dit  anf,des.  'J'lu^  arc;  watered,  and  cleansed  by  a<pieducls  from 
the  river,  'J'hereare  1155  streets.  The  houses  of  the  rich  have  ^'aniens 
attaciiod  to  them,  watered  by  canals  from  the  Kiiicic.  It  is  the  s'lt  of 
an  university,  and  has  many  ehiirehes,  convents  and  hos|)italH.  It  is  tho 
Hcal  of  m)vcrinnenl,  and  lh(>  chief  tribunals.  The  prison,  (ho  Ari-libisli- 
op's  Palace  and  Oatlualral  form  tim  ^r<'ater  part  o\'  the  sid(!  of  the  ;,'r(';il 
Bcpiare.  They  now  h;ive  collee  houses  and  a  lh(>atre.  Hut  the  pcoidc! 
arc  still  fond  of  bull  lif,'hts  and  ^amblin^',  and  aiiperslilion,  bife'oliy  and 
vice  prevail.     The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  rij,tK)(). 

Cuzco  is  nearly  eipial  in  extent  to  liima.  It  contains  ;W,()0()  inhabi- 
tants, three  fourths  of  Iniliau  extract.  Several  of  the  ancient  iVruvian 
monuments  remain.  'J'he  stones  in  one  of  tiiesc  buildin<is  are  so  inuneiisc, 
and  so  well  joined,  as  to  excite  astonishment,  how  the  work  could  have 
been  done  by  a  people  not  acquainted  with  masonry.  'I'iie  better  biiilil- 
ings  tiro  of  stone,  amonj^  which  churches  and  convents  are  most  consj)!- 
cuous.  The  Dominicau  monastery  occupies  the  site  of  the  ancient 
temple  of  the  sun.  The  residence  of  the  vir<j;ins  of  the  sun  has  been 
converted  into  u  dwelling  for  the  nuns  of  Cuzco.  Priora  and  liambny- 
6<iue  are  considcrubic  towns.     Each  contains  8  or  }),()00  inhabitants. 


MT^ 


fsnirrii  amrkica. 


iril) 


Ciiiu'lis,  IVirlii,  ninl  Arir;i  nrf,  nls(»,  idarcs  oC  Hnu\(<  impnrlruifo.  At  Ciix- 
iiiiiiii'cu  ill  iipprr  INini  an)  hIiowii  the  ntiiiN  (if  the  |i:il;ici's,  wlicrr  (lio  liint 
of  tlio  liiciiH  \v;isHli;iiiirlc(l  liy  <inli'r  of  IN/iirro.  'i'lic  piiiiiilatiori  I'xcrril.-* 
rj,(MI().  Ihi.iiirn,  l'asc(»,  l''iuiilcra,  Atnnjaiij  i  and  (Jiiariri  Vrlici  iiro 
lowiiM  of  importiiiirc  ill  Upper  IV  in.  Tlic  hl!<T  town  i;i  cU'vnlcjl  morn 
tliiiti  lv',ll(ll)  iVi'l  nliovc  tlu-  .>^i-;i;  iiidI  iliiMi;r|i  iiriir  llu'  crpiitor,  rain,  hiiow 
and  hIccI  iVccpiiMitly  fall  in  IIk?  niiiu!  iliy.  Hiiili  Maihaia  '\h  h\A\  lii;j;her, 
liciii!'  iH'twi'cii  I  1  and  ir),()l)()  lid  liii-li.  Tlif  iiiah'rialH  llir  hnildiiijr  in 
litis  lown  arc  uiiliko  lliiiscnf  any  (illicr.  'V\n>  walrr  of  a  warm  sprin/^  in 
(■(Milcd;  and  llu*  cnhvii-ciiiis  matter,  lielil  in  Hulntion,  IMIh  diirin;^  the  pnr 
I'CHH.  'I'lie  scdiiiieni,  is  put  into  vascH,  \vlii<li  slii.p(f  il,  and  il  ;;rii(lnally 
hardens  into  stone.  <iiiaiii;ii;ri  lias  'Ji'),!)!)!)  iiilialiilaiits,  and  a  I'lvoralile 
position,  hnl  is  nnlieillliy.  'I'lie  iiili  ibitanls  ol'  ( .'oDiJotnoni  am  aU'ectcd, 
(Inrin,^' thunder  storms  with  lensations,  lis  if  (tinner  hy  in.sec.ls,  produced, 
prohahly,  hy  (I  lii<^di  stale  of  cicclricily.  Arcipiipi  is  Hitn.aN'd  (J  or  700 
miles  S.  I'l.  of  Lima;  il  is  a  lar;;e  and  well  lniill.  city,  waNTcd  hy  Iho 
(liile,  with  'J  1,000  inhahilanl.'.  The  liiko  Titiaea  is  'ilO  miles  in 
circnmlerciicc,  and  siilii<'cl  lo  violent  storms,  thai,  rnsh  down  from  llio 
Andes. 

F/i  Plata  in  S(nitlicrii  IVrn,  has  its  name  iVnni  a  silver  mine  near  il.  [t 
ronlains  ir>,000  inhahitanls.  I.i  I'a/.  his  a  mild  and  siilnhrions  climat(<, 
with  snowy  innitntains  in  IIm!  iiunnMlialo  vicinity,  lis  popnliition  is  nnin- 
hen>(l  at  'iO,000. 

Polosi,  fatnon?"  for  ils  silver  niin("s,  orici;  contained  lliO,0()()  smds.  Tho 
popnialion  is  now  dwindle«l  to  ;JO,000.  'I'lu;  discovciry  of  iIksc  rich 
mines  is  dcsi-rilxMl  l»y  tradition,  as  f >llitws.  An  liidiin  named  Din^ro 
Fluasco  piirsncd  a  vicnnna en  the  mountain  hard  hy.  To  prevent  him.solf 
from  falling',  hi;  seized  a  shrnh.  It  jj^nw.  way  with  a  (piantity  of  turf  ut- 
lached,  and  discdnsed  to  the  astonished  Indian  a  lar^fo  mass  of  silvc'r.  Tic 
eiitrnsled  Ihc  «(!cret  lo  a  slave,  who  disclosed  il.  Oiopesa  is  iho  chief 
town  of  a  <lislrict,  call(!d  from  ils  fertility  tho  pranary  of  P(!rn.  Farijn 
is  the  capital  of  a  country  ahoiindin;.'  in  /.naiii  and  v.ine.  Atocama  is  a 
small  lown  capital  of  a  provincf!  of  liie  same  name.  Sania  Ornz  do  la 
f^iorra  is  a  considorahlo  town  and  <'.apital  of  a  \:\i<^r'  province  of  the  same 
name. 

Wo  have  no  space;  for  details  of  Iho  cmpirn  of  the  Peruvians  over- 
thrown hy  Pi/arro.  Man<fo  Capac,  according'  to  thiMr  tradition.^,  was 
the  founder  of  their  wor^^hip  and  civil  [xilily.  Tlu^y,  certainly,  had 
reached  very  consichirahh^  doirrecs  of  civili/.alion,  hefoie  the  arrival  of  tho 
Spaniards.  They  had  huilt  a  road  from  (iuiio  lo  Cii/.co  nearly  1500 
miles.  A  not  hi  M"  of  equal  hMi<.;tli,  iti  Ihe  lower  parts  of  the  country,  ex- 
tended from  the  centre  to  the  remotest  parts  of  the  crn[)ire.     Tho  ascent 


il    II 


M' 


I  .1 


J* 


160 


■OUTII    AMERICA. 


**'  , 


of  hills  was  graduated  by  mounds.    Granaries  were  built  at  equal  dis- 
tances, and  charitable  houses  were  ever  open  to  the  wenry  traveller.   Tem- 
ples, fortresses  and  canals  varicJ  and  improved  the  aspect  of  the  country. 
Some  ancient  monuments  were  adorned  with  gold  to  the  value  of  several 
million  dollars.     Under  the  empire  of  the  Spanish,  they  have  become 
indolent,  and  addicfeJ  to  drunkenness;  but  ri^id  observers  of  the  rules 
and  ceremonies  of  the  Romish  church.    Since  the  conquest  of  Peru,  they 
have  much  decreased  in  numbers.     Intoxication  has  b^on  exceedingly 
fatal  among  them.    And  the  small  pox  formerly  carried  off  immense 
numbers,  before  the  introduction  of  vaccination.     The  most  recent  in- 
formation, before  the  revolution,  gave  to  Peru,  in  all  its  extent,  including 
Quito,  Tucuman  and  Buenos  Ayres,  3,500,000  souls.     As  instances  of 
the  extreme;  longevity  in  this  country,  there  were  eight  individuals  in 
Caxamarca,  the  youngest  of  whom  was  114,  and  the  eldest  147  years. 
A  Spanish  creole  deceased,  aged  144  years,  and  seven  months.     The 
various  savage  tribes,  that  roam  over  Ihe  more  unsettled  parts  of  these 
vast  countries,  like  the  Indians  of  North  America,  have  various  langua- 
ges and  customs.     They  generally  admit  ihe  immortality  of  the  soul, 
and  believe  in  a  metempsychosis,  and  receive  with  strong  incredulity  the 
doctrine  of  eternal  punishment  in  hell. 

The  Sustillo,  or  paper  insect  of  the  Pampantico  and  the  banks  of  the 
upper  Uallaga  is  a  great  curiosity.  It  lives  exclusively  on  the  leaves  of 
the  Pacol.  The  paper  which  they  make,  varies  according  to  the  quantify 
and  quality  of  their  food.  A  yard  and  a  half  of  this  paper  was  carried 
to  Madrid.  It  is  superior  in  thickness  and  durability  to  the  best  sort, 
that  is  made  in  China.  A  Jesuit  informs,  that  he  had  written  several 
letters  on  this  kind  of  paper.  Chili,  Paraguay,  Terra  Magellanica,  or 
Patagonia. 

Precipices  and  snow-covered  rrountains  form  a  boundary  between 
Chili  and  Peru.  The  climate  is  mild  and  saluljrious;  the  natives  heallh- 
ful  and  robust.  The  coast  consists  of  a  narrow  beach,  abruptly  termi- 
nated by  lofty  hillri.  Their  ridges  iiave  a  fertile  table  plain,  watered  by 
many  streams  and  covered,  occasionally  with  orchards,  vineyards  and 
meadows.  However  hot  the  days,  the  niglits  arc  delightfully  cool.  Rain 
seldom  falls,  except  between  July  and  August;  and  the  number  of  days, 
in  which  it  falls,  does  not  exceed  twenty  in  a  year.  In  the  central  parts 
of  Chili,  thunder  showers  happen  in  the  winter,  and  lightning  is  remarka- 
bly vivid  and  terrific.  Like  Peru,  it  is  suliject  to  earthquakes,  which 
counterbalance  its  fertility  and  fine  climate.  The  volcanoes  o:  tiie  An- 
des, burning  in  the  midst  pf  snows,  heighten  the  sublimity  of  the  natural 
scenery.  Gold  and  silver  mines  are  discovered  in  the  Andes.  There 
are  whole  hills  of  magnetic  iron  ore.  Vegetation  is  of  surprising  grandeur- 


^k/tf  -j^ 


m 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


161 


The  mountain  forests  are  full  of  lofty  trees.  All  the  fruits  of  Europe 
and  a  great  many  aromatic  shrubs  grow  in  the  vallies.  In  no  country  in 
America  has  the  culture  of  the  grape  ever  succee^jied  so  well.  There  are 
incredible  numbers  of  odoriferous  shrubs  and  plants;  and  the  cedars  of 
the  Andes  are  compared  to  those  of  Lebanon.  Every  thing  of  wood  that 
belonged  to  a  chapel  60  feet  long,  was  made  from  one  colossal  tree.  The 
oHve  tree  grows  nine  feet  in  circumference.  The  apples  are  remarkable 
for  their  size,  and  of  the  great  number  of  kinds  of  peaches,  one  sort 
weighs  16  ounces.  There  are  also  many  plants  and  shrubs,  useful  in 
dying. 

Animals.  Molina  describes  36  classes  of  quadrupeds,  that  are  indige- 
nous to  this  country. 

Tojcns.  The  province  of  Copiapo  is  100  leagues  in  extent.  Copiapo, 
12  leagues  from  the  sea,  has  a  population  of  12,000.  The  streets  of 
Coquimbo  are  shaded  with  myrtle  trees.  Quillota  is  in  a  fertile  valley  on 
the  banks  of  the  Aconcagua.  Valp'araiso  is  the  chief  town.  It  is  a  flour- 
ishing and  rich  place.  Santiago  has  wide  and  well  paved  streets.  There 
are  a  number  of  respectable  public  buildings.  Before  the  revolution,  the 
inhabitants  amounted  to  50,000.  They  are  gay  and  hospitable;  there,  as 
elsewhere  in  South  America,  music  and  dancing  are  the  favorite  amuse- 
ments. Petrorca,  celebrated  for  its  gold  mines,  is  situated  above  the  re- 
gion of  perpetual  snow.  Talca  is  the  chief  town  of  a  district  abounding 
in  WKie,  corn  and  cattle.  In  the  province  of  Purchacay  the  fertility  in 
corn  and  wine  is  very  great.  A  fat  ox  is  sold  for  four  crowns;  and  the 
price  of  a  sheep  is  less  than  a  dollar.  New  Conception  is  in  the  valley 
of  Mocha.  The  population  exceeds  12,000.  The  island  of  Chiloe  is 
the  chief  of  a  group  of  47.  The  population  of  the  whole  island  is  25,000. 
The  capital  is  San  Juan  de  Castro.  The  whole  group  is  subject  to  earth- 
quakes. The  two  islands  of  Juan  Fernandez  are  800  miles  from  the 
coast  of  Chili.  The  chief  has  mountains,  woods  and  fertile  vallies  and 
is  a  resting  place  for  ships.  Two  persons,  whose  adventures  gave  rise 
to  the  novel  of  Robinson  Crusoe,  resided  on  one  of  them.  Alexander 
Selkirk,  being  left  there  by  his  fellow  sailors,  subsisted  five  years  by 
hunting.    The  other,  a  Musquito  Indian,  was  abandoned  by  buccanneers. 

Cuyo  is  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  country  by  the  Andes,  and  is 
for  that  reason  called  Transmontano.  It  is  only  recently,  that  its  mines 
of  silver  and  gold  have  been  wrought.  It  is  not  a  very  fertile  country. 
Some  parts  are  parched  with  heat,  and  others  blasted  with  cold.  A  re- 
markable species  of  cocoa  palm  is  not  u»common  in  the  vallies.  The 
centre  of  its  trunk  is  so  soft,  that  the  inhabitants  use  it  for  making  cloth, 
which^  if  it  be  not  very  fine,  is  at  least  strong  and  flexible. 
Vol.  II.  21         . 


«  *^.-'       A    ♦ 


#       «« 


nOVTII    AM  attic  A. 


*    » 


The  province  of  Tmninmn,  a  country  litllo  fioc|iiont(!tl,  lius  to  tlie 
north  onst  of  Cnyo.  Tho  AikIcm  ptiiiclrulo  it  iii,tho  north,  niid  tho  n-Ht  in 
one  imnicnfio  nl:iiii.  Many  of  tlic  rivcin,  lliut  w.iI<t  the  rnunlry,  Himvid 
into  laj^onnrt,  jukI  uio  lost.  Tin;  lonuliy  ahuiiiKl.s  in  lussil  null.  Silt 
petro  is  tihtimlnnlly  rolku'tnl  on  the  pliiins.  TIk!  cliniiilc!  i.s  fon.sidcKid 
Balubrirtiis.  ThiH'ori'sts  nlioiiml  willi  wild  iiniinnh  !uid  Hwanns  oi'wiltl 
beos.  Tiio  Aranitis  wcuvcs  on  ihu  trees  a  lieaiilil'id  nilver  rul(iii!(l  hHU. 
The Quohriicho  In-n  is  ho  Iiard,  tliat  thd  axe  sunielinies  hrcaka  in  iMitlinjr 
it.  Tho  products  nro  <'oni,  wine  and  eallle.  Ono  valley  raltruH  (>(),0()0 
muics  for  the  liiir.  The  «'liier  lown  is  ( 'ordova.  Hiin  Felipo  and  .Injni 
nro  inconsiiIond)l(?  places.  A  few  villa<i;es  are  seatlerfd  over  theso  inj- 
mnnso  |)lainM.     The  people  live  a  moral  an<l  areailian  lil'e. 

Tho  wholi"  country,  walered  by  the  I, a  I'lala,  lias  ^M'lierally  lie.en  calhnl 
PnniS[Uny.     The  valliesof  Cliaco  west  of  lli:il  liver  are  iniprej^Mialeil  with 
salt  nnd  nitre.     These  plains  are  sumelinies  <-ov<Te  I  willi  niovin^f  .sands, 
or  rcndrrcil  un\vh(»!esoni<i  hy  niar!-Iies,'\vlii'i'e  llie  sniallcM*  rivers  arc  lost. 
Tho  Uruguay  (lows  <liiwn   lol'iy  .'mil   sleep  nionnlains,  helore  it  rcae|i(<s 
the  soa.     It  is  move  than  ;j  miles  liroad   ll'O  miles  from   tlu^  sen.     Tiio 
country,  to  whii-h  ItiUMios  Ayresis  central,  is  fertile,  lini  almost  (hislilnlo 
of  woiMJ.     Its  sandy  soil  is  mixed  willi  a  rivli,  hlaek  iiinuld,  'I'o  tlu;  soiilli 
tho  pampas  nro  houiKlh'ss  lo  \\\v  virion.      Mot  a  .siniiii,  md  u  niarino 
plant  is  seen,  in  travellin;>  loii!'  distances.     In   ir>:i(),  hoiscH  and  oxen 
were  imported   into  the  coundy.     They  ""W  <'over  the  plains  in  u  wild 
state.     Sometimes  H),tltK)  are  seen  in  a  sin<,d(!  herd.  The  horses  arodarlt 
sorrel,  wsily  broken,  and  no  ways   interior  to  tlm  common  hors(\     The 
CXCn  and  cattle  tire  of  a  mimlier  of  varieties,  and  are  as  useful  lo  llio 
inhabitants,  as  camels  to  Arabs,  or  teindeer  to  tho   Laplanders.     Tlicy 
supply  almost  every  lhin,u[i  in  'he  circli'of  lli(;ir  wants.     .l)iaH;on\s  hlood, 
cinchona,  nu\  vomica,  and  vanilla,  are  commun  prodiiclions  of  tlie  coun- 
try. Tho  pomeirranato,  poach.  Hi;,  oran^'e,  and  a  variety  of  palms  (lonrisli. 
The  matte,  or  para<j;uay  lea,  is  ma('(«  frinii  llie   leaves  of  ji  spociea  of 
ilex.       If  tho    laborers  an;  not    siipplietl  with  this  li'a,   they   refiisi;  lo 
work  tho  mines.     Para^niay  lea   is  more  usi^d  in   those  coiinlries  tii;in 
Chinese  in   England.      Two  million  dollars   worth  are  sidd  in  Soiilli 
America.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves  ;ind  lwi<'s  is  drunk  throuifli  u  i:la.sH 
or  silver  tid)o.      Dilferent  kimls  of  apes  are  wru  in  the  W(»o(l.s.     The 
Armadillo  burrows  in  the  forests.     The  <.Mia/.ou  is  a  new  species  of  wild 
deer.     The  Jaii[uar,  Felis  Pardalis,  and  the  I'lrva  aie  species  <.i'  the  tiycr 
cat  seen  here. 

jTom'im.  There  nolarfjc  towns  in  I'araguay.  Ascension  is  on  tho  cnsl- 
em  bank  of  the  Para^ruay,  IH  niiles  from  the  hist  mouth  of  the  I'ilcomnyo. 
The  population  may  amount  to  (>  or  N(H)()  inhatiilants,     Curaguaty  nixl 


7'( 


•••■    ** 


^- 


1,^  «t 

HOUTII    AMUHIC.V. 


108 


Necinbnco  contiiiti,  tin;  oiitj  'i,'.'r»(>,  ami  llio  otiior  1,N00  souls.   The  par* 
ihIu'S  r,()iisisl,  fur  llin  iiinMl,  |)iirt,  «)l' <',(Minliy  Ikiuhch  ill  llio  vicinity  of  tt 
olinrcli  «»r  cliiiiicl.  In  llio  yi-nr  l>(M,  tin- iinimlalioii  wns  I«;hm  tlian  100,000 
t<(>iils.     TIk;  ^ovcriiiiiciit.  is  ilividcil  inlo  llin.-u  (lintriclH.     Tiio  first  is  that 
of  CoriiJiilcs,  Jiiiil  lli<!  missions  liclwrcii  liic  I'arniiii  iiiiil  IJrnguay.     Tjie 
BC'coiid    Uriif^nny  helwrrii  lliat   river  iiimI  iIio  Itio  Ni'f^i'o  uikI  tlio  ocean, 
'i'lio  v<';,'(jtal>l()  pr.Hliiclioii.s  of  all   llicsc  rolunics  «ro  valuable.     Bugar 
siicc(!<mIh  n'miiikaljly.     Whip  liinl'd.  <lyr  woods  and  1 1 kj  vo^ctublcs  com- 
mon in  Ibo  iti'ii/.ils,  uro  (oniid  Imtc.     TIk?  popiilalion  has  biHMi  calcuhilod 
from  .^)(M()  (»l),000,  incliidiii'j  IIk;  civilized   hidians  mid   savugcH.     The 
(iiiaranis  (ixirmlod  liii  ir  selllemenis  to  ihi-.se  icmolo  n!;;,'ionH.     Tlio  Chur- 
riKiH  loii^'  and  luavely  (|el':'iided  Iho  li, inks  of  llio  fill  I'lula  ngaiiiHl  tho 
liUidpijaiiH.     'i'licy  ar(!  ii  silent  sleni  peopl,-,  who  ilo  not,  piiictiso  llio  uni- 
versal Indian  amusement  of  damin/r. 

'J'oirn.t.  Moiile  Vidcd  Ins  its  name  iVom  a  monni'iin  lie  m  tlio  town.  It 
IS  Hiliial(;(l  on  the  J/i,  Plata,  fixly  miles  from  i\H  mouth.  Tho  po|iululion 
i\  perhaps,  'iO,(l(l(>.  Maklonidu  is  u  phicu  of  hoiuu  iiii|)urtunco  on  the 
miiiio  sido  of  the  river.  • 

Mif-iion.s.  'J'lie  eatholie,  iiiissi(jiis  of  Para;,Miiiy  have  bcrn  tho  theme 
of  (.'loipioiKM!,  of  history  and  soii/r.  'I"l»;  .lesuil.s  w(!re  cortJiinly  cnlij^ht- 
onod  and  liomaiM>;  and  ik*  parallel  to  their  missionary  Huc<'iis.s'iH recorded 
in  liistory.  {>n  these  heiiililid,  lint  remote  and  imfKMpienti'd  plains  they 
hall  gatli(M'('il  a  hundred  llioiisnid  i'lom  llr-so  i;.rnoi"i.nt,  wandering  ond 
fierce  tribes,  who  livid  iiiidei'  their  liway,  p  lyiii;,'  the-m  a  liomago  bordering 
on  adoration.  'J'h<'y  were  h;ipli/.ed,  learned  the  tl(;(;alei,'iic,  ami  a  form 
of  pray<!r.  They  spmi  and  wn\e  the.  cloih,  lli'y  wore.  IJnt  the  Jesuits 
were  banished.  Pari,  of  their  coimtiy  wascedtNl  to  the  Portuguese.  They 
are  now  reduced  to  less  than  hall'  their  loiiiier  number. 

Towti.t.  IJiK^iins  Ayres  was  so  named  on  a<'C(»imt  of  the  salubrity  of 
its  climate.  It  is  on  a  plain,  on  tli(!  south  bank  of  the  La  Plata  ^10 
niik'S  from  its  mouth.  'I'he  town  is  forlilie  I,  ;uid  thi!  streets  broad  and 
well  paved.  I'ut  lln^  liirbur  roail  is  exposed  to  llu!  winds,  and  full  of 
rocks  and  shallows.  Meats  are  very  <heap,  tliou;^di  livin<,'  is  not.  so.  Two 
fowls  cost  ns  muc'li  as  an  us.  This  tttvvn  is  the  great  outlet,  from  Iho 
interior;  and  of  the  protliice  uf( 'hili  ami  Peru.  The  population  arnountff 
to  t)(),(KK)  souls.  Jt  has  been  ('()mput(Ml,  that  the  shepherds  of  these 
plains  tend  twc^lve  millions  oi'  oxen,  lint  in  this  delicious  elimrite,  and 
on  this  luxuriant,  soil,  the  p  'opie  deyeneralf!  to  diMiii-savages,  and  are 
i^niorant,  indolent  and  mi.i'M:i!>ie.  Tliey  live  in  mud  colla/^'cs,  and  gain- 
ing is  tluiir  |)re(lomiiianl.  pas.^ion.  A  pislurage  of  five  square  leagues 
is  not  thought  a  large  paslitie  farm.  They  are  always  on  hor.sc-hack,  and 
nre  strong  and  hoalUiy,  atlaining  often  to  extreme  old  age.     They  ar« 


^X- 


%':.'€■ 


..9, 


*^< 


•OUTH    AMERICA. 


brave,  and  fearless  of  danger,  and  reckless  of  life.  Often  they  form 
themselves  into  guerrilla  bands  of  banditti,  and  subsist  by  plunder, 
carrying  off  the  women  from  Buenos  Ayres,  who  frequently  show  no  dis- 
position to  return.  The  Guachos  of  Buenos  Ayres  and  the  Guasos  of 
CJiili  make  admirable  soldiers;  and  when  led  by  able  officers,  no  Euro- 
peans can  withstand  them.  At  Mcndoza  llierc  are  extensive  vineyards, 
where  excellent  wine  is  made.  The  population  is  rated  at  13,000.  San 
Juan  at  8,000,  San  Luis  at  2,500,  and  Cordova  at  10,000.  The  country 
south  of  Valdivia  and  Buenos  Ayres  is  thinly  peopled  by  indepfendent 
tribes.  The  country  between  Biobio  and  Valdivia,  in  the  fertility  of  its 
soil,  the  abundance  of  its  springs,  and  the  temperature  of  its  climate,  is 
even  more  delightful,  than  that  of  Chili.  The  river  Biobio  rises  in  the 
Cordillera,  and  enters  the  sea  six  miles  west  of  Conception.  It  is  a  wide 
and  deep  stream.  The  Araucaniau  Indians,  who  possess  these  countries, 
have  remained  invincible  and  independent.  The  Spanish  have  even  cel- 
ebrated their  heroism  in  Epic  poems.  The  province  of  Tuya  is  situated 
south  of  Buenos  Ayres,  between  the  two  rivers  Saladillo  and  Hucuque. 
It  is  covered  with  marshes  and  small  lakes.  Ii  is  probable,  that  the  para- 
pas  extend  from  Tucuman  to  40°  S.  L.  The  Colorado  and  Negro  rise 
in  the  Chilian  Andes,  and  flow  through  these  vast  and  unknown  regions. 
The  Indians  are  as  expert  horsemen,  as  the  Tartars.  The  Comarca  De- 
serta  is  placed  on  the  Spanish  maps  from  10°  to  45°  S.  L. 

Patagonia.  It  seems  now  to  be  generally  admitted,  that  the  Indians, 
who  inhabit  the  storm  beaten  shores  of  Patagonia,  are  of  gigantic  size. 
Their  mean  height,  it  is  said,  varies  from  six  to  seven  feet.  They  have 
had  little  communication  with  other  people,  and  have  adhered  to  their 
immemorial  customs,  and  rude  fare.  The  climate  of  Patagonia  is  more 
rude  and  stormy,  than  in  the  same  latitudes  north  of  the  equator.  Three 
vast  oceans  detach  it  from  the  rest  of  the  world.  Winds  and  opposite 
currents  here  meet  in  conflict.  It  is  traversed  by  a  broad  belt  of  moun- 
tains. The  atmosphere  on  the  east  of  this  belt  is  unclouded  and  serene, 
and  the  soil  generally  sterile.  West  of  them,  the  country  is  covered  with 
forests,  and  subject  to  incessant  rains.  Birches  and  other  trees  of  north- 
em  climates  are  common.  Herds  of  wild  oxen  are  seen  in  the  interior. 
The  Armadillo  and  a  species  of  Jaguar  have  been  observed  on  the  coast. 
Straits  of  Magellan.  Tliey  were  discovered  by  a  navigator,  whose 
name  they  bear,  in  1519.  The  length  of  the  strait  is  450  miles,  and  the 
breadth  varies  from  two  to  fifteen  leagues.  The  country  near  Port  Fam- 
ine on  these  straits,  notwithstanding  its  ill  omened  name,  abounds  in 
game,  and  produces  different  sorts  of  fruit.  Lofty  trees  are  not  uncom- 
mon. The  Archipelago  of  Toledo  is  situated  farther  to  the  north,  and 
the  largest  island  upon  it  is  Madre  de  Dios.    To  the  south  of  Patagonia, 


'.^V 


SOUTH    AMERICAt 


10& 


ihere  is  a  number  of  cold,  barren  and  mountainous  inlands.  Volcanoes, 
which  cannot  melt,  brighten,  and  illumine  the  perpetual  snow  in  these 
dismnl  regions.  The  country  on  the  soulhern  shores  of  the  ctrait,  was 
called  Terra  del  Fncgo,  from  the  circumstance,  that  the  Spanish  when 
tliey  discovered  llic  country  saw  fires  on  its  shores.  Narrow  channels^ 
strong  currents  and  boisterous  winds  render  it  dangerous  to  enter  this 
desolate  labyrinth.  Phoci  Sport  in  the  bays,  or  repose  their  unwieldy 
bodies  in  the  sand.  Flocks  of  penguins  and  other  antarctic  fowls  consort 
here.  Most  ships  now  double  Cape  Horn,  as  affording  an  easier  and 
safer  passage  to  4Ke  Pacific. 

Towards  the  Atlantic  ocean,  a  rich  verdure  decks  the  vallies,  and  use- 
ful animals  are  fiund  in  the  woods  and  pastures.  The  Indians  are  so 
excessively  dirty,  that  travellers  can  with  difllculty  distingush  the  color 
of  their  skin.  The  Falkland  islands  are  three  hundred  miles  eastward 
of  these  straits.  They  are  destitute  of  trees,  but  covered  with  along 
grass,  in  which  bask  the  sea  lions,  sea  calves  and  sea  wolves.  The 
Spaniards  left  cattle  there,  which  increased  rapidly.  Georgia,  situated 
1,200  miles  from  Cnpe  Horn,  is  a  dreary  and  frozen  country.  New 
South  Shetland,  and  another  chain  of  islands  in  G2°  S.  L.  were  discov- 
ered in  1820.  The  ground  is  sterile,  and  the  hills  and  rocks  covered 
with  snow.  The  sea  abounds  with  seals,  and  other  animals  common  to 
the  Atlantic  regions. 

History.     The  regime  of  the  Spaniards  in  this  vast  country  was  ex- 
ceedingly rigid  and  oppressive.      Trading  with  foreigners  was  punished 
with  death.    No  native  born  Americans  were  entrusted  with  any  places 
of  trust  or  importance.    Individuals  were  inoprisoned  for  instructing  the 
poor.    A  viceroy  gave  offence,  by  establishing  a  naval  school.     Whole 
tribes  of  Indians  perished  by  working  in  the  mines.     The  troubles  in 
old  Spain  under  the  regime  of  Bonaparte  first  roused  the  inhabitants  of 
Spanish  America  to  a  sense  of  their  condition  and  their  strength.     A  se- 
dition broke  out  in  Venezuela  in  1797.     The  authority  of  Bonaparte,  or 
his  brother,   was   never  recognized.     The  indc[)endence  of  that  state 
was  declared  in  Tucuman  in  1816.     The  Soutii  American  countries 
had  long  and  severe^struggles  with  the  royalists.    In  1818  the  best  troops 
ofSpain  were  annihilated  by  San  Martin  on  the  plains  of  Maipo.     The 
freedom  of  South  America  has  been  dated  from  that  victory.     The  rights 
of  the  people  were  purchased  by  blood,  toil,  exposure  and  sacrifices  of 
properly,  and  of  every  kind.     Slavery,  after  a  limited  period,  is  to  cease. 
The  mita  and  tribute  money  are,  also,  abolishet'.     Liberty  of  the  press 
was  enacted.     Public  measures  have  been  adopted  for  the  advancement 
of  a  general  system. of  common  school  education.    The  censorship  of  the 
press  has  been  abolished.     The  New  Testament  in  Spanish  has  been  dis- 


m- 


yv.:-i 


^m 


i 


,'  f 


'm^ 


'"-.*>...• 


160 


SOUTH    AMEIIICA. 


tributed  among  tha  people.  There  can  be  no  more  arbitrary  and  illegal 
imprisonments,  nor  opening  of  letters,  nor  violation  of  the  private  sanctu- 
ary of  tlie  dwelling  house.  Monopolies  arc  abolished,  and  trial  by  jury 
will,  probably  soon  be  iidoptcci;  and  it  is  hoped,  that  religious  freedom 
will  shortly  make  a  part  of  their  institutions. 

Government.  Tlie  electors  are  chosen  by  the  people  on  a  fixed  ratio 
of  the  population,  apd  the  members  of  Congress  arc  ti'.ken  from  the  elec- 
toral assemblies.  The  legislative  forms,  bodies,  oflicers  and  chiefs  are 
modelled  much  after  the  p:ittern  of  the  United  States.  Bolivar,  who  was 
long  the  master  spirit  ofSpimish  South  America,  wasiltylcd  Zriftcrarfor, 
and  the  powers  entrusted  to  him  were  in  a  measure  despotic.  He  has  de- 
ceased leaving  history  uncertain  whether  to  class  him  among  deliverers 
or  usurpers. 

In  regard  to  the  question,  whether  they  will  be  able  to  defend  their  in- 
dependence, no  country  on  the  globe  is  so  strongly  fortified  by  nature 
against  invasion.  The  immense  mountains  are  impregnable  barriers, 
where  in  a  healthy  air  the  inhabitants  have  only  to  guard  their  defiles, 
and  cause  the  armies  of  their  invaders  to  waste  away  with  sickness  on  the 
scorching  and  humid  j-lains.  The  river  Plate  has  its  peculiar  difficulties 
of  ascent;  and  the  eastern  coast  of  Mexico  is  inaccessible  to  a  hostile 
fleet.  The  inhabitants  enjoy  the  blessings  of  plenty,  industry  and  wealth. 
Private  property  is  held  sacred;  and  these  blessings  have  the  zest  of  being 
entirely  new.  'ihe  inhal)itants  me  easily  trained  to  become  good  sold- 
iers, and  in  many  of  their  battles  with  their  invaders,  and  with  each  other, 
have  fought  with  great  gallantry.  The  population  of  the  Republic  of  Co- 
lombia is  rated  at  2,500,000,  and  the  annual  revenue  at  something  more 
than  3,000,000  dollars. 

Brazil.  The  boundaries  of  this  immense  country  are  still  in  question. 
It  stretches  almost  from  the  Amazon  to  the  I^a  Plata,  and  Guyana  and  the 
Atlantic  are  the  northern  boundaries.  The  Atlantic  bounds  it  on  the  east. 
On  the  south  it  comes  to  a  point.  On  the  west  it  is  bounded  by  Peru  and 
Buenos  Ayres.  It  constitutes  two  fifths  of  all  South  America,  and  a  ter- 
ritory ten  times  larger  than  France. 

Inhabitants.  The  population  is  reputed  to  amount  to  four  millions, 
and  is  chiefly  confined  to  th"^  coast,  and  the  mining  districts. 

Soil.  The  maritime  districts  consist,  for  the  most  part  of  clay  covered 
with  a  rich  mould.  Great  part  of  the  country  is  of  extraordinary  and  in- 
exhaustible fertility.  On  the  northern  coast  is  the  great  chain  of  Itiapaba 
mountains.  The  Marcella  forms  an  inferior  rvingc.  In  the  very  centre 
of  South  America  are  the  immense  plains  and  heights  of  Parexis,  cover- 
ed with  sand  and  a  light  earth,  and  resembling  at  a  distance  the  waves  of 
a  stormy  sea.     Yet  the  streams  Madera,  Topayos,  Xingu,  Jaura,  Sypo- 


toba, 

feed  til 

rivers  i 

of  dian 

quantit 

by  its  ii 

Parana 

six  rain 

with  lh( 

cantins 

durins?  t 

ranhao, 

de  San  ] 

Cb'mc 

lions  thi 

near  the 

rature. 

has  all  th 

of  excess 

The  W3SI 


^;^, 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


m 


toba,  and  Cuioba  descend  in  dilTerent  directions  from  this  arid  ridge,  to 
feed  the  Amazon,  the  Paraguay  and  their  tributaries.  Most  of  these 
rivers  roll  aurifcioiig  samls,  niul  at  the  sources  of  the  Paraguay  is  a  bed 
of  diamonds.  Dillorcnt  salines  anil  s;ilt  iakcs  in  the  interior  supply  great 
quantities  of  salt.  The  Paraguay,  in  its  long  and  mighty  course  formd 
by  its  inundations  the  great  lake  Xarai/es.  The  noble  cataract  of  the 
Parana  constitutes  a  most  sublime  spectacle.  The  spectator  observes 
six  rainbows  rising  above  each  other,  and  the  atmosphere  is  circumfused 
with  the  vapor.  The  coast  adjoining  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  and  To- 
cantins  is  low  ai||)  marshy.  Many  of  the  streams  are  precipitous  torrents 
during  the  rainy  season,  and  completely  disappear  in  the  dry.  The  Ma- 
ranhao,  Rio  Grande  and  Pariaba  are  important  rivers.  The  Rio  Grande 
de  San  Pedro  is  broad  near  the  sea;  but  has  not  a  long  course. 

Climate.  In  a  country  so  extensive,  and  so  diversified  by  eleva- 
tions the  climate  must  be  various.  TJjc  regions  along  the  streams,  and 
near  the.elevatcd  plains  and  mountains  are  delightful  for  their  tempe- 
rature. San  Paulo  is  a  town  12,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea  and 
has  all  the  charms  of  a  tropical  climate,  without  any  of  the  inconveniences 
of  excessive  heat.  Large  tracts  of  the  table  lands  are  of  this  character. 
The  W3st  wind,  passing  into  the  interior,  over  swamps  and  marshes,  is 
considered  unhealthy.  But  the  fragrance  of  tiio  aromatic  plants  in  the 
woods  partly  corrects  this  unheajthfuliiess.  The  rainy  season  commen- 
ces in  March, "and  sometimes  in  February.  The  north  wind  blows  with 
little  remission,  during  the  dry  months.  The  soil  of  the  mountains  is 
then  parched.  The  nights  are  cool,  and  hoar  frosts  are  net  uncommon. 
During  the  suftriest  season,  the  air  along  the  coast  is  tempered  by  the 
refreshing  sea  breezes.  Dews  are  excessive.  At  Rio  Janeiro  in  17S1, 
the  heat  averaged  by  Fahrenheit,  72°.  There  fell  42  inches  of  rain. 
The  cloudless  days  were  112.  The  cloudy  days  without  rain  were  133; 
and  the  days  of  rain  were  120.  There  were  thunder  storms,  during 
77  days,  and  dense  mists  during  43. 

Minerals,  precious  stones,  Sfc.  The  chief  diamond  district  in  Brazil 
is  that  of  Cerro  dc  Frio,  a  territory  of  the  loftiest  and  most  rugged  moun- 
tains in  Brazil,  and  in  extent  16  leagues  from  north  to  south  by  8  from 
east  to  west.  The  precious  stones  found  there  were  considered  bright 
crystals,  and  used  as  card  counters.  They  were  sold  to  the  Dutch  be- 
fore their  value  was  known.  In  20  years  1,0C0  ounces  were  imported 
into  Europe  from  Brazil.  So  great  an  amount  in  so.  short  a  time,  di- 
minished their  value,  and  caused  them  to  be  sent  from  Brazil  to  India, 
instead  of  being  imported  from  that  country,  as  formerly.  Cerro  de  Frio 
has  few  attractions  for  settlers.  Sterile  mountains  and  desert  plains  in- 
form the  traveller  that  he  is  in  the  diamond  district.    Between  1801  and 


'> 


«'  . 


168 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


1806  the  diamonds  imported  from  Brazil  to  Lisbon  weighed  115,671 
carats.  A  great  amount  was,  no  doubt,  sent  abroad  clandestinely,  and. 
many  were  circulated  privately  through  the  country,  and  received  instead 
of  money.  They  differ  in  weight  from  a  grain  to  17  carats.  If  a  slave 
find  one  weighing  174  carats,  he  is  crowned  with  flowers,  and  manumit- 
ted. Topazes  of  different  colors,  and  chrysobcryld,  susceptible  of  a  most 
beautiful  polish,  are  found  in  this  country.  There  arc  gold  mines  in  the 
vicinity  of  St.  Paulo,  and  Villa  Rica,  but  they  have  not  yet  been  much 
worked.  Most  of  the  gold  from  this  country  is  supplied  by  washing  the 
soil.  A  bowl  full  is  washed  in  less  than  a  quarter  of  a%hour,  and  yields 
on  an  average  16  pence  worth  of  gold.  A  fifth  part  goes  to  the  crown. 
Humboldt  supposes  that  the  annual  value  does  not  e.\ceed  five  millions 
of  piastres. 

Plants.  This  country,  as  might  be  expected,  is  extremely  rich  in 
tropical  plants.  The  tribe  of  the  palms  is  numerous  and  splendid.  Sev- 
eral of  these  kinds  are  more  loAy  and  splendid  than  even  those  of  India. 
No  words  can  reach  the  richness  and  splendor  of  many  of  the  fruit  and 
flowering  trees.  Some  flower  many  times  in  a  year.  The  Lccythis  ol 
laria  grows  in  the  woods  of  S.  Yoao  Bnptista  to  the  height  of  100  feet. 
Its  summit  is  covered  with  rose  coloured  leaves,  and  white  blossoms.  Its 
nuts  are  as  large  as  a  cannon  ball ;  and  it  is  not  safe  to  remain  under  the 
trees  when  these  nuts  are  falling.  The  Indians  eat  the  seeds  roasted  as 
a  substitute  for  bread.  A  writer  of  the  country  aflirms  that  no  country 
possesses  so  excellent  wood  for  ship  building.  A  merchant  ship  may  be 
had  in  Brazil  for  half  the  sum  it  costs  in  Europe.  The  trade  of  Bahia 
and  several  other  sea  ports  consists  chiefly  in  ship  building.  The  royal 
navy  of  Portugal  consists  chiefly  of  Brazilian  timber.  There  is  an  end- 
less variety  and  profusion  in  the  species  of  trees  and  plants,  compared 
with  those  of  more  northern  countries.  But  the  trees  are  easily  blown 
up  by  the  wind ;  and  being  of  an  immense  length,  destroy  many  others 
in  their  fall. 

There  are  many  dyeing  woods  and  vegetables  in  Brazil.  The  famous 
Brazil  wood  is  of  three  species,  mirim,  rozado,and  Brazillelto.  Cassada 
is  the  principal  nourishment  of  the  inhabitants.  Ignames,  rice,  wheat 
and  maize  are,  also  cultivated.  Maize  yields  200  for  1.  Each  plant  of 
the  mandioca  produces  from  6  to  12  pounds  of  bread.  The  marobi 
yields  a  great  quantity  of  oil.  Melons,  gourds,  and  bananas  abound. 
Lemons,  guavos,.  and  different  kinds  of  oranges  grow  along  the  coast. 
From  the  fruit  of  the  mangaba  they  make  an  agreeable  beverage.  Pine 
apples  grow  abundantly  in  some  provinces.  The  culture  of  sugar,  coffee, 
cotton,  and  indigo  has  of  late  years  made  considerable  progress.  The 
finest  tobacco  is  cultivated  in  some  parts  of  the  country.    The  banks  of 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


169 


the  rivers  are  covered  with  immonso  forests  of  cocoa  trees,  and  the  ten- 
drils of  vanilla  nrc  scon  (•liii<.Mii,'T,  like  ivy,  round  the  hi<,'hest  branches. 
The  country  produces  dilibicut  f^orls  of  popper,  the  wild  cinnamon,  and 
the  Brazilian  c:issi:i.  Tlio  country  is,  also,  pmliflc  in  medicinal  plants. 
All  tho  qundrupetis  coir.mon  to  IViu  ;\rc  found  Ijcrc;  and  a  number  of 
others  that  are  pcciilinr  totiiii?  ro;rioii.  V;iri(jihi  species  of  apes  are  seen 
in  tho  woods.  'J'lio  vnmpyrc  l):it  ii\c'3  on  the  jiiLrular  vein  of  animals, 
and  is  supposed  to  lull  tho  pain  of  its  bile  ly  llippinri;  its  wings,  all  the 
time  it  sucks  tho  blood.  Two  s])ccics  of  slutiis  inhabit  the  country,  and 
of  all  lands  under  llio  sun,  Brazil  lias  the  lavycst  and  if.'iudicst  butterflies. 

Birds.  Tho  Brazilian  birds  arc  distincuisliod  for  the  variety  and  splen- 
dor of  their  pluniape.  The  red,  blue,  and  ureen  parrots  frequent  the  tops 
of  the  trees.  'J'lio  jTallinacoous  and  pi!;von  tribes  haunt  the  woods.  Ori- 
oles, manakins,  nnd  orioIcH  roiSDund  their  sonr.'f?  thron;ih  the  forest. 
The  toucan  is  prized  for  iffi  leathery,  which  are  lemon,  bright  red,  and 
black  in  dillbrcnt  parts  of  tho  bony.  Tlio  dilli;ront  species  of  humming 
birds  are  more  numerous  than  in  any  other  coinilry  in  America.  There 
are  ten  species  of  wild  bees,  most  of  which  produce  honey  of  an  aromatic 
flavor.  Cochineal  mipht  be  produced  in  abuniUince.  A  species  of  mu- 
rex  is  found  on  the  coast  of  St.  Ciithorino's.  of  tho  size  of  a  nut,  which 
yields  a  color  at  iirst-  yellow,  but  on  exposure  to  the  air  a  rich  crimson, 
supposed  to  be  identical  with  the  purple  of  the  ancients. 

Departments.  Brazil  is  divii'cd  inl(;  nine  ffovernmenfs,  called  capitan- 
ias,  as  follow:  Rio  Janeiro,  Para,  Maranhao,  Pernambuco,  Bahia,  San 
Paulo,  Mattogrosso,  fioyaz,  and.  IMiiias  Gcraes.  The  primate  of  Brazil 
holds  the  highest  ecclesiastical  oiiice.  There  arc  two  supreme  courts 
of  justice,  one  at  Bahia;  the  other  at  llio  Janeiro.  There  are  also  24 
comarcas,  in  which  are  established  suijordinatc  courts. 

Chief  Towns.  Rio  Janeiro  has  been  called  by  some  writers  Saint 
Sebastian.  This  town  has  an  excellent  harbor,  defended  by  the  castle  of 
Santa  Cruz.  The  hills  in  the  vicinity  are  adorned  with  houses,  churches 
or  convents.  Tiie  entrance  to  the  harbor  is  confmed  by  several  islands, 
adorned  with  houses.  The  bcautiiid  bay  is  a  great  ornament  to  the  town. 
Its  calm  and  transparent  waters  rcllect  on  all  sides  the  images  of  steep 
rocks,  thick  forests,  churches  and  houses.  Tho  most  remarkable 
public  buildings  are  the  convents  of  St,  Antonio  and  St.  Theresa,  the 
ancient  college  of  the  Jesuits,  nnd  tho  church  of  Nossa  Senhora  da 
Gloria.  The  town  is  well  supplied  with  water  by  an  aqueduct.  In  1817 
it  contained  110,000  inhabitants.  It  has  been  recently  rated  to  contain 
200,000.  It  is  very  favorably  situated  for  trade  with  every  quarter  of  the 
globe.  Its  exports  are  numerous,  rich,  abundant,  and  under  an  enlighten- 
ed administration  it  would  be  a  great  mart  for  the  most  distant  countries. 
Vol   TI.  32 


*i<y.  J 


'HI 

'  '1 

1 

ij    : 

'ill 

'  u 

1 

lis 

i 

If 

'r:t|:!!    p 

W^M    \i 

1 

1 

i 

170 


fOUTII    AMERICA. 


fr 


Rio  Grande,  the  most  southern  coptnlncy,  is  watered  by  many  rirew, 
with  well  wooded  hanks;  on;l  snmc  of  them  are  rich  in  gold.  Numerous 
flocks  of  ostriches  wander  in  the  plains,  and  the  forests  abound  in  game. 
If  a  better  system  of  afrriculturo  were  established,  Rio  Grande  might 
soon  become  the  granary  of  the  kingdom.  Rio  Grande,  the  chief  town, 
is  a  city  of  importance. 

Tiie  island  of  St.  Catharine  is  embellished  by  beautiful  scenery  of 
rocks  and  woods.  Refreshing  breezes  temper  the  solstitial  heats.  Tho 
soil  in  tho  interior  is  of  extraordinary  fertility.  An  e.xuberant  profusion 
of  flowers  indicates  a  genial  climate.  The  jessamino  and  the  rose  are  in 
bloom  through  the  year.  The  delightful  vale  of  Picadu  is  thickly  studded 
with  white  cottages  in  the  midst  of  orange  groves,  and  coflee  planta- 
tions. 

The  plain  of  Corrit  iva,  perhaps  the  richest  in  tho  world,  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  ocean,  by  a  road  made  across  a  lofty  ridge  of  mountains, 
4,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Rio  Janeiro  and  San  Paulo  are 
supplied  with  cattle,  horses  and  mules  from  this  fertile  district. 

The  best  rice  in  Brazil  is  raised  in  the  district  of  Santos.  A  paved  road 
has  been  made  from  Santos,  the  port  town,  to  San  Paulo  in  the  interior. 
It  is  cut  in  many  places  through  solid  rocks,  anc'  in  others  along  the  edge 
of  precipices.  Fine  springs  form  romantic  cascades  in  the  midst  of  the 
rocks.  The  traveller  ascends  under  arbours  of  shade,  and  half  way  up 
the  ascent  looks  down  upon  the  clouds.  The  summit  of  the  mountain 
is  6,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  which,  though  20  miles  distant, 
seems  to  wash  the  base. 

On  this  mountain,  in  a  wide  plain,  is  situated  the  city  of  San  Paulo, 
with  a  climate  the  most  delightful  in  the  world.  Its  streets  are  broad  and 
clean ;  and  its  population,  with  its  dependent  parishes,  30,000.  The  in- 
habitants are  famous  for  ornamenting  their  gardens;  and  the  ladies  are 
equally  renowned  for  their  beauty  and  sprightliness.  The  term  Paulista 
is  one  of  comjiliment  to  a  lady,  as  implying  that  she  looks  as  if  she  might 
be  an  inhabitant  of  that  city.  The  people  are  noted  for  their  spirit,  en- 
(erprize  and  patriotism. 

The  population  of  Minas  Geraes  has  been  rated  at  half  a  million. 
The  country,  though  almost  unexplored,  is  rich  in  agricultural  products 
of  almost  every  sort.  The  grape  yields  a  delicious  wine ;  but  the  people 
in  the  gold  and  diamond  districts  neglect  their  vines,  and  drink  water. 
Many  of  the  trees  are  adapted  for  dyeing  and  tanning.  The  adracanth 
is  here  of  the  best  quality,  and  the  sugar  cane  grows  in  its  wild  state. 

Villa  Rica,  the  chief  town,  has  been  improved  of  late  years.  It  is 
well  supplied  with  water,  and  its  principal  street  is  half  a  league  in  length. 
Vtooa  its  eleTtted  situation,  it  happens  that  the  thermometer  seldom 


^  - 


fOUTTI    AMGRfCA. 


ni 


reaches  above  62°  in  the  hIuuIo,  and  its  rnngc  is  between  thii  point  and 
48**.     The  population  ainonnfs  to  i2(),()tK>  souls.  •  '  xH^^. 

The  capitaniii  of  (ioycz,  on  accoiiiit  of  its  inhnd  situ  ition,  is  seldom 
visited.  Its  rivers  arc  well  stocke;!  with  fish,  and  its  w-iods  abound  with 
game.  But  the  inhabitants  are  scattorod  over  n  vast  extent  of  country. 
Some  of  the  mines  are  rich  in  gUd.  The  diamonds  arc  larger  though  not 
of  so  pure  a  water  as  those  of  (/erro  del  Frio.  Cotton  is  cultivated  near 
i\\e  frontiers.  Villa  Boa,  tha  chief  town,  is  built  in  a  low  situation  oa 
the  banks  of  the  Vermelho. 

The  government  of  Buhia  stretches  along  the  coast.  The  soil  is  prin- 
cipally a  rich  vegetable  mould,  is  watered  by  many  streams,  and  well  ad- 
apted to  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar  cane.  Its  tobacco,  coffee  and  rice 
are  famous.  The  beautiful  Brazil  wood,  growing  here,  is  equal  to  that 
from  Pernamburo.  San  Salvadnr  de  B  diia,  the  chief  city,  is  nearly  forir 
miles  in  length,  from  north  to  south.  The  lower  part  of  the  town  inhab- 
ited chiefly  by  mechanics  and  tradesmen,  is  considered  unhealthy.  The 
wealthy  inhabit  the  higher  part,  nearly  600  foot  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
The  population  has  been  estimated  at  1S,000  Fouls,  of  which  colored 
people  constitute,  perhaps,  two-thirds.  The  city  is  well  built.  The 
chief  occupation  of  the  people  consists  in  ship  building.  The  town  is 
better  supplied  with  provisions  than  Rio  Janeiro. .  Oranges,  walcr  melons, 
pineapples,  and  different  sorts  of  fruit  are  plentiful  throughout  the  dis- 
trict. The  excessive  heat  of  the  climnfe  is  moderated  by  the  sea  breeze 
and  by  the  circumstance  of  the  shortness  of  the  days,  and  the  equality 
of  the  nights. 

The  government  of  Pernambuco  is  famed  for  its  dye  woods,  vanilla, 
cocoa,  rice  and  sugar.  Its  cotton  was  a  long  time  con.sidered  the  best  in 
the  world.  The  lower  part  of  the  city  is  built  on  two  islands,  and  is 
called  Recif,  or  Pernambuco.  The  other  part,  built  on  an  eminence  three 
miles  distant,  has  received  the  name  Olinda.  The  population  of  the  two 
towns  amounts  to  65,000  souls. 

Piauhy  is  400  miles  from  noith  to  south,  and  70  in  medium  breadth. 
Gold,  iron  and  lead  have  been  discovered  in  this  district.  The  province 
has  been  more  recently  termed  Maranham,  and  is  important  for  the  value 
of  its  productions.  Annate,  capsicum,  pimento,  ginger,  and  the  best 
fruits  of  Europe  grow  in  great  abundance  throughout  the  province. 
The  chief  town,  Maranham,  contains  30,000  inhabitants. 

Grand  Para  and  Rio  Negro  form  the  largest  government  in  Brazil,  ex- 
tending 800  miles  from  east  to  west,  and  400  in  breadth.  Grand  Para, 
the  chief  town,  is  sometimes  called  Belem.  The  population  amounts  to 
20,000  inhabitants,  who  are  poor  and  destitute  of  employment.  The 
capitania  of  Mattogrosso  abounds  with  forests  of  wild  cocoa  trees,  snd 


"4    ' 


■,    V- 


■!■    ! 


^■-{tOi.     '^r  ! 


'■'  i  I 


^     173 


fiouTii  ami:ric.\. 


^ 


the  difTorcnt  kinds  of  woorl,  wliicli  }!un\  in  flio  lowor  parts  of  Briizil, 
Small  piwcs  of  fjold  nro  colUulod  from  liiii  licdsof  tlio rivoi-H.  Tliocity 
of  Ciiiahii  in  flin  cliiof  t'.wii,  nnl  h  nifunt'd  *  ii  a  livrr  of  that  naino, 
240  inik>H  from  its  jiinrtion  with  iUc.  Pan/jfiiay.  'I'iio  p^pulalioti  luiKdints 
ton(l,()(M),ntid  ia  well  Hiipplii.'.l  wilii  fifh,  fiiiils  aiidalLsiilsof  voyctMhles. 

Natlvex.  V.uioiis  Irilx's  anj  sr;i|lo!((l  ovor  this  iiiujiciiso  country. 
Tljcy  mo  fifrorif,',  mid  Nvll  nindo  ;:ikI  of  thu  iiMiial  coivior  coinijlfxinn. 
They  nro  rc|)i(.'S('iitcd  hy  llu!  PorlU'rioHo,  ia  bcin:,'  inoslly ''^uiiiihalH.  Tho 
Jesuits  had  rmdlitudi'H  of  thr.so  watldcriii','  aava/^'i'S  completely  nuhjected 
to  their  rule.  Tlio  (junriiii  is  n  lancjiiaiiio  very  jrcnerally  known  liy  tho 
natives.  But  thcro  are  lil'ty-ouo  dialectn,  spoken  by  dillbrent  tribes  of 
the  interior  that  have  no  atrmity  with  the  (jiuarini. 

Government.  Tliis  coiiii!ry  at  pr«'seiif  tAivn  the  proud  name  of  an 
empire.  Tho  two  riouiiM  of  Pordi^al  nnd  lk;i/.il  aro  soparatod.  A  rovo- 
lution  has  recently  indticcfi  the  cmpiM-or  to  abdicate  his  crown;  nnd  tho 
government  is  in  an  unsLtilcd  state.  Thcro  are  even  hopes,  tint  it  will 
throw  ofT  its  miserable  jj^iyoant  of  an  emperor,  and  boconio  like  the  other 
American  .states,  a  republic.  This  country,  iiidcpcndciitly  of  its  military 
resources,  which  arc  respectable,  nii/^Iit  bo  a  fjreat  stale,  both  on  account 
of  its  position,  and  the  extent  and  fertility  of  its  soil,  [is  population,  like 
that  of  Russia,  or  tho  United  Staten,  n)i'.;lit  be  doubled  in  a  few  years. 
But  before  this  can  be  eH'ccted,  this  naturally  tine  country  must  have  a 
Czar  Peter,  or  free  institutions.  It  lias  been  hitherto  bowed  down 
under  a  yoke  of  iron.  * 

Guiana  is  bounded  on  tlio  snutli  by  the  Amazon,  on  the  west  by  the 
Rio  Negro,  and  on  tho  north  nnd  north-west  by  (he  Orinoco  and  the  At- 
lantic ocean.  The  coast  is  low,  and  at  several  leagues  from  the  shore, 
subject  to  inundation.  On  these  low  niounds  grow  tho  mangrove,  in 
which  the  water  remains  .stagnnnt.  Tho  marshes  and  fens  are  covered 
with  reeds,  and  alltrd  resorts  to  iiniuincrablc  wild  fowls,  and  caymans,  or 
crocodiles.  No  cnlcnreous  rocks  iiavo  iHtherto  been  observed  in  this 
country.  The  liighest  inland  motuitains  are  not  more  than  1,800  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sen.  'J'ho  mouths  of  the  rivers  are  broad  and  shal- 
low. At  a  distance  in  the  interior  they  abound  in  cascades.  No  fewer 
than  thirty-eight  have  been  counted  on  the  Esscquibo.  They  are  obser- 
ved, also,  on  the  Demarara,  Oyapok,  Maroni,  Berbice,  Corentins,  Sina- 
mari  and  the  Arouri. 

Seasons.  The  dry  season  lasts  from  the  end  of  July  to  November; 
and  the  rainy  season  corresponds  to  the  winter  months  in  Europe.  The 
most  violent  rains  sometimes  fall  in  January  and  February.  TJie  weather 
is  dry  and  agreeable,  during  the  month  of  March  and  the  beginning  of 
May.     April  and  the  latter  part  of  May  are  subject  to  continual  rains. 


MOUTH    AMCfU(.'\. 


17:1 


Tilt) « liimto  k  unt  li;.,!)!,.  to  t!ic  cxfosslvo  hunt  of  tlio  K;isl  Inilics,  Africa 
or  tlu^  Wcwt.  Indict.  'ri,(>  wiiulM,  p.-iMsin;,'  ovor  a  vast  cxU'iil  of  oceuri, 
trtiiixT  lilt!  8ii!triiif^.-t  ami  jIj.j  ('p;»n'.>i^ivf  Ii0!it«.  I';iirt)])cans  allirni,  tliiit 
Uiu  riit)riiiii«(  and  i!vciiiii</  !)r»!.'/.i'H  ait-  culd  in  iii;;ny  parts  of  tlio  intoi'iur. 

/>m'«.vr.y.  fJiiiaiia,  li.!;<.  pL'rhaps,  hcoii  tli  .ii^dit  rn')ro  sickly,  tlmti  it 
loally  ia.  Tlu)  cliiinlo  in  ccMiainly  liiiiiiid,  atiu  llio  iiir  rendered  insalu- 
l)rit)u.')  Ity  thick  wuodd  and  iincidtivatcd  1  in  !h.  It  is  snppoHcd,  that  tho 
rultin','  down  lh<!  trees  is  nnl'avorahlt!  to  the  health  *>['  the  first  colonists. 
Tertian  and  «iuartan  a'/iio",  tiiDii^h  CDtnintn,  arc  not  dangorons.  Epi- 
demics diseases  aro  ran;. 

Inundation.'}.  'J'his  country  is  sulijeL't  to  annual  overflow  of  tho  rivers. 
(Juadruprds  uro  forced  to  take  ret'iign  on  tho  highest  trees;  lizards, 
a;jouiis,  and  pocaris  (luit  their  watery  dons,  anil  remain  on  the  branches. 
Aquatic  birds  s;)riii<if  upon  the  trees,  to  avoid  tho  cayman  and  serpents 
that  infest  tho  teiuporavy  likes.  The  lirst  forsake  their  ordinary  food, 
nnd  live  on  tho  fi'i'its  and  berries  of  tho  shruI)S,  throu<,'h  which  they 
Hwirn.  Tlic  cval)  is  loiind  upon  the  tvt.-e-',  and  the  oyster  multiplies  in 
the  forest.  Tho  Indian,  who  stuvoya  from  bis  canoe  this  confusion  of 
earth  and  sea,  siisi)eiu!s  his  hammock  on  an  elevated  branch,  and  sleeps 
withoui  <oar  in  tho  midst  of  tho  dan<,'er.  ()ran;^es,  lemons,  the  guava, 
the  laurus  pcrsca,  the  8apola,  the  amiona,  ami  other  fruits  grow  in  the 
cultivated  lands,  all  tho  year.  Tho  wikl  fruits  bear  but  onco  in  a  year. 
The  most  rcmarktibleof  tlier.e  arc  the  orenadilla,  and  tlic  difl'orent  species 
of  tho  palms.  Thc*man!.^,o  and  other  Ivast  Intlian  plants  thrive  in  Guiana; 
but  the  fruits  of  Europe,  with  tho  e.\ce[)lit)ii  of  the  grape,  fig  and  pome- 
granate, are  not  adapted  to  the  climate.  Three  species  of  the  coffee  tree 
were  luund  here  iiuli^oncus.  Tiij  Arabian  was  afterwards  added.  The 
country  prtKluces  in  abundance,  cloves,  cinnamon  and  ditibrent  sorts  of 
pepper.  The  cocoa  tree  in  some  p.laces  grows  spontaneously.  Indigo 
and  vanilla  arc  indigenous  to  the  soil.  JManiuc  and  cassadu  are  consider- 
ed the  moat  important  alimentary  plants.  Tiie  potato,  the  igname,  two 
kinds  of  millet  and  the  tayove  arc  also  very  nutritive. 

Medicinal  jjluiitx.  'I'lic  tjiiassia  wood  is  brought  from  this  country. 
Various  other  nicdieinal  vegetables  abouiid.  The  country  is,  also,  equal- 
ly prolific  in  poisonous  vegetables.  The  duncane  is  said  to  occasion  in- 
stant death.  The  Indians  dip  their  arrows  in  a  solution  of  the  bark  of 
the  woorari  tree.  A  negro  woman,  whose  skin  had  been  grazed  by  one 
of  these  arrows,  expired  in  a  short  lime,  and  her  infant,  though  not 
wounded,  lost  its  lif'u  iiom  sucking  her  breast. 

Forest  trees.  The  bananas  and  mangles  are  soft  and  porous.  Some 
of  the  trees  are  susceptible  of  a  tine  i)olish,  though  it  is  difiicuit  to  cut 
them,  on  accoimt  of  their  excessive  hardness.     Various  kinds  of  beauti 


I  f 


^■,/' 


'JfU 


■!i  1?'! 


* 


\u 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


ful  cabinet  woods  are  found  in  the  forests,  wliich  abound  in  varied  and 
romantic  ficenery.  Great  varieties  of  flowering  creejiers  and  shrubs  dif- 
fuse fragrance  throuf>li  the  air.  Parasitical  plants  in  many  places  render 
the  forests  impassable.  Tlio  simira  yields  a  rich  crimson  dye.  The 
largest  canoes  arc  miido  from  the  wild  cotton  tree. 

Quadrupeds.  Tlie  same  as  those  of  Brazil  and  Paraguay.  The  red 
tiger  of  Surinam  is  less  than  the  jaguar,  but  resembles  it  in  habits,  and 
is  equally  ferocious.  The  tiger  cat  is  a  beautiful  animal,  not  much  larger 
than  the  domestic  cat,  and  is  lively,  mischevious,  and  untameable.  There 
are  two  species  of  the  an*  bear.  One  of  the  species  is  almost  8  feet  in 
length,  attacks  the  jnguar;  and  seldom  leaves  its  hold  without  destroying 
it.  The  dog  cra*>  frequrnts  the  sea  shore,  and  uses  its  feet  very  dexter- 
ously in  drawing  shell  fish  out  of  their  cavities.  There  are  many  spe- 
cies of  monkeys  in  Guiana.  The  guata  is  considered  to  be  a  striking 
resemblance  to  man,  or  rather  to  an  Indian  old  woman.  Three  species 
of  deer  are  indigenous.  The  agouti  and  paca  are  considered  the  best 
game  in  Guiana.  The  cabiai  is  an  amphibious  animal,  armed  with  strong 
tusks,  and  covered  with  bristles.  The  peccary,  or  mexican  hog,  has  an 
orifice  on  his  back,  containing  a  fetid  liquor,  not  unlike  musk.  The 
coati-monda  is  a  great  destroyer  of  poultry,  and  is  said  to  be  as  cunning 
as  a  fox.  The  vampyre  bat  is  the  most  destructive  in  the  country.  The 
boa,  or  as  it  is  called  in  the  language  of  the  country  aboma,  is  a  large 
amphibious  snake  forty  feet  in  length,  and  four  or  five  in  circumference. 
It  is  indifferent,  as  to  its  prey,  and  destroys,  when  hungry,  any  animal, 
that  comes  within  its  reach.  The  negroes  consider  it  excellent  food,  and 
its  fat  is  converted  into  oil..  The  rattle  snake  and  dipsas  are  the  most 
noxious  reptiles  in  Guiana.  The  sting  of  the  latter  is  not  always  fatal, 
but  produces  fever,  acccompanioJ  with  excessive  thirst  whence  its  name. 
Guiana  is  infested  with  serpents,  lizards  and  cayman.  Of  the  fresh 
water  fish  the  pacoun  and  aymara  are  said  to  be  the  best.  The  warajjper 
has  been  found  on  the  trees.  It  feeds  on  them,  during  the  inundations, 
and  remains  entangled  among  the  branches,  when  the  waters  have  sub- 
sided. 

The  Dutch  settlements  of  Essequibo,  Demarara  and  Berbice  form, 
what  has  been  called  British  Guiana,  which  is  inhabited  by  9,000  whites, 
andSO,000  negroes.  The  harbor  of  the  city  of  Essequibo,  though  situated 
at  the  confluence  of  two  large  rivers,  lias  not  been  hitherto  considered  of 
much  importance.  Most  of  the  settlers  reside  on  the  banks  of  the  river, 
near  the  plantations.  Since  the  thick  woods  have  been  cut  down,  the 
refreshing-  sea  breeze  is  not  obstructed  in  its  course,  and  the  climate  is 
jniWer  and  more  salubrious,  than  that  of  Surinam. 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


175 


in  varied  and 

nd  shrubs  dif- 

places  render 

in  dye.      Tlie 

lay.      The  red 
in  habits,  and 
lot  much  larger 
leable.     There 
ilmost  8  feet  in 
liout  destroying 
jet  very  dexler- 
e  are  many  spe- 
to  be  a  striking 
Three  species 
isidcred  the  best 
rmed  with  strong 
:ican  hog,  has  an 
ike  musk.    The 
to  be  as  cunning 
be  country.    Tlie 
aboma,  is  a  large 
n  circumference, 
igry,  any  animal, 
icellent  food,  and 
psas  are  the  most 
not  always  fatal, 
whence  its  name. 
Of  the  fresh 
:.  The  warajfper 
the  inundations, 
waters  have  sub' 

nd  Berbice  form, 
by  9,000  whites, 
0,  though  situated 
lerto  considered  of 
inks  of  the  river, 
-en  cut  down,  the 
and  the  climate  is 


Demarara  is  the  most  flourisliing  of  the  British  settlements  in  Guiana. 
The  population  of  Strnboek,  the  capital,  amounts  to  10,000  siuls. 
Many  of  the  inhabitants  arc  very  wcnllhy,  nnd  tlic  people  still  retain 
several  Dutch  customs.  Forciirn  commodities  are  very  dcTr.  A  guinea 
is  frequently  given  for  a  pound  of  tea.  New  Amsterdam,  the  chief  town, 
in  the  colony  of  Berbice,  is  situated  on  the  river  of  the  same  name  The 
marshy  ground  extcncls  two  or  throe  leagues  into  the  interior,  and  the  land 
is  supposed  to  be  better  adapted  for  cccea  and  coffee,  than  for  sugar  plan- 
tations. 

The  fine  colony  of  Surinam  is  slill  in  the  liands  of  the  Dutch;  and  is, 
perhaps,  the  best  monument  of  that  industrious  people.  No  part  of  the 
West  Indies  is  so  extensively,  or  so  well  cultivated.  Parimarabo,  the 
chief  town,  is  built  on  the  riglit  side  of  the  beautiful  river  Surinam.  The 
streets  are  lined  with  orange,  shaddock,  tamarind  and  lemon  trees,  which 
appear  in  bloom,  while  their  branches  at  the  same  time  are  weighed  down 
with  fruit.  The  walks  are  covered  with  gravel  and  sea  shells.  The 
houses  are  sumptuously  furnished,  The  number  of  whites  in  Suripam 
amounts  to  10,000;  the  negroes  to  80,000,  and  tb'  xports  t  o£  100,000 
sterling.  The  Dutch  and  British  settlements,  in  Guiana  present  a  vast 
plain,  covered  with  plantations,  or  enamelled  with  rich  verdure,  bounded 
on  one  side  by  a  dark  ridge  of  impenetrable  forests,  and  bounded  on  the 
other  by  the  azure  billows  of  the  ocean.  The  garden  between  the  sea  and 
the  desert  is  intersected  by  a  great  many  streams  confined  by  dikes,  and 
separated  from  each  other  by  excellent  roads  or  navigable  canals. 

The  revolted  negroes  have  established  many  petty  republics  in  the  inte- 
rior. Although  they  go  naked  they  live  in  abundance.  They  make  their 
butter  from  the  fiit  of  the  palm  tree-worm,  and  extract  good  oil  from  the 
pistachio  nut.  They  are  expert  huntsman  and  fishermen,  and  under- 
stand the  art  of  curing  their  provisions.  They  obtain  salt  from  the  ashes 
of  the  palm,  and  when  a  sufficiency  cannot  be  procured,  season  their  food 
with  red  peprer.  The  palm  tree  furnishes  them  with  plenty  of  wine. 
Their  fields  are  covered  with  rice,  manioc,  ignames  and  plantains.  The 
Manicole  supplies  them  with  all  the  materials,  from  which  their  huts  are 
constituted.  Their  cups  are  made  from  the  calubash  tree,  and  a  sort  of  net 
work,  woven  by  an  insect,  furnished  them  with  their  hats.  The  nebees, 
80  common  in  the  forests,  arc  converted  into  cordage.  They  kindle  a  fire 
by  rubbing  two  pieces  of  hard  wood,  wiiich  they  call  bi-bi,  together.  Cm- 
dies  are  made  of  their  tallow,  and  their  oil  is  burnt  in  lamps.  The  ni- 
merous  swarms  of  wild  bees,  with  which  their  country  abounds,  yield 
them  plenty  of  wax  aud  honey.  Such  are  these  simple  republics  of 
negroes,  reduced  in  other  respects  to  r  state  of  nature. 


{■      '': 


r  :\y 


:W 


V  'I: 


iiB'S 


176 


WEST    INDIES. 


France  l>as  never  derived  jiny  ailvantago  from  its  colony  in  Guiana- 
Cayenne,  from  its  position,  and  the  tliicknpss  of  llie  surroiindin'T  woods^ 
nnd  the  depth  of  its  mnrtilics,  is  almost  inaccessible,  Tiic  whole  num- 
ber of  whites  in  tlic  col.iiiy  runountcd  ta  2.()i)0,  and  tijc  remainder  of  the 
inhabitants  to  18  or  JiO,C{)(^  The  expor!?-',  however  have  been  tripled, 
since  1789. 

Indians.  A  prrat  many  tribes  inliahit  tiie  deep  forests  of  the  interior. 
They  are  afiectionato,  hospital)Ie  and  s^iniple  intlieinnanners  to  each  otiicr, 
but  fierce  and  warlike;  to  stranrrers,  and  uncon(|'.icrab!o  in  their  clibits  to 
retain  their  independence.  In  the  interitir  of  this  covmtry  was  the  fabu- 
lous El  Dorado  of  adventurers,  about  the  year  1")  10. 

West  Indies,  or  Colombian  Archi[)elin'().  This  is  a  numerous  group  of 
islands,  thai  stretch  in  the  form  of  an  arch,  or  bow,  between  the  two  Amer- 
ican continents.  They  have  been  called  Antilles  from  the  Latin  anlc  in- 
sttlas.  They  are  often  called  Carribee:^,  and  by  the  North  Americans 
the  West  Indies.  Tiiey  extend  from  the  i,niif  of  Florida  to  that  of  Vene- 
zuela, and  are  divided  into  the  greater  and  less  vVntilles,  and  sometimes 
into  the  windward  and  leeward  islands.  Cid)u,  .Tamaici,  St.  Drimiiioo, 
and  Porto  Rico  are  the  great  Antilles.  A  remarkable  current,  called  the 
gulf  stream,  sets  through  this  group  of  islands.  It  passes  from  the  gulf  of 
Florida,  like  a, swift  river,  immensely  broad,  with  most  singular  ripples, 
in  calm  weather,  along  its  jioiiits  of  contact  with  the  still  waters.  Af- 
ter passing  from  this  chain  of  island^!,  it  div(>rgcs  from  the  American  con- 
tinent, increasing  in  breadth  as  it  diminishes  in  velocity.  The  waters  of 
the  gulf  are  warmer,  than  those  of  the  still  ocean. 

This  sea  is  generally  in  a  profound  calni,  whence  the  Sp  ..iards  call  it 
the  Ladies  sea,  and  the  water  is  tbicn  so  transparent,  that  the  mariner  can 
discern  fish  and  coral  at  (iO  fathoms  lelow  the  surface.  The  ship  seems 
to  float  in  air,  and  the  sppctator  is  ofien  seized  with  vertigo,  while  he  be- 
holds through  the  chrystalinc  fluid  submarine  groves,  and  shining  or 
monstrous  fishes  darliufj  among  them:  or  beautiful  shells  giitterinir 
among  tufts  of  fncus  and  sea  weed.  Fresh  w;iter  springs  issue  from  the 
sea  on  both  sides  of  the  channel  between  Yurcatan  and  Cuba.  They  rnsli 
with  such  violence  from  the  deep,  that  it  is  dangerous  lor  small  vessels  to 
approach  thence.  Boats  have  been  dashed  to  pieces  by  the  violence  of 
the  surges  tha'  ensue.  The  seamen  sometimes  here  draw  their  supplies 
ot  fresh  water  from  the  bottom  of  the  ocean.  Humboldt  says,  that  some 
of  tiie  fish  in  th'  so  springs  linve  never  been  found  in  the  salt  water. 

There  are  mountains  on  all  the  larger  islands  of  this  Archipelago.  The 
highest  are  on  the  west  of  St.  Domingo,  the  cast  of  (Julia  and  the  north  of 
Jamaica.     Volcanoes  have  been  observed  in  Gaudaloupe,  and  some  other 


trSiST    INDIES. 


177 


ialands.  Their  general  geological  feature  is  abrupt  transition  from  moun- 
tains lo  plains,  marked  by  steep  and  craggy  rocks.  Coral  and  madrepore 
rocks  are  common  on  tlic  difibrent  cor.sls.  Cuba  and  the  Bahamas  are 
surrounded  by  labyrinths  of  low  rocks,  several  of  which  arc  covered  with 
palm  trees. 

These  islands  arc  generally  situated  under  tlie  tropic  of  Cancer, and  there 
is  very  little  difference  in  the  climate;  so  that  the  observations  touching 
one  of  them  will  generally  apply  to  the  whole.  The  periodical  rains, 
which  give  birth  to  the  spring  of  the  country,  commence  in  May,  and 
the  brown  of  vegetation  changes  to  a  deep  verdure.  The  periodical 
rains  fall  about  noon,  and  cause  a  luxuriant  vesrctalion.  The  medium 
standing  of  the  thermometer  is  78°  Fahr.  These  showers  arc  followed 
by  the  splendor  of  tropical  suinracr.  The  sky  is  nearly  cloudless,  and 
the  heat  would  be  almost  insupportable,  but  for  the  sea  breeze.  Tiie  moon 
emits  a  light,  by  which  a  person  can  sec  to  read  the  smallest  print  by 
night.  The  thermometer  now  often  rises  above  00°,  and  suffocating 
calms  announce  the  re-approach  of  the  great  periodical  rains.  Fiery 
clouds  are  seen  in  the  atmosphere,  and  the  mountains  seem  nearer,  than 
at  other  times.  The  rains  fall  in  torrents.  It  is  said,  that  87  inches  fell 
in  one  year.  Iron  rusts  rapidly;  humidity  is  great,  and  the  inhabitants 
live  in  a  kind  of  vapor  bath.  The  climate  is  then  relaxing,  unwholesome 
and  dangerous  to  a  European.  Putrid  and  yellow  fever  ensues,  as  some 
say  from  miasm,  and  others  whimsically  afnnn  from  lunar  influence.  It 
is  now  generally  believed  not  to  be  contagious,  and  less  dangerous  on 
elevated,  than  marshy  districts.  The  temperate  zone  of  the  Antilles 
commences  at  1,400  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  mountains  at 
an  elevation  of  4000  feet  arc  suljjcrt  to  mists  and  rains. 

Animals.  Most  of  the  wild  animals  indigenous  to  this  climate  are  of 
a  smaller  size.  The  scorpion  is  found  only  in  the  large  islands.  Negroes 
are  sometimes  exposed  to  the  murderous  bite  of  the  cayman  or  crocodile. 
Parrots  of  various  species  glitter  in  the  woods,  and  innumerable  aquatic 
birds  congregate  on  the  shores.  Humming  birds,  darting  along  the  bright 
flowers,  vie  in  their  plumage  with  the  flowers,  the  emerald  and  ruby.  All 
the  tropical  plants,  shrubs  and  treos  are  natives  of  this  climate.  A  canoe 
made  from  a  single  trunk  of  a  cotton  tree,  has  been  known  to  contain  a 
hundred  persons;  and  the  leaf  of  one  species  of  palm  will  shade  five  or 
six  men.  The  palmetto,  or  mounlain  cabbage  tree,  grows  200  feet  high, 
and  its  verdant  summit  Ircmblos  from  the  siightest  breeze.  A  splendid 
variety  of  the  noblest  trees  graces  the  jilantations.  Lemon,  orange  and 
pomegranate  trees  perfume  the  air  with  the  aroma  of  their  flowers;  while 
their  branches  are  loaded  with  fruit.  The  apple,  peach  and  grape  ripen 
Vol.  n.  '     23 


'ill 


P^ 


i    1 


I    r 


i 

W     i 


It  I 


178 


WEST   INDIES. 


in  the  mountains.  The  date,  sapota,  sapotilla,  mammeo,  rose  apple,  gua- 
va,  mango,  different  species  of  spondias  and  annonas,  and  most  cf  the 
oriental  tropical  fruits  ripen  on  the  sultry  plains. 

We  should  not  have  space  to  enumerate  tlje  splendid  varieties  of  flow- 
ering shrubs,  opuntias,  thistles  and  liancs.  The  polypodium  arboreum, 
at  a  distance,  might  be  mistaken  for  the  palm  tree,  on  accounl  of  its  lofty 
trunk,  and  the  broad  leaves  on  its  summit.  Lignumvitae  wintera-canela, 
cinchona  caribea,  wild  vanilla,  aloes,  arnatto,  and  pimento  are  all  either 
indigenous,  or  cultivated  here.  The  igname  and  potato,  manioc  and 
angola  peas  are  the  food  of  the  negroes.  Sugar  cane  of  the  various  spe- 
cies is  the  well  known,  and  most  abundant  production  of  these  islands. 
No  conflagration  is  more  rapid,  or  alarming  than  a  fire  in  a  dry  cane  field, 
which  frequently  occurs.  Two  varieties  of  the  cotton,  the  green  seed, 
and  the  small  seed  are  the  most  common  kinds  cultivated.  The  coffee  of 
the  country  is  a  native  of  Arabia  Felix.  It  seldom  bears  before  the  third 
season;  sometimes  not  till  the  sixth.  It  never  '.asts  more  than  30  years, 
and  frequently  decays,  before  that  time.  A  single  plant  produces  from 
one  to  four  pounds. 

Inhabitants.  The  Charibs,  represented  so  fierce,  and  indomitable 
and  the  mild  and  timid  races,  first  seer  by  Columbus,  are  nearly  all  ex- 
tinct.   The  following  may  serve  a^  \.  table  of  the  present  population. 

Square  Miles.      Whites.        Blacks.     Whole  Pop. 


Cuba, 

54,000 

234,000 

198,000 

432,000 

Hayti, 

28,000 

650,000 

650,000 

Jamaica, 

6,000 

40,000 

350,000 

390,000 

Porto  Ricoj 

4,140 

94,000 

6,000 

100,000 

Guadaloupe, 

670 

13,000 

88,000 

101,000 

Martinico, 

260 

10,000 

78,000 

88,000 

Barbadoes, 

106 

16,000 

65,000 

81,000 

Antigua, 

93 

2,100 

33,000 

35,100 

Ssmta  Cruz, 

100 

3,000 

30„000 

33,000 

St.  Christopher, 

70 

4,000 

26,000 

30,000 

Dominica, 

291 

1,600  ■ 

25,000 

26,600 

Trinidad, 

1,600 

2,000 

23,000 

25,000 

Grenada, 

109 

1,100 

20,000 

21,100 

St.  Eustatia, 

20 

5,000 

15,000 

20,(M)0 

Tobago, 

140 

900 

15,000 

15,900 

St.  Vincent, 

131 

1,500 

13,500 

15,000 

St.  Lucia, 

220 

2,400 

11,700 

.  14,100 

.:,-?2r" 


•v 


oae  apple,  gua- 
d  most  cf  the 

lieties  of  flow- 
ium  arboreum, 
unl  of  its  lofty 
kvintera-canela, 

0  are  all  either 
),  manioc  and 
he  various  spe- 
■  these  islands. 

1  dry  cane  field, 
he  green  seed, 

The  coffee  of 
before  the  third 
1  than  30  years, 
;  produces  from 

id  indomitable 
e  nearly  all  ex- 
;  population. 

.     Whole  Pop. 


432,000 
650,000 

390,000 

100,000 
101,000 

88,000 

0 

81,000 

0 

35,100 

0 

33,000 

0 

30,000 

0 

20,000 

0 

25,000 

0 

■  21,100 

0 

20,000 

0 
0 
10 

15,900 

15,000 

.  14,100 

Margarita, 
The  Bahamas, 
Nevis, 
Montserrat, 

Total, 


WEST 

INDIES. 

'■'jf 

17W 

350 

8,000 

6,000 

14,000 

5,000 

3,000 

11,000 

14,000 

20 

1,000 

10,000 

11,000 

47 

1,000 

10,000 

11,000 

443,000      1,683,000        2,126,000 


Cuba  is  the  largest  and  most  important  of  these  islands.   It  commands 
the  windward  passage,  as  well  as  the  entrance  into  the  gulfs  of  Mexico 
and  Florida,  and  is  called  with  reason  the  key  of  the  West  Indies.     It  is 
700  miles  in  length,  and  on  a  medium  70  in  breadth.     It  is  equal  in  size 
to  Great  Britain.     Its  population  is  rated  at  750,000,  though  we  have 
reason  to  think,  it  exceeds  that  number.     A  small  belt  of  the  island  only 
has  yet  been  cultivated.     A  chain  of  mountains,  not  very  lofty,  extends 
through  the  whole  island.  The  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile;  the  cKmate  more 
temperate,  than  most  of  the  other  islands;  and  Cuba  is  justly  considered 
the  healthiest  and  most  fruitful  settlement  in  the  Antilles.  It  is,  probably, 
the  richest  island,  all  things  considered,  in  the  yvorld.    Gold  was  formerly 
found  in  the  island,  and  copper  and  iron  abound.     It  is  famed,  also,  for 
mineral  waters,  and  salt  springs.     Its  chief  wealth  is  derived  from  its  ex- 
tensive sugar  plantations.     CcfTee  is  its  next  most  important  product.  Its 
tobacco  is  the  best  in  the  world.     It  abounds  in  trees,  among  which  are 
many  fitted  for  ship  limber.     Bees  have  multiplied  to  a  great  extent. 
Cattle,  as  i.i  New  Spain,  have  become  wild  in  the  woods,  and  are  killed 
for  their  hides  and  tallow.     The  people  are  active  and  enterpnsing,  and 
the  revenue,  formerly  reckoned  at  2,000,000  of  piastres,  is  now  much 
more  than  double  that  sum.      The  military  force,  chiefly  militia,  consists 
of  20,000,  most  of  whom  are  ill  disciplined. 

Ilavanna,  the  capital  of  the  island,  is  on  the  north  coast,  and  was 
founded  by  Velasquez  in  tlio  sixteenth  century.  Its  population  is  rated 
at  70,000,  and  from  that  to  100,000.  The  largest  fleet  may  ride  in  its 
fine  harbor;  but  the  entrance  into  it  is  narrow,  and  one  ship  only  can 
pass  in  at  a  time.  Two  forts,  one  of  them  the  famous  More  castle,  de- 
fend it.  The  city  contains  many  fine  buildings,  and  especially  some  no- 
ble and  splendid  churches,  and  is  by  far  the  largest  mercantile  port  in 
Spanish  America,  having  always  a  great  show  of  vessels  from  all  quar- 
ters of  the  world.  Puerto  del  Principe,  situated  in  the  midst  of  rich 
savannas,  contained  thirty  years  agu  20,000  inhabitants  St.  Yago  was 
formerly  the  chief  town  of  tlie  island.  Matanzas  is  a  place  of  consider, 
able  and  growing  importance.  La  Ve,Q[a  and  Trinidad  may  each  contain 
5,000  inhabitants.  The  exports  of  Havanna  have  been  estimated  at 
$20,000,000  a  year. 


1^' 


f'W 


.i^ 


^"■'i 

''    ^ 


! 


0 


IfiO 


WEST    INDIES. 


"^ 


Jamaica,  although  the  third  of  l!ie  Antilles,  in  point  of  size,  has  been  ren- 
dered  by  English  industry  ihe  first  in  point  of  consequence.  It  is  150 
miles  lonj',  ^y  GO  broad,  nnd  towards  its  extremities  much  narrower,  res>em- 
blingan  i-llipse. 

The  Blue  Mountnins  extend  from  one  extremity  of  the  island  to  the 
other.  Tliey  are  riijir^ed,  with  naked  rocks  hcviped  together  by  earth- 
quakes. From  the  rocks  spring  up  lofty  trees  and  evergreens.  Cascades, 
fed  by  a  thousand  mountain  rills,  rush  down  the  hills,  emerging  from  the 
deep  and  verdant  forest,  and  add  to  tho  beauty  and  freshness  of  the  land- 
scape. From  the  summits  of  the  hills  most  splendid  views  are  afforded 
of  the  distant  sugar  plantations.  The  soil  of  the  savannas  is  rich,  and 
affords  excellent  pasturage  for  cattle.  The  mountains  near  Spanish  Town 
are  resorted  to  on  account  of  their  mineral  waters.  Lead  is  the  only 
metal  which  has  hitherto  been  discovered  in  Jamaica.  The  lowlands  in 
this  island  are  decidedly  unhealthy,  on  account  of  beat  and  humidity. 
The  morning  sea  breeze  rentiers  the  climate  less  oppressive,  and  the  re- 
freshing air  of  the  mountains  is  salutary  to  invalids.  The  summit  of  tho 
highest  mountain  is  7,800  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Sugar  is  the  great  staple  of  this  island,  and  although  much  more 
abundant  in  some  seasons  than  in  others,  is  more  uniform  than  in  tho 
other  islands.  But  the  colonists  of  late  have  directed  their  attention 
much  to  the  cultivation  of  cotton.  Pimento  and  ginger  are  among  the 
products.  The  finest  mahogany  abounds.  The  soap  tree  is  common. 
The  bread  fruit  tree  has  been  transplanted  here,  and  all  the  tropical  fruits 
and  productions  come  to  maturity. 

Jamaica  contains  three  counties,  Middlesex,  Surry,  and  Cornwall. 
The  government  is  conipr=e;lcf  the  legislative  assembly,  and  a  governor 
and  council  appointed  by  the  King.  Port  Royal,  once  the  capital  of  the 
island,  was  destroyed  by  a  tremendous  earthquake.  Kingston,  the  pres- 
ent capital  of  Jamaica,  contains  00,000  inhabitants.  Many  of  the  houses 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  town  are  spacious,  although,  like  others  in  these 
islands  and  the  neighboring  continent,  they  consist  only  of  one  story. 
St.  Jago  de  la  Vega,  or  Spanish  Town,  at  no  great  distance  from  Kings- 
ton, is  still  the  seat  of  government.  Its  population  exceeds  6,000  souls. 
In  1815  the  whole  population  amounted  to  330,000  souls,  of  whom 
15,000  were  mulattocs,  and  30,000  of  European  origin.  Thus  the 
blacks  were  in  a  ratio  to  the  whites  of  more  than  ten  to  one.  The  staple 
exports  in  the  same  year  consisted  of  110,00i)  hogsheads  of  sugar,  53,000 
puncheons  of  rum,  and  27,360,000  p  )unds  of  sugar.  Many  of  tho 
planters  are  immensely  rich. 

St.  Domingo,  or  Hajrti.      Columbus  gave  to  this  island  the  name  of 
Hispaniola,  or  Little  Spain.    It  e.xtends  330  miles  from  east  to  west,  and 


WEST   INDIES. 


181 


140  from  north  to  south.  The  centre  of  the  isUiiid  is  marked  by  the  lofty 
monntiiins  of  Cibon,  consisting  of  three  chnins.  Most  of  these  summits 
admit  of  cuhivation,  and  arc  comp:ii;itivcly  iieallhy.  The  low  and  m;ir- 
shy  grounds  are  exceodinply  unhealiliy  to  Enroptrin  conptilutions.  Tlio 
stormy  season  lisis  frnai  April  lo  Novcmhor.  Tim  s :)il  is  well  adapted 
to  all  kinds  of  cultivation  proper  to  tho  climalo.  Cdld  and  silver,  and 
the  other  metals  and  f(  ssils  used  to  he  found  here.  A  very  large  lump  of 
native  gold  was  f)und  in  the  mountains;  and  the  Maroon  negroes  still 
carry  on  an  inconsideraldn  trade  in  gold  dust.  Before  the  late  revolution 
the  Spanish  part  of  the  island  contained  100,(100  inhabitants,  30,030  of 
whom  were  slaves,  and  they  worked  '200,000  axon. 

San  Domingo  was  the  first  town  founded  l)y  Europeans  in  America. 
In  the  Cathedral  of  this  city  are  deposited,  in  two  leaden  cofliiis,  the  ashes 
of  Christopher  Cnhiml.us  and  his  brother.  Jlenre  issued  the  expeditions 
that  conquered  IMcxico  and  Peru,  and  performed  the  other  Spanish  ex- 
ploits upon  the  two  American  continents.  The  other  principal  towns  in 
the  Spanish  part  of  tho  island  arc  San  Yagoand  La  Vega. 

The  French  f.uncrly  possessed  in  this  island  an  extent  of  territory 
equal  to  1,700  square  lenques.  We  may  judp:e  of  the  formor  value  of 
this  colony  to  France,  when  we  are  informe:!  that  on  I'Jl  square  leagues 
the  value  of  the  staples  raised  was  supposed  to  be  worth,  in  France, 
£7,487,375.  At  that  time  there  were  in  this  part  of  the  island  450,000 
negroes.  Capo  Franr'ois  hasl.een  denominated  Cape  Heniy  by  the  Negro 
King  Christophe.  Every  one  has  n^ad  of  the  terrible  revolution,  in 
which  the  negroes  and  mulattocs  in  turn  desolated  this  island,  in  tin-ow- 
ing off  the  yoke  of  their  former  masters.  The  vvli  l.i  island  is  now  under- 
stood to  be  united  under  on'Hiead.  Tho  colored  people  have  established 
schools  and  sound  political  rcgul  itions,  and  have  mantiged  with  great 
wisdom  and  discretion  of  i)oli(  y,  and  have  given  uuqucstional  b  proofs 
that  they  are  capd)le  of  self-government.  The  government  carries  on 
trade  with  tho  Americans,  English,  and  Danos;  an;l  possesses  a  well  dis- 
ciplined army,  and  efllfient  revenues,  and  is  supposed  to  be  rapidly  grow- 
ing in  wealth  and  politioai  power. 

Porto  Rico,  situated  eastward  of  Ilispaniob,  is  the  next  island  in  the 
drain  of  the  Antilles.  It  is  120  miles  in  length  by  40  in  breadth.  Its 
mountains  arc  not  so  high  gs  those  of  St.  Domingo.  Herds  of  wild  dogs 
roaming  on  the  mountains,  arc  supposed  to  be  remains  of  the  same  race 
that  the  Spaniards  employed  in  lauiting  down  the  natives.  The  wido 
savannas, in  tho  interior  and  near  the  northern  coast,  arc  fertile.  Many 
cascades  in  the  mountains  add  to  the  beauty  of  these  healthier  districts. 
The  low  lands  are  unhealthy  during  the  rainy  season.  But  the  land  is 
fruitful,  and  well  watered  with  numerous  rivulets.     Gold  was  formerly 


^ 


si 


'llli' 


«■: 


m  if: 


1iKI£,^tJ 


H 


183 


WEST    INDIES. 


found  in  considerable  abundance.  Excellent  timber,  ginger,  sugar,  cof- 
fee, cotton,  flax,  hides,  and  iho  ditU'rcnt  kinds  of  inccnso  so  much  used 
in  Catholic  countries,  aio  ainong  llio  produclioiia  of  ihc  island.  Its 
mules  are  very  valuable,  and  it  \irric3  on  a  very  considerable  trade  in  to- 
bacco, salt,  rice,  maize,  cassia,  oranges,  /Tourds,  and  melons.  The  capi- 
tal, St.  Juan  de  Porto  Rico,  is  built  on  a  small  island  on  the  northern 
coast.  It  has  a  convenient  harl  or,  and  is  a  town  of  considerable  import- 
ance. Aguadilla  is  a  place  comparatively  salubrious.  San  Germano  is 
inha:bited  by  the  ancient  and  rich  f  imilies.  A  few  years  since  the  popu- 
lation of  the  island,  slaves  and  freemen,  amounted  to  31,000.  It  has 
jemained  firmly  loyal  to  the  King  of  Spain. 

Bahamas  are  sepiiratcd  from  the  continent  by  tlie  Guif  of  Florida,  be- 
tween which  and  these  isles  sweeps  the  broad  and  rapid  current  of  the 
gulf  stream.  What  has  l)oen  called  liie  old  channel  divides  them  from 
Cuba.  Their  number  exceeds  TjOU.  I\Iany  of  them  are  no  more  than 
barren  rocks.  But  12  of  the  most  populous  i.nd  fertile  contain  13,000 
inhabitants.  The  larger  isl.uids  are  terlile,  and  the  soil  not  unlike  that  of 
the  Carolinas.  The  slaves  are  used  with  great  humanity.  Cotton,  in- 
digo, tortoise  shell,  ambergris,  mahogany,  logwood,  anddilferent  kinds  of 
fruit  are  exported  from  these  islands.  In  time  of  war  tliese  islands  are 
situated  favorably  for  the  entanglement  of  prize  vcs3cl«,  and  these  laby- 
rinths of  shoals  and  rocks  at  all  limes  bring  up  vast  numbers  of  tvrecks. 
Turk's  Island  is  owned  by  the  English,  and  is  funous  for  its  salt.  The 
Virgin  Islands  of  this  group  were  so  named  by  Columbus,  in  honor  of  the 
eleven  thousand  virgins  of  the  Romish  ritual. 

Santa  Cruz  belongs  to  the  Danes,  whose  industry,  wisdom,  and  good 
policy  have  rendered  their  possessions  in  these  seas  of  great  value.  St, 
Thomas  is  also  an  important  commercial  station.  The  two  islands  are 
supposed  to  contain  from  30  to40stpu5re  lengucs,  with  a  population  of 
1,000  souls  to  each  square  league.  The  nett  revenue  amounts  to  100,000 
fix  dollars.  Some  of  the  plantations  are  supposed  to  be  worth  £00,000. 
The  storehouses  are  loaded  with  merchandise,  brought  frcm  Europe  and 
America.  Christianstadt  is  the  capital  of  Santa  Cruz.  The  small  isl- 
and of  St.  John  is  fertile,  and  comparatively  healthy.  There  are  said  to 
be  71,459  acres  of  good  land  in  the  Danish  islands,  of  which  32,014  are 
in  sugar  plantations,  and  1,358  in  cotton.  The  sugar  is  of  the  finest 
quality,  and  the  rum  equal  to  that  of  Jarraica. 

Anguilla,  or  Snakes  island,  so  called  from  its  long  and  crooked  form, 
belongs  to  the  English.  The  inhabitants  raise  maize  and  cattle,  and 
make  considersble  salt.  It  is  ten  leag\ies  long  by  three  in  average 
breadth.  ?^ 


WEST   INDIES. 


183 


St.  Martin's,  belongs  partly  to  the  Frencli,  and  partly  to  the  Dutch. 
Its  chief  revenue  arises  from  its  salt.    Many  of  the  settlers  are  of  English 


origin. 


St.  Bartholomew  belongs  to  Sweden.  It  lies  between  St.  Christopher, 
Anguilhi  and  St.  Eiistiitia.  Gustavia  is  tlic  chief  town.  The  oxporla 
consist  of  cassia,  tamarinds  and  sassafras. 

St.  Eustatia  is  about  two  leagues  long  by  one  in  breadth,  and  belongs 
to  the  Dutch.  The  population  on  this  small  spot,  amounts  to  nearly 
12,000,  including  slaves.  Saba,  adjoining  St.  Eustatia,  is  twelve  miles  in 
circumference,  and  is  dilTicult  of  access,  except  for  small  vessels.  On  tho 
hills  in  this  island  is  an  agreeable  valley,  watered  by  frequent  showers, 
which  render  it  in  the  hi'ihfst  dcgrcce  fertile.  Tho  climate  is  healthy, 
and  ihc  Dutch  aflum,  lliat  the  European  women  retain  their  complexions 
longer,  than  in  any  Olhov  of  the  West  India  islands.  The  following  islands 
all  belong  to  the  Brilish. 

Antigua  is  seven  leagues  long  by  as  many  in  breadth.  It'containa 
50,N.MN  acres,  of  wl'.ich  34,0(10  are  pasturage,  or  sugar  plantations.  This 
island  has  recently  been  fortifior],  and  has  become  of  importance.  The 
inhabitants  amount  to  40,000,  of  whom  .*}'/),000  are  slaves .  The  chief 
town  is  St.  John,  in  whicii  resides  the  English  governor  of  the  Leeward 
islands.  The  exports,  which  consist  of  sugar,  ginger  and  tobacco,  are 
very  variable,  ns  regards  quantity.  In  1788,  no  rain  fell  for  seven  months, 
and  the  inhabitants  would  all  have  perished  of  famine,  had  they  not  been 
supplied  from  abroad.  Barbuda  is  12  leagues  north  of  Antigua,  and 
contains  1,500  inhabitants.  The  air  is  so  salubrious,  that  it  is  a  resort 
for  invalids.  Turtles  are  found  on  the  shore,  and  deer  and  different  sorts 
of  game  in  the  woods. 

St.  Christopher's  is  4'2  miles  in  circumference.  It  aifords  the  finest 
sugar  land  of  any  in  the  West  Indies.  It  contains  28,000  souls,  and  the 
proportion  of  freemen  to  slaves  is  as  1  to  13.  Nevis  and  Montserat  are 
two  small,  and  very  fertile  adjacent  islands. 

Guadaloupe  consists  of  two  small  islands,  separated  by  a  narrow  chan- 
nel. Grand  Terre  is  G  leagues  long  by  14  in  breadth;  and  Basse  Terre 
is  15  leagues  long  by  14  broad.  Three  small  islands,  Desiderade  on  the 
east,  Marie  Galante  on  the  southeast,  and  Isles  des  Saintes  on  the  south, 
are  subject  to  the  governor  of  Gaudaloupe.  All  these  islands  contain 
334,142  acres,  and  159,000  souls.  There  are  several  volcanic  moun- 
tains in  Basse-Terre,  of  which  one  only  emits  clouds  of  smoke.  Basse 
Terre  is  agreeably  diversified  by  hills,  woods,  gardens,  and  enclosures, 
which  form  a  striking  contrast  with  the  marshy  and  sterile  land  on  the 
eastern  island.     There  is  a  warm  spring  near  Goave,  whose  temperature 


4: 


'III  I'lit' 


1:1- i 


181 


WUitT  INDUS. 


is  sufHcient  to  boil  eggs.      The  bees  in  this  island  are  black,  and  (heir 
honpy  of  Ji  purplo  color. 

Basse  Terrc,  iho  chief  town,  is  adorned  witli  many  fine  buildings,  foun- 
tains and  public  gardens.  Point  .i  Pctrc,  tlie  metropolis  of  Grand  Tcrre. 
is  unhealthy,  from  the  conli^niity  of  niursiies;  but  it  h:is  one  of  the  finest 
harbors  in  the  West  indies.  Dusirado  is  famed  for  its  cotton.  Cotl'ce 
and  sugar  arc  cultivated  on  the  hills  of  Marie,  (Jalante.  Dominica  so 
called  by  Coknnhus,  from  being  discovered  on  the  Sabbath,  is  situated 
between  Gaudelonpe  and  Martinico.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  for  the 
growth  of  collce.  The  hill.s,  from  which  several  rivers  descend,  aro  cover- 
ed with  tiic  finest  woods  in  the  West  Indies.  On  account  of  its  import- 
ance, this  island  has  been  raised  to  a  distinct  government.  The  staples 
are  maize,  cottin,  cocoa  and  tobacco. 

Martinico,  formerly  the  most  important  Frencli  island  in  these  seas, 
now  belongs  to  the  Britisli.     The  extent  of  cultivable  surface  is  about 
212,142  acres.     It  has  many  steep  mountains  and  rugged  rocks.      Pitou 
de  Corbet  is  the  highest.     The  loftiest  and  most  abundant  palm  trees  are 
near  its  summit.     Tiiis  island  is  better  supplied  with  water,  and  less  sub- 
ject to  hurricanes,  than  Giiudeloufie.  The  productions  of  both  islands  are 
nearly  (he  same.   Its  population  is  estimated  about  100,000.  Port  Royal, 
the  chief  town,  has  a  spacious  harbur.     St,  Peter's  town,  in  this  island,  is 
the  most  commercial  town  in  the  lesser  Antilles,  and  contains  30,000  in- 
liabitants.   St.  Lucia  has  a  fertile  soil ,  but  a  warm  and  unhealthy  climate. 
It  has  a  populaticn  of  ICO.OOO  souls.     Garenage  is  the  best  sea  port  in  St. 
Lucia.     Thirty  sail  of  the  line  migiit  there  be  sheltered  from  hurricanes. 
The  town  is  small,  and  unhealthy.     St.  Vincents,  south  of  St.  Lucia,  is 
remarkable  for  its  fertility,  and  produces  a  great  quantity  of  sugar  and  in- 
digo.    The  Ijread  tree,  brought  from  Otaheitc,  has  hero  succeeded  en- 
tirely.    In  1812,  there  was  an  eruption  of  one  of  the  volcanic  mountains 
of  this  island.     The  eastern  coast  is  peopled  by  the  black  Caribees,  a 
race  descended  from  the  aborigines,  and  fugitive  negroes.     The  English 
population  amounts  to  2li,0G0,  chiefly  slaves.     Kingston  is  the  residence 
of  the  governor,  whose  jurisdiction  extends  over  several  of  the  adjacent 
islands.     The  Grenadines  are  a  group  of  contiguous  islands,  united  to 
each  other  by  a  ridge  of  calcareous  rocks,  that  appear  to  have  been  form- 
ed by  marine  insects.     Cariacon  and  Isle  Konde  arc  the  principal.  They 
are  small,  but  fertile  an;I  \.'e!l  cultivated.     Grenada  is  situated  near  the 
Grenadines,  and  contains  Jn,'572  souls.    A  lake  on  the  summit  of  a 
central  mountain  is  the  source  of  many  rivers,  that  adorn  and  fertilize 
the  island.     Hurricanes  are  little  known.     At  this  island  terminates  the 
chain  of  the  antilles.     Barbadoes,  Tobago  and  Trinidad  form  a  distinct 


WEST    IN  DIEM. 


.ft  . 

185 


*"< 


Barbadoeg,  is  tho  eisterninost  ishind  in  the   West  Indies.     It  is  21 
miles  long,  and  14  brond,  and  of  jfroiit  iLTtility.     The  population  is  cal- 
culated nt   !)(),l)()l).      Tho  pinern  ;i'   luHidos  nt  Bridyotown,  tho  chief 
town  in  Barbadncs,     Tliia  harbor  is  nearer  the  eastcfn  continent,  than 
any  other  in  ilio  Antill;?. 

Tt)b:i<.fo  is  >S  {(.'.'.bill's  .N'orllicist  froiii  Tiinidad.  The  chain  of mountnina 
on  these  islands,  iVuiii  its  {."•(•(lid'jical  luiiiiatioii,  is  Kuppostd  to  Ijc  a  con- 
tinuation of  ti;.  uuiintaius  of  CiiiuuiKi.  'J'lio  po.iilion  of  Tobago  gives  it 
great  iniportanc',  and  it  rnii;rht  becoinj  bi'^lily  productive.  The  finest 
fruilsof  the  tropics  <j:n)W  here.  Fine  iiys  ;iii(l  guavas,  ununas,  nutmegs, 
gumcopal,  and  iive  difilM out  sorts  of  j)pp;u'r  :uu  anionrr  its  productions 
A  harbor  on  the  oust,  and  another  on  llie  west  c(Kist  are  sheltered  from  ev- 
ery wir.d.     The  pnpnlutiun  anioiints  tf»  1S,(10(). 

Trinidad  lies  l:ol\veeM  'i'obiiuo  and  Souili  America.     This  island  is  65 
miles  from  east  to  west,  and  TjO  iVoni  north  to  south.     It  [)ro(luces  sugar, 
coflep,  cocoa,  woad,  tobacco,  iu'^i^yo,  fjin^er,  a  variety  of  line  fruits,  maize 
and  cedar  wood.      There  is  a  jeinarkal.lo  bilnminous  lake,  situated  on 
the  western  coast.     It  is  hOfecl  alutve  tlie  sea,  and  three  leagues  in  cir- 
cumference.    Small  islands,  covered  with  plants  and  shrubs,  arise  from 
its  boHom,  and  ofiou  disappear.     The  bituniinoug  mutter  of  this  lake  is 
used  for  naval  purpjses  iusieul  of  pitcli.     Trinidad  is  important  from  its 
fertility,  its  extent  and  position,  which  commands  the  Oroncco,  and  the 
Dragon's  mouth,  the  narrow  passaiic  bctwecu  it  and  the  mainland,  from 
which  it  appears  to  have  1  ecu  torn  Ijy  s^mo  convulsion  of  nature.     St. 
Joseph  do  Onma,tiio  nominal  capital,  is  only  a  village,  and  consists  of  2 
or  300  neatly  built  houses.     Ciiai/acamus,  the  greatest  sea  port,  contains 
28,000  inhabitant*.  From  the  si/.a  and  fertility  of  Trinidad,  it  has  been  sup- 
posed, that  it  might  produce  more  sugar,  tiian  the  whole  of  the  leeward 
islands.     It  possesses,  also,  with  Tobago   the  advantage  of  being  out  of 
the  ordinary  reach  of  burricanes.  The  foregoing  islands  are  all  under  the 
dominion  of  Great  Britain. 

The  Dutch  own  llnee  islands  on  the  coast  of  South  America.  The 
most  considerable  is  Curacoa  12  leagues  long  and  3  broad.  The  land  is 
arid  and  sterile;  and  there  is  but  one  well  in  the  island,  the  water  from 
which  is  sold  at  a  high  jn-ice.  On  this  light  and  rocky  soil  the  Dutch 
have  planted  sugar  cane  and  tobacco.  The  salt  works  yield  a  consid- 
erable revenue.  But  the  wealih  of  tiie  island  depends  on  its  contra- 
band trade.  Williamstcad  the  capital,  is  one  of  the  neatest  towns  in  th« 
West  Indies.  The  public  buildings  are  magnificent,  and  the  private 
houses  commcdious.  The  clean  ?treeLs  remind  the  traveller,  that  he  is 
in  a  Dutch  town.  The  port  of  Curacoa  is  spacious.  The  inhabitants  of 
the  island  amount  to  12,890.  The  great  proportion  as  in  the  other 
Vol.  II.  24 


■ii^i^ 


Sia     iiiafi.l 


■*'-**H, 


^ 

^z^. 


> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


■u  l&i   12.2 

:»  i£  ■2-0 

lit 


1.1 

—      u& 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporalion 


23  WIST  MAIN  STtECT 

WIBSTER.N.Y.  U  -0 

(716)  872-4503 


4s 


iSI  WEST   nfDIKS. 

#  m 

W<mA  Itidia  islands,  are  slaves.    The  colonists  of  Bonair  and  Aruba,  two 
email  adjacent  islands,  employ  themselves  chiefly  in  raising  cattle. 

The  trade,  which  has  been  carried  on  in  this  great  Archipelago,  above 
described,  has  tended  more  to  advance  the  industry,  and  extend  the 
commerce  of  those  European  countries,  which  have  been  connected  with 
these  islands,  than  all  the  gold  and  silver  of  the  two  Americas.  Before 
the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  the  British  introduced  20,000  slaves, 
annually,  into  their  colonies.  The  value  of  sugar,  annually  imported 
into  England,  is  valued  at  £7,063,265.  1,200,000  puncheons  of  rum 
are  annually  distilled  in  the  British  islands.  In  1S04,  that  country 
obtained  from  the  Antilles  20,.529,878  lbs.  of  cotton. 

This  immense  wealth  is,  however,  the  price  of  blood.  Notwithstanding 
the  increase  of  humanity  in  the  laws,  and  in  the  planters,  the  excessive 
mortality  of  the  miserable  slaves  shows  the  nature  of  their  condition. 
In  their  native  Africa  they  rapidly  multiply,  although  that  climate  is 
fhore  humid  and  unhealthy,  than  that  of  these  islands.  Interest,  it  will  be 
easily  seen,  will  tend  to  impel  the  planters  to  do  every  thing  for  the 
preservation  of  their  slaves.  But  the  misery  of  exile,  servitude,  and  all 
Ihe  bodily  torments,  to  which  they  are  exposed,  will  continue  to  shorten 
their  existence;  and  the  race  in  all  these  islands  is  constantly  on  the 
decrease.  There  is  no  way  to  supply  the  deficiency,  but  the  revolting 
•ad  unchristian  enormity  of  fresh  imjiortations. 

The  negroes,  it  has  been  affirmed,  are  stubborn  and  revengeful,  not  to 
be  subdued  by  mild  treatment,  hut  to  be  driven  by  the  lash.  They  are, 
in  fact,  ignorant,  docile,  gentle,  patient  and  submissive.  Cruel  men, 
malefactors  and  outcasts  from  Europe,  have  been  raised  to  be  their  over- 
seers, and  have  treated  them  as  beasts  of  burden.  Spanish  writers  have 
variously  maintained,  that  the  r>egroes  and  Indians  have  no  souls;  and 
there  is  too  much  reason  to  believe,  that  such  reasonings  have  led  to  the 
treatment,  they  have  received.  There  must  be  laws  to  protect  the  slaves 
from  outrage.  They  must  be  rendered  capable  of  acquiring  property. 
Marriage  must  be  rendered  a  valid  and  sacred  tie,  to  prevent  the  vile 
disease  and  misery  of  their  present  condition.  Their  children  must  be 
educated,  and  gradually  brought  within  reach  of  the  guidance  and  hopes 
^Christianity.  Then  they  might  have  reason  to  regard  life  with  cheer- 
fuInesB  and  hope,  and  love;  and  industriously  to  cultivate  the  soil,  they 
hare  bo  long  watered  with  their  tears. 

The  following  most  impressive  and  graphic  account  of  a  bright 
morning,  and  of  a  hurricane  in  the  Antilles  is  copied  entire  from  M«dte 
Brun. 

Ill  order  to  make  our  readers  better  acquainted  with  this  country,  we 
•hall  attempt  to  deecriba  a  morning  in  the  Antilles.     For  this  purpose, 


seem  ui 


M^L 


.   "f 


^'  ., 


WStT   INDIES. 


liii 


let  us  watch  the  moment,  when  the  sun,  appearing  through  a 
atmosphere,  illumines  with  her  rays  the  summits  of  the  mountains,  and 
gilds  the  leaves  of  the  plantain  and  orange  trees.  The  plants  are  spread 
over  with  gossamer  of  fine  and  transparent  silk,  or  gemmed  with  dew 
drops,  and  the  vivid  hues  of  industrious  insects,  reflecting  unnumbered 
tints  from  the  rays  of  the  sun.  The  aspect  of  the  richly  cultivated  valleys 
is  different,  but  not  less  pleasing;  the  whole  of  nature  teems  with  the 
most  varied  productions.  It  often  Iiappens,  after  the  sun  has  dissi 
pated  the  mist  above  the  cr\'stal  expanse  of  the  ocean,  that  the  scene  is 
changed  by  an  optical  illusion.  The  spectator  observes  sometimes  a 
sand-bank  rising  out  of  tlie  deep,  or  distant  canoes  in  the  red  clouds, 
floating  in  an  aerial  sea,  while  their  shadows  at  the  same  time  are  accu- 
rately delineated  bebw  them.  This  phenomenon,  to  which  the  French 
have  given  the  name  of  mirage,  is  not  uncommon  in  equatorial  climates. 
Europeans  may  admire  the  views  in  this  archipelago,  during  the  cool 
temperature  of  the  morning;  the  lofiy  mountains  arc  adorned  with  thick 
foliage;  the  hills,  from  their  summits  to  the  very  borders  pf  the  sea,  are 
fringed  with  plants  of  never  fading  verdure;  the  mills  and  sugar-works 
near  them  are  obscured  by  their  branches  or  buried  in  their  shndo.  The 
appearance  of  the  vallies  is  remarkable;  to  form  even  an  imperfect  idea 
of  it,  we  must  group  together  the  pahn  tree,  the  cocoa  nut  and  mountain 
cabbage  with  the  tamarind,  the  orange  and  the  waning  plumes  of  the 
bamboo  cane.  On  tlicse  p'ains  we  m:iy  observe  the  bushy  oleinder,  all 
the  varieties  of  the  Jerus-'.lem  thorn  and  African  rose,  the  bright  scarlet 
of  the  cordium,  bowers  of  je^-samine  and  grenadilla,  vines,  and  the  silver 
and  silky  leaves  of  the  porllaiulii.  Fields  of  sugar  cane,  the  houses  of 
the  planters,  the  huts  of  the  negroes,  and  the  distant  coast  lined  with 
ships,  add  to  the  beauty  of  a  West  Indian  land-scape.  At  sunrise,  when 
no  breeze  ripples  the  surface  of  the  ocean,  it  is  frequently  so  transparent, 
that  one  can  perceive,  as  if  there  were  no  intervening  msdium,  the 
channel  of  the  water,  and  observe  the  shell-fish  scattered  on  the  rocks, 
and  the  medusoe  reposing  on  the  sand. 

A  hurricane  is  generally  preceded  by  an  awful  stillness  of  the  elements; 
the  air  becomes  close  and  heavy,  the  sun  is  red,  and  the  stars  at  night 
seem  unusually  large.  Frequent  changes  take  place  in  the  thermometer^ 
which  sometimes  rises  from  80°  to  90°.  Darkness  extends  over  the 
earth;  the  higher  regions  gleam  with  lightning. 

The  impending  storm  is  first  observed  on  the  sea.  Foaming  mountain 
waves  rise  suddenly  from  its  clear  and  motionless  surface.  The  wind 
rages  with  unrestrained  fury;  its  noise  may  be  compared  to  the  distant 
thunder.  The  rain  descends  in  torrents,  shrubs,  and  lofty  trees  are  borne 
down,  by  the  mountain  streams,  the  rivers  overflow  their  banks,  and 


II  ht 


h 


■« 


las 


t 


4r 


WSiT   INDIES. 


■abmerge  the  plains.  Terror  and  consternation  seem  to  pervade  the 
ivhole  of  animated  nature,  land  birds  arc  driven  into  the  ocean,  and 
those,  whose  aliment  is  the  son,  seek  for  refuge  in  the  woods.  The 
frighted  beasts  of  the  field  herd  togcllicr,  or  roam  in  vain  for  a  place  of 
shelter.  It  is  not  a  contest  of  two  oi)posiio  winds,  or  a  roaring  ocean, 
that  shakes  the  earth;  all  the  elements  are  thrown  into  confusion,  the 
equilibrium  of  the  atmosphere  seems,  as  if  it  were  destroyed;  and  nature 
appears  to  hasten  to  lier  ancient  chaos.  Scenes  of  desolation  have  been 
disclosed  in  these  islands  by  the  morning  sun — uprooted  trees,  branches 
shivered  from  their  trunks,  the  roofs  of  tho  houses  have  b'^en  strewed 
over  the  land.  The  planter  is  soinelimes  unable  to  distinguisli  the  place 
of  his  former  possessions.  Fertile  vailies  may  be  changed  in  a  few 
hours  into  dreary  wastes,  covered  with  the  carcasses  of  domestic  animals, 
^4  the  fowls  of  heaven. 


.#."    u 


i 


■« 


N 


• 


i^ 


, 

:      ' 

.-l,     * 
"% 

f 

■  4 

• 

^^ 

,, 

''■    '.1"^.,. 

-'"'k 

*♦ 


'  rt'-j» 


'i'. 

* 

Area  oi 

the  United 

I 

Missouri  1 

••    ■  ■■>'• 

Missouri, 

Arkansas ' 

■»v.  .  .' 

Louisiana, 

*  ■    #■■ 

North-Wes 

■*. 

Illinois,  tV 

Indiana,  ^| 

Ohio, 

"" 

Pennsylvar 

■  "■ 

New  York, 

.ik 

Maryland, 

Virginia,  'i 

Kentucky, 

North  Car 

r     •    ' 

Tennessee 

• 

South  Can 

Georgia,  t 

.• 

Alabama, 

* 

Mississipp 

It-    *   .^  ' 

r 

Valley  of 

m      ,  * 

Valley  of 

Valley  of 

Valley  of 

Ml't'.,.;.    Nt. 

Ohio, 

mid^ 


'« 


m 


t 


«>p^ 


%'  A 


m^ 


feA^ 


-•!  IT 


•1^^ 


%"  ^ 


^-■f. 


APPENDIX. 


v>  " 


Area  of  the  country  watered  by  the  principal  rivers  and  branches  in 
the  United  States. 


Missouri  Territory,  i    - 

Missouri, 

Arkansas  Territory, 

Louisiana,  I     - 

North-West  Territory,  k 

Illinois,  j%%     - 

Indiana,  ^^ 

Ohio, 

Pennsylvania,  \ 

New  York,  jH 

Maryland,  j^^ 

Virginia,  'i 

Kentucky, 

North  Carolina,  ^'^ 

Tennessee, 

South  Carolina,  j^^ 

Georgia,  tIt    - 
Alabama,  | 
Mississippi,  I    - 


Square  Miles. 

69S,000 

60,300 

121,000 

36,000 

72,000 

58,310 

34,940 

30,800 

14,650 

-  460 

-     no 

25,600 

39,000 

900 

41,300 

-  200 

-  380 
.    7,250 

22,670 


%• 


Total,  * 

Valley  of  the  Missouri,  .... 

Valley  of  the  Mississippi  above  the  mouth  of  Ohio, 
Valley  of  the  Ohio  and  its  waters, 

Valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  waters,  b«low  the  mouth  of 
Ohio,       ...... 


1 


1,263,870 
674,000 
225,000 
205,000 

290,000 
1,394,000 


#r-- 


f# 


4b 


100 


APmNDIX. 


Missouri,  from  its  source  to  its  junction  with  th«  Yellow 

Stone,  .  -  .  .  .  oso 

Do.  to  its  junction  with  tho  Mississippi,      •  -  1370 

Mississippi  Proper,  from  ils  source  to  its  junction  with 

the  Missouri,  -----  . 

Alleghany  River,  the  higcst  source  of  tho  Ohio,  to  its 

junction  with  tho  Monongahela,  -  -  200 

Do.  to  is  junction  with  tho  Mississppi,      ,    -  -  6S0 

Mississippi,  from  tho  junction  with  the  Missouri  to  its 

outlet. 
Greatest  length  of  the  Mississippi  from  its  outlet  to  highest 

point  of  the  Missouri,.  ... 

Do.  to  the  highest  point  of  Mississippi  Proper, 
Do.  to  the  highest  pdint  of  the  Ohio, 

TRinUTARY   STREAMS.  _ 

Of  the  Missouri — Yellow  Stone, 

La  Platte,  .  .  -  - 

V .  Kansas,  .... 

•Sii-  Osnge, 

Of  Ohio — Monongahela, 
Cumberland, 
Tennessee, 
Of  Mississippi,  below  Missouri~- 

White  River, 
Arkansas, 
Red  River, 


20|5O 
?80 


880 
010 

S060 
1690 
1700 

S8S 

790 


480 
190 
400 
490 

470 
13S0 
1080 


>„"- 


I 


•^' 


w  >■ 


ftf'^^iSf 


m 


» 


•'■*■ 


ArPKirax. 


191 


J*"- 


» 


•■  I  \j 


i 


TABLE  NO.  T. 

METEOROLOGICAL  TABLE. 


■i^. 


Sackefs 
Harbor. 
43  55N 
lOOE. 


Detroit . 

4230N 

548  W 


Prairie  dcs 
Cliiens. 
4'i  3li  N. 
14  38  N. 


Council 
Blufl'M. 

41  31  N. 

19  45  W. 


1820. 
Jan. 
Feb. 
March 
April 
May 
June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dee. 


Mean 
of  the 
year, 


H. 

m 

5? 
34 
74 

70 

84 

S7 
85 
S7 
76 

60 

58 


L. 
12 
0 
1) 
22 
22 
50 

5S 
54 
44 

30 

20 

9 


M 
23 
32 
33 

48 
52 
155 

73 
71 

m 

52 
11 

26 


48°  6' 


18  IN. 


H. 
44 
42 

01 
62 
81 

86 


L. 

4 

o 

0 
88 
34 
51 


1820 


M 

21 
17 
32 

4l! 
53 
70 


i)2 
M 
92 
74 

00 

48 


65 
IJ2 
47 
30 
24 
6 


60 
75 
71 
51 
40 
27 


II. 

L. 

M 

II. 

40 
71 

70 

86 

12 

57 

94 

t)(I 

3Sl 

61 

90 

Oil 

50 

75 

90 

00 

54 

74 

97 

91 

54 

72 

105 

1)0 

32 

(54 

92 

70 

20 

14 

80 

60 

—6 

33 

5{> 

33 

—14 

16 

50 

L. 
—22 

—8 

0 

24 

50 

55 

5S 

50 

42 

22 

—4 

—5 


M 
9 

30 
34 
)8 
69 
74 

75 
75 
63 
47 
34 
18 


470  4' 


incomplete 


490  2' 


—  Signifies  bcloto  zero 


J 


♦ 


* 


f% 


.> 


«     V 


li=  li 


w' 


109 


APPENDIX. 


in 


^^ 


4^ 


•J 

< 

<3 
O 

o 

s 

o 

§ 


H 
S 


B  =3  ^  g  irj 
3  -r  00  «  o 


g  ift  iQ  ifta5tsgDQor^>^tet?5i;<; 
"   r*  ;/.  -J  .••>  '.->>  -M  :2  -i  o  OD  «3  X 


!.,<  o  o  o  -^  f"  ^;  w  «-•  3  5>^  -.  -" 


o 


S3    C  X.  W  3D 
«  •  -  00  W  w 


*H  «^  i/j  O  C2  «^  i.T  :5  i;-;  -^ 
^  ^  .*  ^  ^-  ^  j^  j^  j^  j^ 


^  «  (N  </J  J'J  -^  M  v/j  T» 
--  —   i'^  i~  \'i  -^ 


,  ^  «  C^  (#J  J'J 

-J  <?!  ir»  — <  (7*  ^ 


•-I 


•-<  J'-  *-»  ^  X  o;  fli  -^  r-.  --i 


O     (U 


i-s^'^- 

^  »^<  ^  ,.,<  ,^  ••5  00  »^  '/■■  *^  rn  if%  1^ 

CO 

jS  "^  2  3,>  ;5 

J  («.)  -^  ,-<  -*»  if5  ?-  tn  1-5  trj  -r*  CO 

^% 

(■H  >o  '^  >>2 ''-'  QO  i^  T  W.1  rr  c^  *  -^^ 
C3  to  w  -5  >^  -Ti  -r.  r^.  S^  nS  >-.  ?-!  o 

o 

A        _.i^^ 

•.H^"     .•>    w    <-    "O    •"'    ■ "    f    '.:.    !">    >—     / 

•^,  "«  «  »^  lO  ;^  '"•  '—  J'-  "•■  x'i  >n  1"^ 

3o 

o 

o 

Cinci] 
nati. 
1819 
33  G 
7  31 

,  —  ;3  S   w  T>  —   ^    7»  I'i  —   w/^  7' 

»^    ^>    1— 1    — <    '"^    "^    !">     O    if?    -•    '^»    O*    — < 

_,  J  — "  -."1  «*  ;2  '-'  >— 1  v*  w  ^."O  O  '-"o 

3  »^  !S  O  '^  ^'^   '^  '^  C5  '^   TT  '-  ?.• 

1 

cotlic. 
1819. 
39  20  N. 
5  45  W. 

1— ,          -  '  -^  «^         4^  f»  O  O  O  w-  — 

,^,  »«»*-*<  i*>  ;^  j^  >^  nr  <>.  ,<^  1'^  ^ 

00 

i 

_  /    ivT  -^  i-j  •-'  Ci  c*  ^^  •^^  '.■>»  o»  o 

HN  "*  ^  3f .  .«,■  i:^  ^j  TP  .T>  Ci  ■::;  5^  w 
■M  O  -"^  ''"'''"  T^  —  *^  f^  00  T^  ""  *'*' 

ta. 

1819. 

39  39  N. 

4  28  W. 

.^  (?*   -w  w   ■^  *"' 

^^    ^mt    ^^    •irt    1^    **^ 

W 

■,>f   ./,'  w.  i^V  k/j  rj 

rf^    >^    •—     ,.-^    -*    «^ 

SO 

1 

la  jg  i.-i  -Aj  '•" 

:3 

">*     w     ./J    -w    '.-»     •,••< 

•■^    l»>     -fl    l«0    p»)    ^ 

i_,  ■•-   7^  <■-  ;«.■  v^ 

S  ^  —i  "")  or  TT' 

"-v'l 

lyj  c^  'wt^  t-i  5\f  t^ 
'r  a  T)  rr  »^  1-. 

Zanes- 

ville. 

1819. 
39  59N. 
4  58  W. 

m^  O  —  -w  O  irs  -"  u;  JL'  '-J  irj  u.  r-j 
^  ***  '"^  rv*i  i'»  •">  *^  i^  <^  <"^  t'^  '^  r^ 

i 

,  o  lyj  »  *-"  7^  w  "  O  r-  irs  ;_;  O 

S  ^  T  ^  "  -'-^  ^  w  -J  .T*  :i  — 1  —■ 

i~*  to  ^*)  i»^  ry>  fTl  -Ti  rri  Cti  O  »^  '^  >i^ 

^..r.> 


Ji  "Sn® 


:2   &D^2io 


•S    >-  V*  rv5  S 
jT    3  CiO  "  ^ 


*!5  (T)  -*  -n  •■":  1^  *^  J>.  «>.  "r5  lO  ■'-X  '^ 


J   »H   ^^   O)   1^   ■-^    ir<    'n    T")    »*    ^*<   O^   ^> 
»H  (r<  CN  ^  "—I  :.N  w  cr<  w.  wJ  w>  O*  '^^ 

»n  -m  i-n  lO  r/)  or  r:5  rs  X  ST  »>.  tn  Ttt 


o 


a 


O)    0) 


The  highest,  lowest,  and  mean  heat  for  each  month,  at  different  situa- 
tions, will  be  shown  by  the  following  table: 

Note. — N.  stands  for  North  latitude,  E.  for  East  longitude  and  W. 
for  West  longitude,  H.  for  highest,  L.  for  lowest,  and  M  for  mean  tem- 
perature. 


«^ 


J* 


4-' 


0 


-^^P' 


?!  ■'■•■ 


i*  > 


.^l^iSh 


APPENDIX. 


IM 


METEOROLOGICAL  TABLE. 


Fernan- 

1 

•'or 

i 

N 

.Or-I 

Baton 

Camp 

dinn.  Fl. 

Scott. 

leins. 

Rougo 

Ripley 

18-JO. 

ISiO. 

1820. 

1820. 

1820. 

ao  45  N. 

30  V,l  N. 

30OON. 

30  30  N. 

31  18  N. 

4  :j7  vv. 

7  2'i  W. 

13  low. 

1514W.!| 

1050W. 

11 

L 

M 

H  1. 

M 

H 

L 

M 

H 

L 

M  Hi 

L 

M 

Jan. 

7'J 

35 

55 

74  \12 

.55 

Feb. 

78 

5(1 

05 1 

IM  :n 

01 

7>s 

51 

04 

March 

70 

50 

84 

:8!3S 

00 

78 

32 

01 

April 

S5 

45 

V2 

SiJ 

11 

0^ 

78 

5s 

73 

S(? 

12 

70 

87 

55 

76 

May 

St) 

01 

71 

hf? 

50 

74 

il 

V2 

7lj 

i)0 

58 

75 

88 

54 

76 

Juno 

s7 

o: 

78 

01 

5(1 

78 

1)1 

7ii 

80 

04 

30 

81  1)2 

78 

July 

s; 

71 

SO 

01 

Oil 

711 

i)(l 

SO 

s-^ 

S)C, 

70 

711  'J3 

7281 

Aug. 

ss 

TC 

7S! 

02!0S 

SO 

Dii 

7?-:  s5 

i)2 

74 

S3!  ;)4 

0582 

Sept. 

•"17 

7a 

SOI 

SO  05 

75 

S^ 

7181 

Sh 

34 

77 

)2 

5077 

Oct. 

S5 

511 

iJil 

81)  iUI 

70 

>i 

15  J5 

88 

Ul 

37 

S5 

4866 

Nov, 

70 

w 

01 

78  40 

oc 

75 

311  57 

84 

30 

31 

S4 

3260 

Dec. 

7.')  :)0'iOi 

81  :«l59 
08°  7' 

77 

3'.1  00 

76  10 

30 

79'2853 

Mean  of 
he   year 

7 

0° 

■■ 
1' 

ii 
P 

ico 
let< 

in- 

3. 

inco 
pletc 

m- 

5. 

incom- 
plete. 

METEOROLOGICAL  TABLE. 


1 

Average 
at 

'^< 
20 

45 
01 

Highest,  and  place  of 
observation. 

79  Fernandina 

78  Belle  Fontaine 
04  Council  Blufls 

Lowest,  and  place 
of  observation. 

• 

7 
25 

41 
50 

2 
33 

40 
06 

14 
01. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

t— 30  St.  Peters 

:0  St.  Peters 
10  St.  Peters 

loy 

88 
84 

70 

84 

14 

70 

OOPrairie  des  Chiens 

50  Ditto. 

49 

73 

87 
52 
42 

81 
70 
Oil 
50 

ti) 
7G 
50 
40 

50 

. 

70 
71 

50 
40 

57 

1 

*105  Council  Bluffs 

90  Ditto. 

S8  Baton  Rouge 

*105  Sunday,  13th 
of  August. 

30  St.  Peters 

20  Prairie  du  Chien 

—7  St.  Peters 

69 
68 

91 

Gen. 

Mean. 
\ 

5262 
OL.  11 

t  —30  Sunday, 
30th  of  January. 
25 

lao 

V 

•\-i 


IM 


%rrHNDix. 


<^ 


^       ^    li 


8    rt 


B 


V 


i 


V 


^   J 


s 


2  lot  ^ 


i  2«s;*::^S®® 


r/j 


||?Jf^.l?5i§2!$5S 


tf 


-^  W  85  »0  I""  oB  ift  <0 


(O 


g 


(?*Sao 


i5':;fS§!Sl?;2SS55S 


jS  12?  9  9B  !^ 


'ri<*QD^$5^?rt«0 


^  ir» « 


fJt:^^22S!5J2 


l??2JS'^??2^^?? 


W|=>^ 


»f<  (N   Tj« 


t^    01    ^    Oi 


CQ        n  (n  CQ 


1^  ..M  ^  ^  rf  (N  <?<  ^  »^ 


,  i 

5       S 

sl6' 


I 


s 


t  p-!=3J5»|d| 


=  S»L'  Z-"a  *-"  5  a'* 
aft,j<.5  SSj3  go 


jntJ 


0^  ;^  r/]  Oli 


&s< 


in 


Red  flower 
Black  itiga 
Box  older 
Poach 
Rod  load 
Pawpaw 
Largo  cane 
Black  bird 
Catolpa 
Prickly  poa 
Iron  wood 
Horn  boum 
Chincapin 
Blackberry 
Laurior  aln 
Wild  chorr) 
Palmetto,  a 
Swoot  orah 
Dog  wood 
Swamp  do£ 
CyproRS 
Persimon 
Beech 
Red  ash 
Water  ash 
Water  locui 
Honey  locu 
Holly 
Butternut 
Butternut  Y 
Swamp  hie 
Thick  shell 
Nutmeg  hi< 
Black  wain 
Pignut  hid 
Shellbark  h 


'§ 


** 


kM'BNIMX. 


IK 


if 


# 


TABLE,  NO.  v». 


TJIE£S  COMMON  TO  LOVISIANA 


*.'. 


:«♦ 


•I 


Red  flowering  maple 

Black  sugar  maple 

Dox  elder 

Peach 

Red  load 

Pawpaw 

Largo  cano 

Block  birch 

Catalpa 

Prickly  pear 

Iron  wood 

Horn  boum 

Chincapin 

Blackberry 

Laurior  almond 

Wild  cherry 

Palmetto,  or  latania 

Sweet  orange 

Dog  wood 

Swamp  dog  wood 

Cypress 

Persimon 

Beech 

Redosh 

Water  ash 

Water  locust 

Honey  locust 

Holly 

Butternut 

Butternut  hickory 

Swamp  hickory 

Thick  shell  bark  hickory 

Nutmeg  hickory 

Black  walnut 

Pignut  hickory 

Shellbark  hickory 


Sfc,' 


% 


i'oplfir 

White  1)1  y 

Lnr^n  laurel 

Mulberry 

SpniiJHli  mulberry 

Couunon  culinary  salt 

TuiMihjo 

Black  gum 

Buckoyc 

Pitch  pjiic 

Loblolly  pinu  ' 

Cottou  wood 

Sycuinorc  ^ 

Poke 

White  oak 

Water  onk 

SpnniHli  oak 

Black  jack  oak 

Swamp  white  ouk 

Ovorcup  oak 

Post  oak  ^ 

Willow  oak 

Rod  oak       • 

Black  oak 

Live  oak 

Black  locust 

Dwarf  locust 

Bistinean  locust 

Blackberry 

Rod  berried  older 

Downy  Linden 

Mucilaginous  elm 

Red  elm 

Swamp  elm 

Large  leaved  elm 

Large  whortleberry       ■ 


tc^jh 


'  -si' 


:i\  \ 


■  >  > 


te' 


■Ik 


r 


I 


I*  il 


I9G 

APPBNDIX. 

Red  cedar 

/j            Treo  whortlcborry 

Toad  flax, 

BansarniB 

Cr-inbcrry 

C 

Spico  wood 

Miisi:;uiiiio 

Plantain,  w 

Red  bay           ji  '  j 

Parsley  loavfd  water  grape  vine 

Buckeye,  y 

Sweet  gum 

River  grapo  vino. 

c 

:■ 

Andromodc 

-(••» 

/ 

Red  bud 

TABLE.  NO.  3.                                   1 

Moor  wort. 

1 

FIng,  sweet 

FLORA  OF  LOUISVILLE.                                   1 

Columbine, 
Burduck,  c( 

tfk              ''K« 

1 

Star^vort,  d 

Amaranth,  pellitory  leaved 

Nightshade,  (icadly 

S( 

h 

While 

Garlic,  common 

h 

Clustered 

shallot 

tc 

Alamasco,  lily 

Onion,  common 

fl 

Bastard  indigo 

Garlic,  field,  crow 

0 

Peach,  common 

Cane,  groat                          .p     . 

n 

Maple,  sugar 

Reed  grass                         ,    ^j. 

h 

red 

^^      Cockle,  corn 

81 

Pennsylvania 

^        Honeysuckle,  wild,  red,  white 

hi 

Box,  elder 

Snake  root,  Virginia 

SI 

Althea 

Dutchman's  pipe               *    . ,  ■ 

P 

Asparagus 

.,j.      Dog's  bane,  tustan  leaved 

ii 

Swallow  wort,  oval  leaved 

hemp 

Millfoil,  CO 

Virginia  silk 

,,,    Ambrosia,  tall 

Turnip,  Inc 

flesh  colored 

,    ^^                simple  leaved 

Virginian 

variegated 

mugvvort 

Ginger,  wil 

Pleurisy  root 

;    •   Arethusa,  bulbous 

Cabbage 

Spring  grass 

drooping 

Turnip 

Squaw  root 

Agrimony,  small  flowered 

Birch,  blac 

Bane  berry 

wood 

1 

Hazel,  eldc 

Angelica  tree 

hairy 

Beet,  comii 

Aralia,  berry-bearing 

smooth 

Catalpa,  tr 

naked  stemmed 

Chamomile,  garden 

Trumpet,  ( 

Pawpaw  tree                  * 

wild        ,^ 

Berberry,  ( 

Ascyrum                        j 

Beard  grass 

t 

St  Andrew's  cross 

nodding 

Bertolina, 

Wall  cress,  lyre  leaved 

Anemone,  wild,  Virginia 

Burr  marig 

Canadian 

meadow      ,,    j^  ,?   .^.;.j 

Do.    do. 

*                 common 

....     Oats,  common        ,,,,,  ,4^^.:,- ,h& 

Do.    do. 

^ 


f/ 


ArPBNDIX. 

iirz 

Toad  flax,  common 

Fennel,  «()inmon           ** 

,*' 

Cnntulian 

Parsley,  coiiiiiiun  kitchen 

.  .-»* 

Plantain,  wftlcr 

Celery,  mminoii 

1. 

Buckeye,  yellow               -.^ 

Foxtail  ?»r;^.'^^,  riinadow          # 

•^ 

cunimon 

Pitnpcrnal,  field 

Andromoda                          |< 

Oraf.li,  npreadinif 

Red  bud 

Angclici,  purplo 

Moor  wort,  broad  IcuvoJ 

coininon 

Flog,  sweet,  calamus 

DeviPn  bit,  white 

Columbine,  Canadian 

Mujfwort,  ^,'rey 

Burdock,  common 

Arstida,  erect 

■    .^ 

Stanvort,  divar  icat 

Chinrnpin,  troo 

^ ' 

Bolitla^o  liko 

Ilornbcam,  American 

Iiyssop-Iravcd 

Re<l  pepper,  long 

lieatb-ioavcd 

Hazel  nut 

toad-flnx  leaved 

Traveller's  joy,  Virginia 

flux-lcavcd 

striate 

one-colored 

Dog  wood,  Virginian 

•  isr 

rcd-flowcrcd 

Canadian     • 

.      ♦". 

hcart-loavcd 

upright 

smooth 

Red  rod,  American  Cornell 

• 

large-leaved 

Comptonia,  fern  leaved 

small,  whito 

Celandine,  great 

P.  wort-like 

Claytonia,  Virginian 

imperial 

lanceolata 

\      '• 

Millfoil,  common 

•  Solomon's  soal 

Turnip,  Indian 

Do.           sweet  scented 

H, 

Virginian 

Red  root,  New  Jersey  tea 

Ginger,  wild 

Marsh  ciiKjiiofoil 

■*J^> 

Cabbage 

Button  wood 

Turnip 

Wax  work 

'■  » 

Birch,  black                    v 

Love  vine,  clasping 

• 

Hazel,  elder                  ^' 

Sedge,  plantain  leaved 

Beet,  common 

bristly 

Catalpa,  tree 

erect 

tJ , 

Trumpet,  creeper 

Senna,  Maryland 

/ 

Berberry,  Canadian 

dwarf 

jpA- . 

three  flowered 

Bell  flower,  pointed  leaf 

Bertolina,  rough 

perfoliate 

i.  ■  m. 

Burr  marigold 

Sweet  weed                       =  •?! 

..^'^■A-f 

Do.    do.        nodding 

Cunila,  mint  leaved             -^• 

»!!H  m'ii 

Do.    do.         large  flowered     ^^,< 

Cockspur                 VT,  • 

■^^i''\ 

'■  >) 


II 


.,'^.^ 


198 


APPENDIX. 


'«,* 


Do.         do.     bipinnaU        ■* 
Boehmeria 
Thyme,  Virginian 
Quaking  grass 

American 

scarlet 
Strawberry  blite,  slender 
Hackberry 
Red  bud,  Judas^  tree 
Nightshade,  common 
Chesnut,  common  American 
Hemp,  common 
Hound^s  tongue 
Commelina,  Virginian 
Collinsonia,  two-colored        ^ 

'common 
CoUinsia 
Sweet  Potatoe 
Bindweed,  field,  common 
creeping 
head-bearing 
Thorn  grass 
Centaurella 
Centuary,  angular  leaf 
Hemlock 

«  water 

Jerusalem  oak 
Wild  orach  * 

Chickweek,  common 

field 
Cacalia 

glaucous 
Cucularia 

Lady's  smock,  Pennsylvania 
Do.  narrow  leaved      fy 
Do.  Virginian 
Shrub  « 

sweet  scented 
Coral  honeysuckle 
Melon,  musk 
Cucumber,  common 
Cowslip,  meadow 


^  scarlet     ' 

Hawthorn 

Johnsonia,  American 
Horse  radish 
Pumpkin 
Squash,  knotty 
Melon,  water 
Chervil 
Gallingale,  yellow 

sm  flower 

strigous 
Tooth  wort,  irregular 
Indian  potatoe,  villous 
Jamestown  weed 
Carrot,  wild 
Leather  wood 
Teazle 

Dragon's  head,  Virginia 
Papper  Grass,  Virginia 
Larkspur,  blue 
Ground  Laurel 
Arrow  Wood,  Indian 
Spindle  Tree,  evergreen 
Fleabane,  Canadian 

Philadelphia 
'    Hcmpweed 

nettle-leaf 

purple 

spotted 
Indian  Sage 

climbing 
Cotton  Grass 
Elephant's  Foot 
Dog's  Tail  Grass 
Spurge,  spotted 

hypericum-leaf 

thyme-leaved 
Ipecacuanha,  wild 
Elymas 

fringed 
Mustard,  hedge 
Beech,  rusty  leaved 


APPENDIX. 


100 


Thistle,  parti-colored 
Virginian 
common 
Sunflower,  tick  seeded 
narrow  leaf 
Ploughman^s  wort 
Do.    starlike 
Marigold,  common  corn 
Cowslip,  American 
Skunk  cabbage 
Persimon,  common 
Fox  glove,  wild 
purple 
Hyssop,  hedge 

varying 
Pea  vine,  wild 
Ground  ivy 
Gonolobus,  parti-colored 

prickly 
Bennet,  Virginian 
Locust,  prickly 
Gentian,  white 
Crowds  foot,  spotted 

Carolina 
Goat^s  rue,  Virginian 
Cudweed,  slimy 

plantain  leaf 
Hudsonia 

Hydrangia,  arborescent 
Snow  ball,  mock 
Sunflower,  rough  leaf 
soft  leaved 
Heliotrope,  Indian 
Pennyroyal 

Hawkweed,  veiny  leaf 
rough 
panicled 
Alum  root 
Hazle  witch 
Swine's  succory 

Virginia 
Houstonia.  blue 


•A 


Ash,  white                    •" 

blue 

.*<^i 

swamp 

Strawberry,  garden              # 

«=-. 

wild 

Fennel,  giant 

Colombo 

Goose  grass,  s. 

-3 

cross  branched 

dyers, 

* 

three  flowered 

> 

Golden  thread 

U!3P* 

Hedysarum,  m. 

•     >       > 

clammy 

naked  flowering 

white  flowering 

Water  leaf 

Pennywort 

.-•..t 

Parsnip,  cow              ,;,. 

Touch-me-not 

spotted 

« 

Holly,  American 

Ditch  weed 

Flag,  common 

<■' 

snake's  head 

»         ' 

Itea,  Virginian 

.     ;* 

Walnut,  black 

) 

Butternut         ^ 

Shell  bark 

Shag  bark 

«  7 

Pig  nut 

Peccan 

Cedar,  red 

• 

low,  dwarf 

^\ 

Bullrush,  soft,  r. 

Laurel,  narrow  leaved 

broad 

■^\r 

Killingia,  low 

Flax,  common 

Virginian 

•  -.:*^ui^ 

Darnel 

Vr.4' 

Willow  herb 

■.■,'i- 

•f' 


■*! 


M 


# 


'4 


200 


APPBNOIX. 


),f^ 


varying  ^ 

Bastard  star  flower,  upt.         ^ 
Hydrastis,  Canadian  •  ^ 

St.  Jobn^s  wort,  prolific 
common 
Virginian 
cluster  leaved 
'    Barley,  common 

Hop,  common  .    • 

i         Hibiscus,  meadow 

'  Okra,  garden  ^  ko 

Duck^s  meat,  small 
L*  Cardinal  flower 
Lobelia,  blue 
Tobacco,  wild 
Lobelia,  pale 
^  '  Claytonian 

Pepper  grass,  Virginian 
Lupine,  perennial 
Lily,  Canadian 
Philadelpbian 
great  flowering 
Privet,  common 
Honeysuckle,  Virginian 
Cromwell 
Lavender,  common 
Lion's  leaf  -     ♦ 

Sassafras  ^ 

Spice  wood 
^',  #  Leechia,  great  *      ' 

Sickle  grass 
Poplar 
Fire  weed 
♦ '         Dandelion 
»  Mother  wort  i,     , 

Lentanthus,  grass  leaf 
Cackold's  horns 
Mint,  Canadian 

horse 
Monkey  flower,  winged 
Do.        ringent 
Miegia,  reed     ,  *^?'o     i 


W 


■# 


wborled  ^4,* t  ^ .a^ 

Lindernia  :..r.u* 

Larch  tree  ^»     ..  iv 

Gum,  sweet  '  *   .-^ 

Archangel,  hispid  • 

Loosestrife 

four  leaved 
Hoarhound,  Virginian 

narrow*  leaf         **^ 
Ludwigia,  large,  c.       ' 

decurrent 
Muhlenbcrgia 
Melanthium,  Virginian 
Magnolia,  great  flowering 
Do.        sweet  swamp 
Cucumber  tree 
Hoarhound,  common 
Scorpion  grass,  marsh 

Virginian 
Trefoil,  marsh 

Sanicle,  bastard  American  two  leaf 
Cow  wheat,  American 
Gum  tree,  large,  sour 

bbck 
Catnip 

Fennel  flower 
Tobacco,  common 
Water  lily,  yellow  flower 

odorous,  Virginia 
Splatterdock,  common 
Nelumbium 
Wood  sorrel,  upright 

violet  • 

Orchis,  shewy  " 

Do.      fringed,  white  and  yellow 
Do.      spiral  .     . 

Beech  drops  .  'i 

Orontium,  water  <       ' 

Tree  primrose  r  •    ^  i^ 

Night  willow  herb       *  '" 

scallop  leaved 
Majoram,  wild 


:'«P<. 


APPENDIX. 


201 


Majorem,  garden 
Rape  broom 

woolly      ■* 
Cucumber,  Indian 
Mitchclla,  creeping 
Mulberry,  red 
Balm,  common 
Catmint,  wild 
Medlar,  red 
Pear  tree,  wild 
Chickweed,  Indian 
Mallow,  smooth  flowering 
Basil,  common  i 

garden 
Obolaria,  Carolinian 
Piiyrma,  slender  spiked 
Alkekengi,  Pennsylvania 
Feverfew,  entne  leaved 
Passion  flower,  yellow 
Pellitory 
Lung  wort 
Cotton  tree 
Aspen  Tree. 
Poplar  Lombardy 
Do.  Athenian 
Pond-weed 
Do.  perfoliate 
Do.  grass  leaved 
Do.  floating,  broad-leaf 
Louse-wort 

lanceolate 
Phlox,  or  B.  Lychnis,  spotted 
Do.    hairy 
Do.    Smooth 
Do.    one  flowered 
Valerian,  Greek,  creeping 
Knot  grass 

upright 

bearded 
Buckwheat,  climbing 
Buckwheat,  common 
Water  Pepper 
Vol.  IL 


Water  arrow  leaved 
Buckwheat,  climbing,  American 
Shrub  trefoil 
Pear  tree 
Apple  tree 
Quince  tree 
Crab  apple  tree 
Mountain  mint 

hairy  * 

Parsnip,  common 
Lettuce,  wild 

glaucous  leaf 
Plantain,  Virginian 

lanceoalta       k  -: 
flattened 
Penlhorum,  American 
Orange,  mock,  fragrant 
s  Do.  scentless,  common 
Winter  Green,  spotted 
Pippsisseva  }" 

round-leaved 
Penstemon,  pubescent 

smooth 
Hemlock 
Cherry,  wild 
Sycamore 
Ginseng 

Panic  Grass,  capillary 
whorled 
glaucous 
*  crow's  foot 

broad-lf. 
Scotch 
Red  Grass,  canary 
Bean,  kidney,  common 

lima 
Pea,  common,  garden 
Timothy,  herd-grass 
Meadow  Grass 
Do.  many-stemmed 
.   Do.  broad-leaved 
Brake*       . 


s^ 


i 


M 


■a^ 


202                                 ii 

APPENDIX. 

Philostemon,  innoxiou 

>• 

dwarf                          ..^,, 

May-apple 

three-leaved 

Poke-berry,  common 

Rose,  Carolina 

Alder,  black 

small-flowering 

Purslane,  common 

bright 

Mill-wort,  red-coloured 

swamp    - 

.,             yellow 

Raspterry,  wild,  black 

.       Snake  Root,  seneka 

red 

Self-heal,  Pennsylvania 

garden                  '"*'''' 

Paspalum,  smooth 

Dewberry 

Pickerel-weed,  heart-lf. 

Blackberry,  tall 

Burnet,  common 

Locust,  flowering 

Potamisia,  stinking 

Rosemary,  garden 

Pt'PPyj  garden 

Rhexia,  Virginian 

Oakburr 

Bladder  Nut 

white 

Broom,  Spanish 

chesnut 

Woundwort 

rock  chesnut 

Indian  Physick 

upland  willow 

Nine-bark 

quercitron 

Silky  Spirea 

Spanish 

Saxifrage,  Virginian 

red 

Stitch-wort,  long-leaved 

'  Rudbeckia,  jagged 

oval  leaved 

rough 

slender 

purple 

Green-briar,  herbaceous 

leaf-clasping 

deciduous 

Gooseberry 

arrow-lf 

Currant,  black 

Sage,  lyre-leaved 

red 

garden,  common 

Palmi  Christi 

Elderberry,  red 

Radish,  common 

black 

Crow's  Foot. 

Scull-cap,  small  flowered 

^-        Buttercups                       , 

Virginian 

y*     '  Spearwort 

oval-leaved 

^                       creeping,  R. 

Sisryrinchum,  berumdia 

water,  k. 

Thistle,  hog,  common 

Sorrel,  sheep 

•     blue 

*         Dock,  sharp,  p. 

whitish 

Rhododendron,  great 

Lizard's  Tail,  nodding 

Sumac,  red 

Stone-cross 

stag's  horn 

Mustard,  black 

*                 poison  vine 

Mallow,  indian 

^:^ 


-"^ 


APPENDIX.              / 

thorny 

Bog -rush,  round-headed 

Rye,  spring               ^ 

Pink-root,  Carolina 

Feather  Grass 

Bruisewort,  officinal 

Nightshade 

villous 

Black 

Spinage  common 

Love  Apple,  tomatoe 

Thyme,  common 

Bitter-sweet 

Fennel,  scorching 

Potatoes,  common 

Wheat,  summer 

Egg  Plant 

Germander,  Virginian 

Lilac,  common 

Canadian 

Groundsel,  common 

Shepherd's  Purse 

golden 

Flea-wort 

Willow,  black,  rough 

Cedar,  white              '    -ff- 

ozier 

Yew  Tree,  Canadian 

Honeywort,  three-leaved 

Nightshade,  three-leaf 

Snap  Dragon 

Tripsacum 

Stylosanthes,  hispid 

Meadow  Rue,  rough 

Golden  Rod  of  Canada 

Do  dioicious 

tall 

Linden  Tree 

2-colored 

Toad-flax, 

woodland 

Spiderwort 

scented 

Tansey,  common 

broad-leaf 

Tephrosia,  Virginian 

late-flowering 

Trichostema.  annual 

elm-leaved 

Clover,  white 

oak-leaved 

red 

Do.  crooked-stemmed 

hare's  foot 

Gentian,  bastard 

Cat's  tail,  broad  leaved 

Water  Pimpernel 

Tovara,  large-leaved 

Arrow-head 

Nettle,  common 

Burr  Reed 

Richweed 

Chrysanthemum,  has. 

Bellwort 

Radish,  water 

Elm  Tree,  American  white 

Figwort,  Maryland       «*^; 

red,  rough 

Puccoon 

Milfoil,  water,  common 

Spergula,  corn,  field 

Hellebore,  yellow-flower 

Cicely  herb 

Indian  Poke 

Parsnip,  water 

narrow-leaf 

Club-rush 

Viburnum,  maple-leaf 

small,  capill 

Haw,  black 

spotted 

Arrow-wood 

spiked 

leaved 

• 

H  " 

208 


V       * 


i 


Eli 


I 


S04 


APPENDIX. 


Speedwell,  ofHcinal 
»    *  Virginia 

Scull-cap 
Forget-me-not 

slimy 
Creeper,  common 
Grape,  fox 

common,  wild 
chicken 
Whortleberry  ^ 

Huckleberry,  black 
Cranberry,  American 
Violet,  arrow-leaved 
pubescent 
delicate 
Canadian     ' 


mullifid 

lanceolate 

primrose-leaved 

Mullein,  white 

Misletoc 

Verhisina,  Virginian 

Vetch,  American 

Vervain,  panicled 

nettle-leaved 

erect 

Carolina 

Cockle  Burr 

Ash,  prickly 

Yellow  Root 

Indian  Corn 


V 
%' 


CRYPTOGAMIA. 


.,- 

FILICES. 

FERIVS. 

Maiden  Hair 

Club-moss 

Spleenwort,  root-leaf 
Do.  ivory-stalked 
Do.  hart^s  tongue 
Horse  tail 

Osmunda,  shewy 

interrupted 
Virginian 

Onoclea,  sensitive  fern 

Shave-grass 

: 

MUSCI. 

•■ 

MOSSES. 

Thread  Moss 

Marsh  Moss 

Water  Moss 

Earth  Moss 

Feather  Moss 

Bog  Moss 

FUNGI. 

MUSHROOMS. 

1.  Integer 

2.  Campestris 
3    Miptica 

),  Cinnabarinus 

2.  Xanthropora 

3.  Hematapora 
Cup  Mushroom. 

APPENDIX. 


206 


>•>' 


FLORA  OF  NACHITOCIIES. 


__-«♦■  , 
'V  \\    . 

Flowering  Ash.     Box  Elder:  inli:ibilinfj  the  banks  cf  Red  River. 
Buck  Eye.      A  shriih:  Flowers  si^ailet;  inlnbitiiifr  sundy  hills.     The 

Creoles  use  the  bark  of  the  root  as  a  substitute  for  soap  in  washing. 
Star  Wort,  found  on  the  Jiigh  lands,  two  miles  west  of  Nachilochca. 
Wild  Indigo;  inhabits  borders  of  swamps  and  lakes. 
Anemone;  inhabiting  sandy  hills  near  Red  River. 
May  Weed;  common  on  road  sides. 
Spikenard. 

Sarsaparilla;  hab.  growing  in  abundance  half  a  mile  east  of  Grand  Ecor. 
Virginia  Snake  Root;  growing  eight  miles  north-cast  of  Nacliitoches. 
Indian  Turnip;  growing  four  miles  west  of  of  Nachitochcs,  on  the  river 

banks. 
Milk  Weed. 
Pleurisy  root;  growing  in  abundance.    This  species  was  discovered  in 

the  year  1819,  by  Professor  Ives,  on  the  plains,  two  miles  east  of  New 

Haven,  Connecticut,    I  have  since  found  it  in  llie  vicinity  of  Nachi- 
tochcs. ' 

Honey  Suckle.  .  '  ^ 

Trumpet  Flower  .  .  * 

Prickly  Pear, 
Bell  Flower. 

Honeysuckle:  Woodbine, 
Sensitive  Pea. 
Chinquapin. 

Catalpa  Tree  ^ 

Button  Bush.  ' 

Judas  Tree. 

Palmetto,  • 

Worm  Seed. 
Sweet  Potatoe. 
Morning  Glory, 

Dogwood ;  grows  from  five  to  twelve  feet  high. 
Hawthorn. 

Cypress  Tree,  in  extensive  swamps  and  lakes. 
Ladies' Slipper;  in  low  ground. 
Thorn  Apple.    Jamestown  Weed,  common. 
Larkspur. 
Persimon. 


« 


n 


*ii,: 


!>■* 


806 


APPENDIX. 


Rattle  Snake  Plantain. 

Coral  Plant,  hab.  on  the  sandy  hills  between  the  Red  ond  Sabine  rivers. 

FiOv    "<'  scarlet. 
Tliorou gli  Wort.  ,,  *  '■*J 

While  Ash.  ^ 

Carolina  Jessamine,  hab.  foun:l  growing  near  a  bayou  one  mile  west  of 

Nachitoclics.     Scarce;  fljwers  deep  yellow,  very  fragrant. 
Avens. 
Honey  Locust;  a  largo  tree  growing  near  the  Sabine  River;  pods  contain 

a  sweet  pulp,  which  is  in  large  doses  a  gentle  laxative. 
Kentucky  CofTeo  Tree :  pods  large,  brown.     Called  by  the  Fiench,  chicot. 
Okra^  cultivated  in  gardens.  >' 

St.  John's  Wort, 

Holly     An  ever  green;  berries  red. 
Cypress  Vine. 

Fleur  de  luce,  in  low  marshy  situations. 
Peccan  Tree,  growing  in  abundance. 
Spice  Wood. 

Sassafras.    Gum  is  useful  for  inflamed  eyes. 
Sweet  Gum  Tree.  ,  • 

Red  Cardinal  Flower. 

Sweet  Bay.  •  •  '  .     .'  • 

Big  Laurel. 

Oswego  Tea,  on  the  high  lands  south-west  of  the  town  of  Nachitoches. 
Wax  Myrtle. 
Sour  Gum  Tree. 
Passion  Flower.  . 

Poke  Weed. 
Mandrake,  May  Apple. 
Butter  Cup.    Hab.  roads  and  ditches. 
Palma  Christi. 

Locust  Tree.     A  highly  ornamental  tree. 
Poison  Sumach. 

American  Centaury.         .  *  . 

Arrow  Head. 

W^illow,  on  the  banks  of  rivers. 
Burnet;  hab.  on  hills;  found  growing  on  the  bluff  near  the  town  of 

Nachitoches. 
Sensitive  Briar:  flowers  red,  in  globular  spikes,  very  fragrant. 
Blue  Eyed  Grass. 
Nightshade. 
Golden  Rod.  ■        -'      . 


.*if?i 


i^i 


%  .' 


APFBIfDIX. 


Carolina  Pink  Root. 

t 

-      "         •"' 

Indian  Physic. 
Spider  Wort. 

« 

•1*.        ,       > 

Red  Elm,  Slippery  Elm. 

, 

VI.:.,         ■% 

Mullen.              ■♦     , 

^:                         Jfr      >  /A 

Violet. 

• 

Mislcto,  a  parasitic  plant  on 

trees. 

On  the  banks  of  Red  River. 

•    < 

TABLE  NO.  IV. 


The  following  is  not  intended 
the  animals  most  commonly  met 
sippi  Valley.  * 

Bison. 

Grizzly  Bear. 

Panther;  two  or  three  varieties. 

Black  Bear. 

Black  Wolf. 

Prairie  Wolf. 

Beaver. 

Skunk. 

Opossum. 

Maryland  Marmot. 

Prairie  Dog. 

Musk  Rat. 

Rabbit.  , 

Elk. 

Virginia  Deer. 

Cougar. 

Bay  Lynx. 

Wild  Cat. 

Indian  Dog. 

Red  Fox. 

Hare. 


for  a  complete  catalogue — ^but  a  list  of 
in  tiie  forests  and  prairies  of  Ike  Missis- 


Pouched  Rator. 
Gopher. 

Ground  Sq'-irrel. 
Wliite  nosed  '  luirrel. 
Gray  Squirrel. 
Leaping  Mouse. 
Grey  Fox. 

Prong  Horned  Antelopa 
Mountain  Sheep. 
Raccoon. 
Badger. 
Mink. 
Otter. 

Rustic  Mouse. 
Meadow  Mouse. 
Mus  Musculus. 
Domestic  Rat. 
New  York  Bat. 
Carolina  Bat. 
Ground  Mole. 


:^^ 


TABLE,  NO.  V. 


A  complete  catalogue  of  the  ornithology  of  the  Western  Country 
would  transcend  our  limits.  The  following  are  the  birds  most  commonly 
met  between,  the  lakes  and  the  Sabine. 


■i" 


r    :! 


ii 


■..#■ 


208 


APPENDIX. 


^ 


Turkey  Buz/ard  ^ 

Bald  Eu^'lo 

Fish  Hiiwk  • 

Amcricnn  Bii/zanl 

l\Inri<ii  Hawk 

Red  £  I  red  Owl 

Barred  Owl 

I 

Hawk  Owl 

Great  Owl 

Great  American  Shrike 

Prairie  Hen 

Swallow  Tailed  Faleoln 

American  Sparrow  Hawk 

Ring  Tailed  Eagle 

Red  Shouldered  Hawk 

Mississippi  Kite 

Sharp  Shinned  Hawk 

Slate  colored  Hawk 

Long  Eared  Owl 

Virginia  Eared  Owl 

Pewee  Fly  Catcher     ' 

Cedar  Bird 

Ferruginous  Thrush 

Cat  Bird 

Brown  Thrush 

Mocking  Bird 

Golden  Crowned  Thrush 

Red  Breasted  Thrush 

Water  Thrush 

Red  Bird,  or  Virginia  Cardinal 

Blue  Winged  Yellow  Warbler 

Blue  Bird 

Black  Poll  Warbler    . 

Blue  Yellow  Backed  Warbler 

Wmter  Wren 

Caerulean  Warbler 

Great  Carolina  Wren 

Marsh  Wren 

Barn  Swallow 

Bank  Swallow 

Chimney  Swallow 

Purple  Martin 


Wliip-Poor-Will 

Spunish  Wliiij-Poor-Will 

Night  Hawk 

Sky  Lark 

Red  Lark 

Black  capi)cd  Titmouse 

Black  thruutod  Bunting 

Hairy  Woodpecker  -.       ^ 

Red  bellied  Woodpecker 

TiOuisianiaii  Tunnagcr 

Scarlet  Tannager 

Tyrant  Fly  Catcher  ^      '' 

liOiiisiana  Fly  Catcher 

Canada  l''ly  Catcher 

Yellow  Ift-oiislcd  Chat 

While  lOyed  Fly  Catcher. 

American  Red  Start 

Red  eyed  Fly  Catcher 

Green  Black  Capped  Fly  Cctcher 

Towhee  Bunting 

Chipping  Sparrow 

Cow  Bird 

Yellow  bird 

Yellow  hemp  Bird 

Song  Sparrow 

Purple  Finch 

Lesser  red  Poll 

Snow  Bird 

Cardinal  Grossbeak 

Pine  Grossbeak 

American  Grossbeak 

Purjile  Crackle 

Red  winged  Starling 

Baltimore  Bird 

Orchard  Oriole 

Yellow  headed  Oriole 

Meadow  Lark 

Robin  Red  Breast 

White  breasted  Nut-thatch 

Red  breasted  Nut-thatch 

Raven 

Crow  •       •  ^     :T^. 


P 


V. 


' 

ArPENDIX. 

109 

•  J  • 

i 

Magpie 

Pileated  Woodpecker 

Biuojuy 

Downy  Woodpecker 

/ 1 

1* 

Ruby  throated  Humming  bird 

Great  marbled  Godwit 

1 

fielFed  Kingfisher 

Horned  Grackle. 

1^ 

Carolina  paroquet     *  ^    '' . 

Common  Coot              '-' 

.':% 

» 

Wild  Turkey 

Laughing  Gull        ** 

Pinnated  GrouBO 

Mar::jhtern 

* 

f 

Ruffed  Grouso 

Lessortern 

■^i* 

Virginia  Partridge     • 

Rough  billed  Pelican 

V 

Passage  Pigeon 

Brown  Pelican 

Carolina  Pigeon 

Cormorant 

Killdeer 

Swan 

Golden  plover 

Canadian  Goose 

^ 

Hooping  Crane 

Barnacle  Goose 

Sandhill  Crane 

White  fronted  Goose 

' 

Great  Heron 

Blue  winged  Teal 

-1;. 

Green  Heron 

Buflle  headed  Duck 

«. ' 

•■ 

Night  Heron 

Wild  Duck 

Long  billed  Curlew 

Summer  Duck 

• 

■ 

Little  Wood  Cock 

Scaup  Duck 

t 

Willet 

Wood  Duck 

Stone  Curlew 

Pintailed  Duck 

Tell  tale  Godwit 

Golden  eye 

Solitary  Sandpiper 

American  Widgeon 

- 

Semi  palmated  Sandpiper 

Red  breasted  Merganser 

Yellow  shank's  Snipe 

Hooded  Merganser. 

'^'i,. 

f 


;!i 


TABLE,  NO.  VI. 


its 


The  method ist  church  is  the  most  numerous  denomination  in  the  west 
em  country.  The  number  of  communicants  in  1820  was  about  135,000. 
The  Methodist  congregations  contain  upon  an  average  5  or  6  hearers  to 
every  communicant.     This  calculation  will  give  this  denomination  be 
tween  7  and  800,000  at   that  time.     The  number  of  itinerant  ministers 
485.     The  number  of  local  ministers  wgs  probably  greater.    In  1830, 
the   niimber   of   communicants    was    about   173,083,    and   G18   that 
of  travelling  preachers.     The  superannuated  preachers  amounted  to  40 
The  Presbyterians  had  six  hundred  and  fourteen  preachers  in  1830, 
024  churches,  and  60,470  communicants      The  Baptists  in  1830  had 
1,063  preachers,  1701  churches  and  90,000  communicants.    The  Epis 
Vol.  H.  27 


310 


^ 


APl'RNDIX. 


copal  in  tlw  aatno  year  51  ministers,  00  cliurclics  and  '2,000  ooinmunicants. 
The  Cumberland  Prcshylcrinns  40  ministern,  70cluirchoB,  7,000commu- 
nirnnls.  This  denomination  is  rapidly  incrcapinjp.  The  Catholics  1.30 
ministers,  130  cluirchcs  and  between  4  and  500,000  worshippers.    The 

T  Christisms  who  are  Unitarian  in  their  sonliments  hnvo  400  flourishing 
congregations  in  Ohio  and  Kentucky.  Tlic  Unitarians  have  a  few  church- 
,  es.  The  Tunkers  arc  generally  emigrants  from  Germany  and  are  distin- 
guished by  wealing  long  beards  and  by  holding  tlio  doctrine  of  universal 
salvation.  They  have  about  40  churches.  The  Shakers  Jiavo  a  number 
of  flourishing  societies.  There  arc  100  Gorman  Lulhornn  churches,  groat 
numbers  of  Free  will  Baptists  fijllowcrs  of  Mr.  Campbell,  not  a  few  Mor- 
monites,  a  growing  number  of  congregations  calling  themselves  Emanci- 
pators, chiefly  of  the  Baptist  denominnlion.  They  hold  a  perpetual  cru- 
■ade  against  slavery.  There  arc  perhaps  20  Jewish  sj'nngcgues.  The 
'Quarterly  Journal  of  Education'  thus  nssigns  the  supposed  number  of 
those  attached  in  any  way  to  any  Christian  society.     Methodists  800.000. 

f  Baptists  700,000.     Presbyterians  550,000.    Catliolics  450,000.  Episno- 

palians  50,000.  Cumberland  Presbylcrians,  80,0C0.  Other  denomina- 
tions among  which  the  Scotch  Rcf  )rmcd  have  not  been  enumerated 
100,000,  making  the  total  number  of  worshippers  in  the  western  country 
2,730,000  and  of  those  who  do  not  worship  1  ,t«)0,000.  This  estimate  is 
too  small.  The  number  of  people  in  the  western  country  who  have  their 
religion  yet  to  chouse  exceeds  2,01)0,000. 

The  following  is  probably  a  correct  statement  of  the  denominations  in 
the  United  states. 


D$nomintttions,                         Miniaters, 

Congrtgntions 

Commuiiieants.  Population, 

Orthodox  Congregational ists, 

1,000 

1,270 

140,0C0 

1,2BO,000 

Unitarians 

150 

100 

176,000 

Presbyterians 

1,700 

2,158 

173,329 

1,800,000 

Dutch  Reformed 

159 

194 

17,888 

125,000 

Episcopalians 

500 

700 

600,000 

German  Reformed 

84 

400 

17,400 

200,000 

Lutherans 

205 

1,200 

44,000 

400,000 

Associate  Presbyterians 

74 

144 

15,000 

100,000 

Calvinistic  Baptists, 

2,914 

4,384 

304,827 

2,743,453 

Methodist  Episcopal 

1,777 

470,000 

2,600,000 

Cumberland  Presbyterians 

50 

75 

8,000 

100,000 

Swedenborgians 

30 

28 

5,000 

United  Brethren 

S3 

23 

2,000 

7,000 

Quakers  or  Friends 

.^ 

400 

200,000 

Associate  and  other  Methodists  350 

85,000 

175,000 

a 


^ 

\FPBNDIX 

• 

sn 

Chritt-iani 

aoo 

SCO 

25,000 

375,000 

Gmnncipntors 

15 

000 

4,500 

Snvcnihday  Diptisfs 

30 

40 

2,0G0 

20,000 

Six  Principle    ♦• 

25 

ao 

l.SOO 

20,000 

Mennoriitos 

200 

30,000 

120,000 

Tunkora 

# 

40 

3,000 

30,000 

Free  will  Bapfisls 

300 

400 

10,000 

150,000 

Free  Communion  <Jo 

ao 

3,500 

30,000 

Bhnkers 

45 

Ift 

6,000 

Univeraalists 

15U 

300 

150,000 

Roman  Catholics 

500,000 

Jewi  and  others  not  mentioned 

150 

60,000 

Total  0,041      13,H'.)1  1,314,344 

There  are  probably  in  the  United  Slates  10,000  gettled  ministers  and 
14,000  fixed  congregations.  ' 


TABLE  NO.  VII. 

Exports  from  New  Orleans  in  INiJl  «»»1'J,000,000.  Amonrr  the  items 
ore  157,3J8  barrels  of  fljiir,  from  50  to  80,000  hogsheads  of  sugar  and 
30'.',852  bales  of  cotton.  The  amount  of  purk  cannot  be  asiv^rtained,  but 
probably  exceeds  ii,000,000.  The  exports  from  Mobile  for  the  same 
year  amounted  to  .•5'1,(>;)3,<)58.  From  Cincinnati  over  $1,000,000.  The 
lead  annually  exported  fiom  New  Orleins  amounts  to  about  12,000,000 
lbs.  Tho  steam  bo:it  tonnage  of  the  western  country  exceeds  50,000 
tons.  The  number  of  steam  boats  that  have  run  upon  the  western  waters 
from  1811  to  1830  is  338.     Present  number  230. 


h 


H 


N 


^r* 


TABLE  NO.  VIII. 

It  is  no  longer  necessary  to  give  the  names  of  the  steam  boats  on  the 
western  waters  to  establish  in  the  public  mind  abroad  the  extent  to  which 
the  increase  of  steam  boats  has  been  carried.  The  present  amount  of 
tonnage  in  the  Western  Country  is  50,000  tons.  About  380  boats  have 
been  built  or  run  upon  these  waters.  Of  these  132  were  built  at  Cincin- 
nati and  about  the  same  number  at  Pittsburgh.    Fifteen  or  16  were  buill 


i 

1 

i  ^ 

w 

1 

5' 

mm 

I"*  .' 


■«/' 


212 


APPENDIX. 


M 


at  New  Orleans.  The  rest  were  built  at  various  places  on  the  Ohio  and 
some  of  them  in  the  Atlantic  ports.  It  is  believed  that  35  have  been 
built  during  the  past  season,  some  of  them  of  the  largest  and  most  beauti- 
ful class.  A  very  great  improvement  now  generally  adopted  in  the  west- 
ern steam  boats  is  to  have  them  built  with  upper  decks  as  they  are  called, 
that  is  the  whole  extent  of  the  cabin  arrangement  occupies  the  complete 
length  of  the  boat  in  the  upper  story  giving  the  cabin  an  airy  and  extensive 
promenade  wholly  free  from  the  annoyance  of  the  steam  and  the  noise  of 
the  enginery.  When  the  boat  and  the  captain  are  both  good,  the  passage 
up  and  down  the  rivers  is  generally  made  in  great  comfort.  Now  and  then 
a  ruffian  creates  annoyance  in  which  case  if  the  captain  possess  energy 
andself  respect,  which  is  the  case  with  the  greater  portion  of  these  officers 
the  prompt  remedy  is  adopted  of  setting  him  on  shore.  Prices  of  passage 
on  an  average  are  as  follows.  From  Baltimore  to  Wheeling  $14.  From 
Wheeling  to  Cincinnati  by  the  stage  $14.  By  the  river  $10.  From 
Pittsburgh  to  Wheeling  $3.  From  Cincinnati  to  Louisville  $4.  Return 
$6.  From  Louisville  to  New  Orleans  $30.  Return  the  same.  From 
Cincinnati  to  St.  Louis  $16.  From  St.  Louis  to  New  Orleans  $30.  From 
New  York  ^o  Albany  2$.  From  Albany  to  Buffalo,  by  the  canal  $18. 
From  Buffalo,  to  Cleaveland  $8.  From  Cleaveland  or  Sandusky  to 
Cincinnati  by  the  stage  $13. 


TABLE  NO.  IX. 


MILITARY  POSTS  AND  ARSENALS. 


Fort  Brady, 
Fort  Mackinac, 
Fort  Howard, 
Fort  Dearborn, 
Fort  Gratiot, 
Fort  Niagara, 
Madison  Barracks, 
Hancock  Barracks, 
Fort  Sullivan, 
Fort  Preble, 
Fori  Constitution, 
Fort  Independence, 


Michigan  Territory. 


It 
u 
u 


New  York. 
New  York, 
Maine. 


M 


11 


u 
n 
u 
u 


New  Hampshire. 
Massachusetts. 


>if^ 


-yf 


0  ^ 


.% 


APPENDIX. 


213 


Fort  Wolcott, 
Fort  Trumbull, 
West  Point, 
Fort  Columbus, 
Fort  Delaware, 
Fort  Mc  Henry, 
Fort  Severn, 
Fort  Washington, 
Fortress  Monroe, 
Fort  Johnston, 
Fort  Moultrie, 
Oglethorpe  Barracks, 
Fort  Marion, 
Fort  Snolling, 
Fort  Crawford, 
Fort  Armstrong, 


Rhode  Island. 

Connecticut. 

New  York. 

Now  York. 

Delaware. 

Maryland. 
<( 

(( 

Virginia. 
North  Carolina. 
South  Carolina. 
Georgia. 
Florida. 

On  the  Upper  Mississppi. 


Fort  Winnebngo, 

Michigan  Territory. 

Cantonment  Leavenworth, 

Right  bank  of  the  Missouri 
Little  Platte. 

near  the 

Jefferson  Barracks, 

Missouri. 

Cantonment  Gibson, 

On  the  Arkansaw. 

• 

Cantonment  Jesup, 

Louisiana. 

Baton  Rouge, 

tt 

Cantonment  Atkinson, 

tt 

Fort  Wood. 

u 

Fort  Pike, 

u 

Fort  St.  Philip, 

tt 

Cantonment  Brooke, 

Florida. 

Fort  Mitchell, 

Alabama. 

Key  West, 

Florida.                     " 

Arsenal  Watertown, 

Massachusetts. 

Arsenal,  Watervleit, 

New  York. 

Arsenal  Rome, 

i(      (( 

Arsenal  Pittsburgh, 

Pennsylvania. 

Arsenal  Frankford, 

{( 

Arsenal  Baltimore, 

Maryland. 

Arsenal  Washington, 

District  of  Columbia. 

Arsenal  near  Richmond, 

Virginia. 

Arsenal  Augusta, 

Georgia. 

Arsenal  Baton  Rouge, 

.'■ii 

Louisiana. 

''''  , 

!k  «ii 


814 


APPENDIX. 


A  GENERAL  aggregate,  exhibiting  the  number  of  each  description  of 

States  of  America,  as  returned 


FREE 

MALES. 

States  and  Teruitories. 

u   to 

U    01 

■a    . 

IS  a 
c  t> 
cs  « 

c  <c 

S    w 

o  = 

Si 

s: 

o  s 

Maine 

New  Hanipsbire  - 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connpclicut 

Vermont 

N.  District  of  New  York 

S.  District  of  New  York 

3 1,03  J 
19,438 

40,615 

6,731 

19,021 

21,689 

118,609 
39,520 

lo8,135 

25,073 
60,744 
56,376 

28,74ti 
17,591 

3;).0Ji 

5,788 

17,891 

19.410 

103,663 

33,686 

25,536 

16,800 
34,605 
5,403 
17,773 
17.596 
88,844 
29,945 

22,410 
14,873 
32,868 
5,354 
16,519 
15,805 
74,176 
27,763 

35,028 
21,147 
58,431 
8,425 
26,181 
24,200 
124,787 
51,728 

Total  of  New  York 

New  Jersey 

E.  District  of  Pennsylvania 

W.  District  of  Pennsylvania 

137,349 

21.209 
50,321 
45,65!] 

118,7o9 

19,736 
45,115 
37,476 

101,939 

17,132 
41,321 
33,030 

176,515 

26,894 
68,379 
52,483 

Total  of  Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

E.  District  of  Virginia 

W.  District  of  Virginia 

117,120 

4,747 
23,732 
33,156 
32,625 

95,980 

4,091 
19,439 
20,402 
25,391 

82,591 

3,932 

17,888 
22,532 
20,763 

74,351 

3,179 
15,772 
19,813 
17,118 

120,862 

5,,509 
29,390 
33,282 
27,543 

Total  of  Virginia 

North  Carolina     - 

South  Carolina    - 

Georgia 

N.  District  of  Alabama 

S.  District  of  Aabama 

65,781 

40,662 
25,131 
33,011 

9,455 
13,300 

51,796 

35,973 

20,267 

23,586 

6,737 

8,760 

43,295 

31,171 

16,492 

18,679 

5,231 

6,905 

12,136 

4,581 
3,330 
1,891 

5,230 

11,788 
24,431 

36,219 

34,515 
62,260 

36,931 

25,582 

13,962 

15,098 

4,305 

5.194 

60,825 

39,174 
22,166 

26,688 

7,039 

10,308 

Total  of  Alabama 

Mississippi 

E.  District  of  Louisiana 

W.  District  of  Louisiana 

7,922 
5,017 

2,859 

15,497 

5,5C)6 
4,1S7 
2,199 

(),386 

14,733 
30,.591 

9,499 

3,683 

2,850 
1,478 

17,347 

7,215 
7,435 
3,027 

Total  of  Louisiana 

E.  District  of  Tennessee 
W.  District  of  Tennessc 

7,876 

19,606 
40,0  If) 

4,328 

9,598 
19,927 

10,462 

14,074 
30,643 

Total  of  Tennessee 

Kentucky 
Ohio 

59,6)2 

54,228 
96,364 

45,321 

41,294 
74,813 

29,525 

29,288 
51,160 

44,717 

45,384 
81,016 

Amount  carried  forward 

S89,717l724,04i)|625,227l539,258|887,62B| 

m 


Iff 


>t 


APPENDIX. 


215 


persons  mthin  the  several  Districts  and  Territories  of  the  United 
hy  the  respective  Marshals  thereof. 


WHITE  PKRSOiNS. 

MALR?. 

Ola 

OH« 
a 

V 

"=  =  i- 
c  -   X 

a 

o|l 

Z  o             >.  SI 

O    =    ->        — ,    =     -^ 

Z  a          C  a 

1 

-^                  "CI 
_  -3    CJ  ^ 

O  5  o  -a 

—  a 

21,587 
14,728 
35,417 
5,383 
16,418 
15,761 
79,912 
33,190 

1J,543 
10,S13 
23,643 
3,511 
11,604 
10,416 
49,700 
19,518 

«.f,224 

7,'iO-2 

15,029 

2,153 

7,><i54 

7,07)2 

29,273 

11,210 

.5,V42 
5,0:)7 

10,281 
1,450 
5,493 
5,192 

17,171 
6,700 

23,-^ /I 

4,462 

8,744 
7,161 

15,90j 

609 
3,462 
4,8.53 
4,114 

2,63'.. 
2,7tS8 
5,516 
851 
3,158 
2,204 
7.043 

2,9'.)(; 

819 

i-'.i:. 

1,761 
260 
871 
630 

1,750 

79a 

85 

172 

29 

78 

4S 

175 

7(5 

251 

44 

98 
119 

1 

3 

1 

4 

3 

19 

16 

113,102 

17,238 
42,731 
32,110 

74,841 

3,219 

18,206 
20,902 
15,629 

6J,-421 

11,036 

27,583 
19,953 

40,536 

2,036 
11,072 
13,430 

9,933 

40  513 

7,059 
15,555 
12,505 

10,039 

o  noo 

3,701 
3,221 

2,546 

531 

897 

1,022 

35 

1 
16 
21 

•^8,050 

1,282 

6,566 
8.778 
6,513 

6,v22 

201 
1,373 
1,930 
1,750 

1,919 

44 
350 
569 
535 

217 

£ 
52 

88 
96 

37 

7 

10 
13 

3u,531 

23,080 

13,952 

16,169 

4,457 

5,938 

23,363 

15,076 
8,330 
9,741 
2,513 
3,513 

15,291 

10,646 
5,64L 
5,682 
1,496 
2,125 

8,967 

5,947 
3,031 
3,097 

780 
961 

1,741 

632 
635 
2i;i 

3,680 

2,469 

1,211 

1,120 

249 

342 

1,1U4 

650 
297 
29C 

65 

8-2 

184 

136 
63 

62 
11 

7 

23 

1 
23| 

14| 
13 

4 

11,395 

4,630 
5,736 
2,109 

6,02() 

2,43C 
3,172 
1,146 

3,6:^2 

1,585 

1,415 

56'. 

591 

ISO 

227 

9i 

147 

47 
61 
16 

IN 

11 

18 
3 

•Z\ 

42 
(57 

4 

8 
1 

7,845 

7,752 
17,676 

4,318 

4,731 
11,038 

2,0  J  4 

3,738 

8,206 

fc9l> 

1,994 
3,57; 

i),{r, 

6,275 
10,77-J 

31c 

874 
1,243 

77 

292 
3i)S 

9 

11 

18 

25,427 

26,384 
49,539 

15,71)! 

17,100 
31,051 

11,944 

10.998 

18,126 

^,11/ 

5,6253 
3,62S 

655 

723 
923 

h»9 

119 
117 

29 

27 
21 

2D6 

550,492 

346,725 

217,551 

128,708 

55,729115,508 

1,924 

it 


# 


218 


APPENDIX. 


AGGRE. 


FRKt 

MALES. 

States  and  Territories. 

•* 

U    CD 

fe  a 

-J 

"  a 

sS 

s  - 

C  u 

Z^ 

O    3 

j39,'458 

17,976 

7,775 

5,465 

1,277 

1,553 

170 

245 

356 

1^ 

-*  ^  .* 

•5§ 

Amount  brought  forward 

Indiana 

Illinois    -            -            - 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Michigan 

E.  District  of  Florida 

W.  District  of  Florida 

Middle  District  of  Florida 

S.  District  of  Florida 

88^,111 

'39,775 

18,862 

13,50i' 

3,011 

3,03B 

441 

55( 

t23 

IS 

7;i4,04i 

28,863 

12,747 

9,624 

2,02'<: 

2'31t 

32t] 

355 

04( 

12 

625*227 

22,923 

10,033 

7,464 

l,62fe 

1,^;21 

261 

278 

467 

14 

1,015 

1,474 

671,U8i^ 

887,626 

27,67; 

14,708 

11,151 

2,83-2 

4,033 

47.^ 

034 

95i 

8C 

Total  of  Florida 
District  of  Columbia 

l,b3:i 

2,345 
972,1;4 

1,3^3 

1,681 

78;. 
1,521 

2,171 

2,705 

Total  of  the  U.  States 

?82,63/ 

.>7o,614 

952,9b2 

FEMALES 

Maine      ... 

New  Hampshire  - 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

Vermont  - 

N.  District  of  New- York  - 

S.  District  of  New-York    - 

32,45b 
18,506 
39,516 
6,626 
18,246 
21,326 
113,755 
37,926 

:;i7,667 
16,800 
34,504 
5,641 
16,937 
18,633 
100,075 
32,949 

15.584 
33,366 
5,209 
16,574 
16,877 
85,712 
2i»,616 

•22,336 
14,846 
34,463 
5,577 
15,985 
15.770 
75,251 
30,024 

35,5yb 

24,485 
60,42/ 
9,207 
26,51S 
25,16; 
116.804 
51,638 

Total  of  New-York   - 

New  Jersey 

E.  District  of  Pennsylvania 

W.  District  of  Pennsylvania 

151,681 

23,951 
57,95.^ 
54,127 

112,085 

4,646 
22.355 
31,405 
30,99S 

62,404 

42,785 
23,727 
30,971 

133,024 

20,481 

48,481 
44,386 

115,328 

18,248 
43,563 
36,422 

105,275 

16,792 
43,793 
32,856 

168,442 

25,8311 
66,990 
48,433 

Total  of  Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

E.  District  of  Virginia 

W.  District  of  Virginia 

li2,S6iJ 

4,012 
18,692 
25,391 
2^590 

49,981 

34,247 
19,044 
22,648 

79,985 

3.652 
17,327 
22,333 
19,591 

41,921 

28,795 
15,631 
17,847 

76,649 

3,38C 
18,021 

22,474 
18,036 

115,423 

5,474 
27,245 
35,28.^ 
28,771 

Total  of  Virginia 

North  Carolina     - 
South  Carolina     - 
Georgia  - 

40,510 

27,616 
15,133 
16,517 

62,(;5L 

41,221 
21,868 
24,005 

Amount  carried  forward  |867,443|792,066l688,660i652,310|10i,8\JtJ{ 


APPENDIX. 


217 


*•    !!' 


GATE— 

Continvrrl. 

1 

WHITE  PERSONS. 

3i>Li:s.                                                        j 

•a 

•a 

. 

•c     . 

■3      , 

■a            r 

Si- 

"1" 

t:  a 

ety  an 
r  one 
dred. 

1^^ 

2  & 
—  -a 

fi 

II 

!P 

lit 

O  3 

o  "^ 

O  a 

o§ 

o§ 

0  a 

o 

O 

450,491 

J46,72£ 

217,551 

128,70^ 

55,721 

15,508 

1,924, 

25J 

17,943 

10,34f 

6,04; 

3.181 

1,48S 

212 

44 

10 

8,932 

4,631 

2,85(; 

1,164 

3SC 

90 

6 

4 

7,40: 

3,64( 

1,92 

937 

341 

58 

14 

2 

1,811 

87; 

431: 

2;,i 

6. 

12 

1 

2,551 

1,22^ 

06( 

26< 

64 

21 

4 

1 

42^ 

19( 

9f 

4i 

22 

r 

4S1 

2ie 

15', 

72 

V. 

] 

1 

1 

547 

31J 

i6r 

6^ 

2( 

4 

1 

72 

3'. 

If 

r 

l,53t*) 

7oO 

43i 

194 

5'. 

10 

2 

1 

1,91: 

1,1 6e 

5r;a 

246 

7! 

25 

2 

1 

59;f,5.iti 

{6y,3<( 

i30,5ul 

lii4,91( 

5>,13. 

15,945 

1.993 

•     274 

FKMALES.                                                                         I 

2.',3d2 

14,133 

9,350 

5,92J 

2,68  () 

9J9 

isy 

3 

16,703 

11,998 

8,429 

5,837 

3,038 

1,101 

170 

6 

3S,184 

26,69t 

18,453 

12,919 

7,177 

2,512 

335 

2 

5,752 

4,02U 

2,S28 

1,942 

1,054 

376 

44 

18,034 

13,003 

9,34S 

6,703 

3,735 

1,229 

153 

3 

16,257 

11,035 

7,157 

4,723 

2,085* 

656 

87 

5 

72,857 

45,245 

26,545 

15,429 

6,282 

1,711 

201 

14 

31,813 

19,175 

11,'J()3 

7,10!) 

3,215 

957 

104 

4 

104,670 

64,420 

3ji,208 

2^,538 

9,49/ 

2,668 

305 

18 

16,633 

11,004 

7,308 

4,717 

2,167 

584 

63 

t           2 

41,007 

2(i,236 

16,'UH 

9,737 

4,292 

1,155 

132 

!          13 

28,56*" 

17,9SB 

11,0S5 

6,2  SI 
16,018 

2,700 

877 

104 

\           7 
»          20 

6j,j76 

44,22'.i 

2?,749 

6,992 

2,032 

23l 

3,T83 

2,047 

1,400 

027 

233 

58 

A 

1            1 

16,618 

10,842 

6,985 

3,033 

1,543 

432 

6f 

)          17 

21,706 

14,047 

9,293 

5,195 

2,297 

62C 

1        138 

\          13 

14,976 

9,706 

6,137 

3,580 

1,552 

471 

hi 

>          13 

3d,j8i 

23,7o3 

lu,4c;0 

8,  /  /a 

3,84iJ 

l.Uiil 

I8fc 

i         26 

24,704 

16,455 

10,657 

5,944 

2,47C 

767 

152 

!         26 

13,431 

8,467 

5,454 

2,92S 

1,175 

!        353 

7£ 

)          19 

13,386 

8,438 

5,066 
175,0^2 

2,i81 

98f 

>       26£ 

f         6f 

>          22 

[        170 

145,15;5 

^68,452 

1U5,877 

49. « 6; 

\    15,027 

'     2,091 

Vi 

rM      li 

2b 

it 


818 


APPENDIX. 


;  •       % 


AGGRE 


FUEE 

IKMALKS. 

States  and  Teiwwtoiiies. 

5  3 

c    - 

1 

1    Of  icn  nnd 
under  fifteen. 

1  i 

!l 

O  5 

Of  twenty  and 
under  tLirty. 

Amount  brought  ibrward 

SO  7, 4413 

792,0GJ 

j88,(3liO 

ti52,31t 

101, 80C 

N.  District  of  Alabama    - 

8,04r 

0,417 

4,030 

4,40g 

6,32: 

S.  District  of  Alabama 

12,1'il 

8.3S0 

0,107 

5,54? 
y,04ti 

8,13*/ 

Total  of  Alabama     - 

21,1-Jl 

14,52/ 

11,00/ 

i4,4tja 

Mississippi 

7,32<! 

5.254 

4104, 

3.r.7S 

5,23S 

E.  District  of  Louisiana    - 

5,0U' 

4.03(5 

3,410 

3,141: 

4,f)9? 

W.  District  of  Louisiana  - 

2,(;r.i 

2,15! 

1,731 

1,55? 

2,2  4F 
6,94t 

Total  of  Louisiana    - 

7,07a 

0,18ti 

ij,114 

4,701 

F.  District  of  Tennesses  - 

ISI^I 

14,022 

11,051 

10,09f 

14,80] 

W.  District  of  Tennessee 

H7:i2' 

20.27." 

22.504 

20,587 

2S,05^ 

Total  of  Tennessee  - 

55,i4l> 

4.J,2u/ 

3J,o45 

30,  J// 

42,S5t 

Kentucky 

50,701 

30,515 

32.341 

20,030 

41,57r 

Ohio 

80,7f;n 

71.855 

50,501 

52,77£ 

75,44C 

Indiana          .•         * 

37,151 

27,42il 

20,848 

18,013 

23,17f 

Illinois 

17,411 

1  ••,  -"W-. 

0,220 

8,211 

12.27f 

Missouri 

12,5.'n 

0,042 

0,780 

5,777 

8,85^ 

Arkansas 

2,782 

1,804 

1,40: 

1.226 

2,oor 

Michigan 

2,727 

2,051 

1,776 

1,43: 

2  51f 

E.  District  of  Florida 

43^ 

2or 

23-; 

22r 

38f. 

W.  District  of  Florida      - 

502 

355 

262 

270 

395 

Middle  District  of  Florida 

858 

60f 

441 

407 

Gjf 

S.  District  of  Florida 

If; 

r 

t 

12 

11 

2^ 

Total  of  Florida       - 

1,807 

1,261 

Oai 

0-^3 

1,44, 

District  of  Columbia 

2,182 

l,^>4fi 

l,^3f] 

l,84r? 

2,S6* 
915,902 

Total  ofiheU.  States 

1)20,104 

7ol,«il 

):i.*,0J3 

59/,/ 13 

%■ 


APPENDIX. 


219 


GA  TE— Continued. 


WHIT!-:  I'EKSO.N 

S. 

I'iniA 

j:s. 

•c 

T3 

■3 

-Z 

— 

"—                            r 

.. 

E  A 

C      • 

■3      . 

••    Zl* 

C    >, 

— 

£  ■/! 

a  O 

a  -^ 

n   :: 

«  •:;' 

:3   «     . 

*-  -J 

R    -. 

^^ 

i.'.« 

Z.'  '-J 

Vi 

i'  = 

-'•  °  § 

c  a 

3    f 

^  »- 

t  " 

C^    w 

o    ^ 

^ 

—    i   ^ 

"■    2^ 

=  -S 

<2  3 

■^-^ 

tt)  1- 

t  a 

•r  ?. 

=  ^3 

C    3 

.     e 

<»    3 

<-  -^ 

**        w 

"    3  — 

416,151; 

O 

C    3 

o| 

c5 

C   = 

5 

oS 

vJJ.!),4ax; 

liUjU;;:. 

IUj,>"577 

4'J,lu:.' 

lo,V^i 

2,UUl 

17i 

3,65'< 

2,13f 

1,18;: 

578 

183 

67 

10 

r 
< 

4,S7^ 

2,V.ll 

1,511 

774 

218 

75 

12 

8,53:. 

4,721 

2,72J 

1,3j2 

^31 

112 

2.- 

11 

3,094 

1,7251 

1,001 

457 

150 

82 

7 

£ 

2,931 

1,598 

8,-;:-: 

504 

172 

63 

13 

1 

1,27( 

4,20t 

09(' 

'  401 

169 

48 

i: 

4 

2,-it4 

1,25; 

220 

•/e 

i; 

1 

7,94] 

5,1 5r 

3,313 

1,775 

756 

221 

47 

14 

li.59« 

10,121 

5,92." 
9,238 

2,741 

1,055 

315 

53 

U 

23,j4i 

15,277 

4,519 

l,»li 

03SJ 

Ul, 

2. 

23,763 

15,3(J1 

9,525 

5,349 

2,202 

576 

9' 

11 

43,769 

27,461 

15,79C 

8,214 

2,90r. 

721 

8^ 

8 

15,045 

8,794 

4,540 

2,175 

815 

202 

23 

2 

6,758 

3,701 

2,021 

799 

268 

71 

12 

1 

5,122 

2,715 

1,476 

773 

229 

5S 

f 

2 

1,08C 

526 

29< 

108 

32 

6 

3 

1,393 

723 

395 

138 

37 

8 

215 

143 

6r 

36 

16 

3 

2 

231 

139 

83 

24 

15 

4 

2 

391 

198 

IOC 

40 

14 

2 

1 

11 

4 

I 

1 

1 

848 

484 

247 

101 

45 

10 

5 

1,751 

987 

603 

250 

84 

30 

4 

555,555 

355,425 

222,928 

130,868 

5^,034 

17,572 

2,184 

234 

n 


.  fi 


,.^ 


» 


S20 


APPENDIX. 


GENERAL  AGGRE- 

SLAVES. 

MAMS. 

BTATBI  and  TIRRITORIE8. 

_     CO 

g   « 

•0  i- 

•  is    . 

C   -    I. 

a 

.2  "= 

a.  <a 

t-i  «• 

1.  .^  > 

S  c  « 

~  a 

0  a 
a 

■^  it 
u  a    , 

ai 

2 

Maine 

New  Hampshire  - 

Massachusetts 
'  Rhode  Ishmd 

Connecticut 

Vermont 

N.  District  of  N.  Y. 
•8.  District  of  N.  Y. 

1 

3 

2 

2 

0 

1 

-        1 

1 

4 

261 
9 
4 

Total  of  New- York. 

"New-Jersey 

^E*  District  of  Penn . 

W.'District  of  Penn. 

3 

4 

7 

18 

6 

10 
44 

41 

8j 

856 
17.75i; 
60,09L 

8,835 

U8,l»ii4 

39,146 
44,671 
34,216 

7,322 
12,216 

i\),b'6t 

10,784 

12,991 

4,941 

17,9b::i 

3,116 
20,484 

1 

396 
17 

6 

379 
4 

1 

2 
1 

Total  of  Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

E.  District  of  Virginia 

W.  District  of  Virginia 

20 

574 

17,878 

74,118 

9,843 

83,901 

46,038 
51,866 
38,314 
8,250 
l'^,615 

2 1,80  J 

11,011 
9,352 

4,268 

23 

257 

8,844 

3S,41l 

4,79l 

43,214 

20,27C 

29,718 

19,57; 

4,24( 

6,83t 

0 

8-1 

6,185 

27,758 

2,996 

Id 

44 

2,770 

11,125 

l,03'.i 

1 

3 

50 
116 

7 

Total  of  Virginia 

North  Carolina    - 

South  Carolina    - 

Georgia 

N.  District  of  Alabama 

S.  District  of  Alabama 

3U,7j4 

13,925 
21,693 

12,888 
1,971 
3,178 

i2,lo7 

5,790 

7,57b 

3,817 

605 

887 

12ii 

92 

98 

106 

6 

24 

3U 

23 
26 
11 

Total  of  Alabama 

Mississippi 

E.  District  of  JiOuisiana 

W.  District  of  Louisia. 

11,076 

6,957 

12,18£ 

3,577 

5, 14b 

3,466 
6,455 
2,025 

1,492 

829 
1,653 

428 

Total  of  Louisiana 

E.  District  of  Tenn. 
W.  District  of  Tenn 

13,6;iU 

3,392 
24,617 

28,00;; 
31,513 

10,76:^ 

1,283 
9,981 

8,4a0 

713 
5,332 

2,081 

248 
1,494 

l,/42 
2,286 

3/ 

4 
55 

Total  of  Teneessee. 

Kentucky 
Ohio      - 

23,600 

27,488 

11,264 
13,386 

6,045 
7,513 

51 
45 

Amnt.  carried  forward 

344,737 

JU5,u:il 

18j,745 

116,369 

40,576 

171 

'^'  >* 


,■*■ 


Ari'E.NIilX. 


221 


GA  TE— Continued. 


SLAVICS. 

.... 

I'l.MALE-i. 

3 

u  a. 

'i.  "-• 

"  S  ^• 

i'  =  " 

£i  sf 

.'     O     w 

•°'3 

u  o 

B   -    = 

C   3    >, 

.h  -a  ^ 

r;.n3  -a 

**  S  i 

S       ,o 

<j       - 

j=  =  <a 

C   c   a 

c  o  « 

c  2 

*    £"- 

fc  "H.i: 

-    3 

"=    3    = 

o  -  fc 

fa  3 

<_^ 

-  55 

<-  "O 

,„  _  -a 

;:;  ^ 

(^ 

O  5 

O 

<=s 

O  = 
n 

O  -a 

s 

1 

1 

7 

1 

2 

•; 

5 

•-' 

11 

G 

€ 

1 

2 

2 

11 

9 

i^ 

1 

o 

r<0 

2 

7 

13 

4C5 

457 

290 

10 

63 

la 

13 

30 

5 

23 

45 

7 

11 

14 

4 

33 

IGh 

22 

24 

44 

9 

no6 

611 

^41 

77 

49 

3 

16,904 

ia,'M2 

S.?;2:^ 

5,527 

2.601 

53 

73,563 

58.r;:;4 

24.'!  7f 

11,221 

132 

9,544 

8.';r,.3 

2,73^ 

1,057 

16 

fc3,iU6 

m;jb: 

*U;'Jj  OCO 

12,278 

148 

44,007 

37,510 

2;\iGr. 

12,8^1  f 

5,622 

114 

51,563 

45,-;]:] 

C:;,71(^ 

22,0= -r 

8,117 

84 

38,071 

33,78C 

20.-;r.[ 

I2,n3i 

3,746 

78 

7,962 

7.150 

4/:or 

1,9  If 

515 

8 

13,39S 
21,360 

12.50J 

6.S7C 

2,*i*:c 

800 

17 

rj,66':) 

iij./iQ 

4,905 

1,315 

25 

10,857 

10,842 

7.005 

3,171 

691 

21 

9,550 

12,1  iO 

12,211 

4,583 

1,246 

29 

4,163 

4,564 

r!.2.s> 

1,63C 

305 

10 

13,713 

16,704 

13,49iJ 

6.213 

1,551 

39 

3,258 

3,160 

1,473 

911 

321 

8 

23,331 

21,134 

10,746 

5,712 

1,578 

26 

20,589 

24,294 

12,221 

6,623 

1,899 

34 

30,990 

27,224 

14,177 

8,116 

2,560 

40 

238,6  J  8 

499,531 

181,251 

109,3H6 

40,777 

659 

Vol.  II. 


29 


^ 

0 


&9 


* 


i 

' 


<!1 


ft 


i. 


J:- 


nm 


21W 

APPENDIX. 

GEyERAL  AGGRE. 

STATE!   AND  TiRRlTORItl. 

SLAVES. 

MAI.KS 

. 

B    %> 
^    to 
**   c< 

^« 

a  2 

344,737 

103 

4,858 

850 
o 

mm 

027 

500 
1,301 

7 

2,501 

794 
353,845 

m 

o 
305,021 

120 

4,292 

812 

5 

588 

002 

1,275 

17 

i-2 

g  =• 

i:  3  w 

C    .-! 

180,745 

80 

2,052 

300 

9 

401 

490 

802 

11 

H    K 

IS 
?    ^ 

ill 

a 

«s 

O  a 

l(i,875 

7 

looj 

48 
1 
93 
62 
77 
2 

h 

171 

2 
41 

1 

amnt.  brought  forward. 

Indiana   - 
Illinois    - 
Missouri  - 
Arkansas 
Michigan 

E.  District  of  Florida 
W.  District  of  Floridii 
M.  District  of  Florida 
S.   District  of  Floriila 
Total  of  Florida 

District  of  Columbia 
Total  of  the  U.  States 

110,309 

49 
917 
187 
1 
289 
231 
423 
5 

2,482 

944 
3l3,r.70 

1,M30 

542 
I8"57»5ll 

948 
375 

224 
114 

3 

118,990 

41,450 

718 

MALK 

3. 

FHKfi:  COLOJUOD 

Maine 

New  Hampshire   - 
Massachusetts 
Rhode  Island 
Connecticut 
Vermont 

N.  District  of  N.  Y. 
S.  District  of  N.  Y. 
,     Total  of  New-York. 

New  Jersey 
E.  District  of  Penn- 
W.  District  of  Pcnn, 
Total  of  Pennsylvania 

Delaware 
Maryland 

E.  District  of  Virginia 

W.  District  of  Virf^inia 

'      Total  of  Virginia 

North  Carolina    - 
South  Carolina    - 
Georgia  - 
Amount  carried  forwd. 

1()5 
01 

801 

330 
1,022 

125 
1,570 
4.141 

174 

73 

880 
•01 

1,127 
114 

1,007 
4,490 

t),097 

3,217 
4,22i) 
1,011 

5,270 

2,200 
0,101 
5.250 

884 

110 

03 

720 

311 

779 

78 

1,208 

3,090 

109 

48 

035 

241 

024 

03 

810 

2,094 

3,505 

1,192 

2  330 

405 

50 
40 
321 
150 
313 
48 
374 
993 

1 
1 
5 
3 
2 
2 
11 
11 

■ 

5,717 

3,035 
4,047 
1,140 

4,898 

1,419 

3,392 

()25 

1,307 

571 
897 
212 

22 

4 

24 
6 

5,187 

2,021 
8,311 
7,111 
1,115 

4,017 

1,300 

4,010 

3,038 

499 

3,537 

1,400 
022 
221 

23,542 

2,801 

1,182 

4,158 

2,289 

408 

2,097 

1,059 
424 
185 

1,109 

499 
2,285 
1,401 

258 

30 

13 

49 

24 

3 

8,220 

3,427 
1,315 

308 

0,134 

2,901 
957 
35^1 

1,719 

695 

333 

117 

9,023 

27 

22 
19 
11 

211 

' 

30,707 

3t),2ol) 

18,912 

* 


M- 


APPENDIX. 


"213 


GATE— Continued. 


SLAVKS. 


•kmam:s. 


-g — 

8 
^  . 

a 


aa.-'jOis 


187 

801 
1 

cnr. 

51)7 
1,205 


ii,500 
81(5 


347,5l>() 


1  - 

C    S    3 

c  o 

3 

loTv'iTi 


Itil 

4,5h;; 

») 

571 

(;()5 
ij'jor. 


:^,4'i<j 
50sy«T;i 


■3  .2 
3     > 


o 
l^lj-JSl 


'lU(i 

471 

U8'i 

Gr;8 

1( 


1,50  J 


Oil.' 


1S<),(KS-J 


l(,l»,:{:iO 


51 

DSS 

i!.:{ 


185 

310 

4 


t  o>'' 


411 


-  3s 

«'  S 

>  o 

'C  I.  ■ 

'*"  3 


3 
-3   J2 


10,777 


11 

5(1 


07 
30 
73 


1  „• 
•Si 

§2 
*  £. 
S  = 

O   -3 

/~    el 


t)5l 


170) 


17!> 


111,753 


11,1:>\!1       0(58 


PEKSOXS. 


1  r.AJALKS. 


151 
72 

823 

300 
1,054 

121 
1,532 
3,992 


5,524 

2,818 
4,001 
1,059 


5,003 

2,510 
7,919 
0,8(55  ( 
1,111 


7,980 

3,300 

1,382 

348 


39,337 


172 
83 

950 

597 
1,233 

120 
1,851 
4,973 


0,824 


121 
52 

810 

418 

810 

78 

1,205 

4.325 

5,530 


2,900      1,120 

5,09<)' 


1,000 


0,159 


2,3(){) 
7.31  i 
0,181 


800 


7,01  i 

3,129 

1,171 

329 


30,403 


•A  ■■.•:•> 


{VI ! 

4,19-; 

l.!!7 

5,J>85 

3,S5;f 

5fM 


4,3L);J 

1,000 

718 
235 


27,()90 


91 

71 

(551 

319 

003 

70 

811 

3,000 

"3^; 


1,110 

•!3;3 
2,7;7; 

1,1  OS 

'i  ,.)).) 

■■-?•  ■ '  ^ 

4 10 

1,178 
511 

182 

20,397 


51 

51 

5 

385 

4 

203 

3 

420 

11 

50 

4 

411 

10 

1,318 
1,729 

35 

51 

550 

5 

915 

23 

182 

10 

l,0i)7 

33 

499 

18 

2,782 

80 

1,788 

23 

219 
2,028 

1 

21 

711 

27 

39^ 

G 

127 

0 

11,143 

283 

rOTAL. 


399,420 
259,533 
010,014 
97,210 
297,711 
280,079 
1,300,407 
547,041 


1,913,508 

320,779 
755,577 
592,095 


1,347,072 

70,739 
440.913 
832,979 
378,293 


1,211,272 

733,470 

581,458 
510,567 


9,107.751 


<#^' 


224 


ArrnNDix. 


nENERAL  AaORE 


V 
h 


|''iu:k  COLO  ma) 


MAIUS. 


trum  AND  TcRniTonicf. 


Amt.  brought  forward 

N.  District  of  Alabama 

g.  District  of  Aaliarna 

Total  of  Alabama 

Mississippi 
E.  District  of  liOiiisinna 
W.  Dist.  of  Louisiana 
Total  of  Louisiana 

K,  District  of  Tcnn. 
W.  District  of  'iVnn. 
Total  of  Tennessee 

Kentucky 
Ohio 
Indiana 
Illinois    - 
Missouri 
Arkansas 
Micliiffan 

K.  District  of  Florida 
W.  District  of  Floridu 
Middle  Dist.  of  Florida 
S.  District  of  Fhjrida 
Total  of  Florida 

District  of  Columbia 
Total  of  the  U.  States 


M 

t) 


as 


:iO,7ti7;[iO,'-iJO 


69 

ina 
ijii7 

f.7 

2,0!>0 


»  if 

i. 


3 


II 

11)4 

70 

1,0  oi 

•Mi) 


300 
47'i 

~~ija2 

717 

1,547 
.090 
2S2 
{!0 
28 
20 
54 
G5 

{; 

11 


13G 


pn5 


250 

:5:ui 

570 

i.4(in 

243 

7:5 

19 
42 
40 
55 
1 


or. 

117 

~~lt32 

CO 

1,(H»7 

207 

17214 

1.10 

"27 

i{57 

391 

M-J3 

303 

130 

4i 

19 

45 

13 

20 

1 

t'i 


»«■ 


2  (13 

Is  « 

_C  -J  ._ 


C  o 


2^1 


109 


050 


4y.737'43,126 


40 


4G4 

27T02}» 


120 
43 

cn2 

115 

'ir27 

12-. 
1!'3 

'3  HI 

478 

044 

229 

123 

55 

15 

J27 

24 

25 

1 


60 


405 


22,202 


5*»r- 


5* 


10 
-55 


22 

305 

CO 

'3'85 


90 
120 

'2ro 

380 

335 

127 

44 

16 

3 

8 

19 

10 

1 

2 


32 


229 


11,476 


•Jll 


1 

9 
2 


11 

1 

J) 

7 

17 
8 
2 
1 
2 
1 

1 


266 


^■ 


<«• 


APPENDIX, 


225 


fJATE- 

-Cnnflnii 

nf. 

VVIIITI'J 

)^s. 

I 

FKMALKH.                                                                           | 

s5 

n 

1^" 

•  f   . 

B  ►•   k. 

S  k.  ? 

:U),i(i:{ 

■  ■  k. 

a  3  ui 

111 

0 

27,(500 

20,307 

•-  '2 
11,143 

11^ 
ill 

283 

TOTAL. 

0,107,751 

ni 

4N 

2H 

15 

2 

125,781 

IN!) 
213 

15N 
2()l» 

o:{ 

121) 

07 

37 

4 

183,425 

80 

52 

(5 

300,20(5 

7t> 

52 

47 

40 

17 

13(5,8(M; 

2,'Jl(i 

2,101 

1,721 

1,2(55 

(557 

25 

155,318 

427 
2,(5 1:{ 

Mris 

20> 
l,o:{2 

131 
1,300 

00 

3 

(50,257 

2,7  a. ' 

75(5 

28 

215,575 

31(i 

2(){) 

1(50 

112 

87 

1 

10(i,374 

:n:{ 

207 

1(53 
275 

105 

5 

488,448 

012 

37;> 

102 

(5 

08^1,822 

iWW) 

407 

357 

380 

35N 

17 

(588,844 

1,550 

1,551 

78N 

(513 

211 

5 

037,(570 

:)S7 

55;{ 

281 

235 

100 

5 

341,582 

:!()<) 

2:11 

121 

110 

40 

1 

157,575 

75 

00 

45 

01 

30 

2 

140,084 

17 

1;] 

10 

7 

(5 

30,383 

20 

JiG 

27 

10 

3 

31,2(50 

51) 

5;{ 

3(5 

21 

23 

8,053 

71 

(55 

23 

31 

21 

1 

0,478 

3 

1 

15,777 

12 

10 

7 

(5 

4 

4N 

517 

Ml 

KJ(5 

(50 

(52 

1 

34,725 

8()3 

1,0:13 

(582 

5(54 

3(58 

7 

39,858 

47,a47 

IN,  125 

32,504 

24,2(5(5 

13,3(50 

301 

12,85(i,154 

Vol.  II. 


30 


^i^ 


# 


226 


APPENDIX. 


AGGRE- 


WIIITE  PERSONS,  included 


States  and  TERRiToniEij. 


Maine  ... 

New  Hampshire  -         - 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

Vermont  ... 

N.  District  of  N.  Y. 

S.  District  of  N.  Y. 

Total  of  New- York. 

New-Jersey 

E'  District  of  Pennsylvania 

W.  District  of  Pennsylvania 

Total  of  Pennsylvania 

Delaware  -        .        . 

Maryland 

£.  District  of  Virginia 

W.  District  of  Virginia 

Total  of  Virginia 

North  Carolina    .... 
South  Carolina         ... 
Georgia  .... 

N.  District  of  Alabama 
S.  District  of  Alabama 
Total  of  Alabama 

Mississippi  .        .        .        . 

E.  District  of  Louisiana 
W.  District  of  Louisiana 

Total  of  Louisiana 

E.  District  of  Tennessee 
W.  District  of  Tennessee 

Total  of  Tennessee. 


Kentucky 
Ohio      - 


Amount  carried  forward 


Who  aie 

(leaf  (111(1 

iluinl),  under 

14  years 

of  ngc. 


VVIionrotlf.   |Whonrcdt', 
and  duiiii)  of  nnd  dumb,of 
llic  aire  of  14    25  nnd  up- 
aiid  under  2o\     wards. 


t)l 

33 

57 

3 

44 

37 

1»5 

77 


272 
64 
94 


210 

9 

47 
67 
60 


127 

69 
61 
52 
11 
32^ 

~43 

12 

7 
4 


11 

17 

46 


63 
92 


62 

55 

69 

30 

151 

58 

202 

113 


315 

71 

148 
106 

"254 

10 
32 
62 
64 


126 

65 
51 

48 
12 
13 


10 

7 
(} 


13 

19 
44 


63 

109 
164 


1,781 


61 

48 
144 

22 
100 

54 
188 

55 


243 

71 

153 

95 


248 

11 
53 
96 
73 


169 

60 
60 
47 

8 
8 


16 

7 
11 
10 


21 

15 

39 


54 

82 
121 


1,692 


f*, 


.¥' 


APFENDIX. 

227 

rv 

GATE—Continval 

■•'( 

/ 

in  the  forocoiiiir. 

SLAVES  AND  COLORED  PERSONS, 

included  in  the  foregoing. 

AlioiiK — 

Who  lire  (leaf 

Wlio  are  deaf 

Who  are  deaf 

Who  are  blind. 

Who  are 

ForeiRticrs 

unit  (liiml), 

111(1  dumb,  of 

and  duml),  of 

blind. 

not. 

iiiidtr  four. 

tlio  a;;c  of 

the  age  of 

naturalized 

leeii  years  oi' 

fuurlcuii,  and 
under  2a. 

twenty  rive 
^  upwards. 

.  ^:4 

- 

157 

'   2.N3( 

J         2 

5 

117 

4U( 

3          4 

3 

5 

241 

8,r.i 

') 

3 

2 

4 

01 

i,ii( 

J          2 

1 

1 

8 

192 

1,50 

7          2 

2 

4 

40 

3,42( 

1 

1 

1 

48.S 

20,12 

7          4 

3 

4 

15 

222 

22,78 

11           1 

(} 

7 

26 

000 

52,20 

7          8 

9 

11 

41 

17(5 

7          0 

3 

9 

22 

" 

230 

*•«          0 

11 

9 

17 

207 

0,11 

7          3 

4 

11 

443 

15,  JO 

5        12 

15 

9 

28 

18 

31 

3 

4 

4 

12 

150 

4,83 

3       28 

30 

24 

117 

•i 

214 

35 

8        40 

35 

32 

401 

100 

30 

8        12 
(5        52 

7 

6 

44 

374 

75 

42 

38 

445 

215 

20 

0        25 

27 

27 

157 

99 

40 

8         9 

27 

31 

129 

143 

8 

0        30 

19 

11 

119 

30 

2 

0         4 

4 

2 

12 

40 

5 

3         7 

3 

5 

30 

70 

7 

3        11 

7 

7 

42 

25 

8 

2          1 

8 

2 

28 

31 

1,58 

0         4 

4 

8 

05 

7 

12 

0         4 

1 

1 

15 

38 

1,70 

0          8 

5 

9 

80 

90 

5 

(')         3 

1 

13 

87 

0 

5        10 

9 

3 

28 

177 

1^ 

1        13 

10 

3 

41 

156 

17 

3        12 

25 

5 

78 

251 

5,52 

4          4 

1 

1 

4 

3,806 

103,31 

0      225           241 

200 

1,304 

> 

-^1 


'^1. 


ft. 


228 


APPENDIX. 


GENERAL  AGGRE- 


WHITE  PEOPLE  included 

»                 ■ 

Who  nro 

Who  are 

Who  are 

HTATK9  AND  TSIlRlTOniEfl. 

(leaf  and 

deaf and 

dcnf  and 

1 

(liimb,  under 

diimh,  of  14 

dumb,  of  25 

14  years  of 

nnd  under 

and  upwards 

t^  ""'■"                                                         * 

age. 

25. 

Amount  brought  forward 

1,531 

1,781 

1,692 

Indiana 

54 

50 

_ 

Illinois 

22 

24 

18 

Missouri 

17 

7 

9 

Arkansas 

5 

2 

1 

Michigan 

5 

5 

3 

E.  District  of  Florida 

1 

- 

2 

W.  District  of  Florida 

1 

- 

2 

Middle  District  of  Florida 

- 

" 

. 

S.  District  of  Florida         -       - 

- 

- 

Total  of  Florida      - 

2 

- 

4 

District  of  Columbia 

4 

5 

3 

Total  ofthelJ.  States 

1,040 

1,874 

1,730 

RECAPITULATION  exhibiting  the  general  aggregate  of  each 

FREE  WHITE   I 

►ERSONS 

Males  under  5  years  of  a^e 

. 

« 

972,194 

of    f)  and  under  10 

- 

782,037 

of  10  and  under  ir> 

. 

- 

071,088 

of  15  and  under  20 

. 

m 

575,014 

of  20  and  under  .'JO 

. 

•«                                — 

952,902 

of  30  and  under  40 

- 

- 

592,596 

of  40  and  under  50 

- 

_ 

369,370 

of  50  and  imder  (JO 

- 

- 

230,500 

of  00  and  under  70 

. 

- 

134,910 

of  70  and  under  80 

• 

r 

58,136 

of  80  and  under  90 

- 

- 

15,945 

of  1)0  and  under  100 

- 

_ 

1,993 

of  100  and  upwards 

n 

274 

15 

5,358,769 

fe. 


)■'    t 


APPENDIX. 


320 


aATE^Continued. 


SLAVES  AND  COLORED  PERSONS, 

in  tho  foregoing. 

included  in  tiic  foregoing.                    | 

Who  arc 

A 1  ions — 

Wlio  are  daaf 

Who  nr«j  deaf 

Who  ara  dcnf 

blind. 

r''orri(5ncrH  not 

and  dumb  un- 

and dumb,  of 

and  dumb,  of 

Who  arc 

naturalized. 

der  fourteen 

the  ago  of  14 

the  age  of  25 

blind. 

years  of  ago. 

and  under  25. 

and  Upwards. 

3,«60 

103,310 

225 

241 

200 

1,364 

72 

280 

_ 

1 

. 

2 

36 

447 

- 

- 

- 

3 

28 

155 

- 

1 

2 

7 

8 

8 

5 

- 

. 

2 

4 

1,453 

8 

- 

- 

2 

8 

2 

100 

1 

1 

1 

6 

1 

11 
96 

" 

1 

1 

2 

3 

221 

1 

2 

3 

16 

14 

037 

1 

2 

- 

8 
1,402 

3,983 

1(M;,544 

232 

247 

205 

description  of  persons  in  the  United  States. 


FREE  WHITE  PERSONS. 


Females  under  5  years  of  ago 
of  5  and  under  10 
of  10  and  under  15 
of  15  and  under  20 
of  20  and  under  30 
of  30  and  under  40 
of  40  and  under  50 
of  50  and  under  00 
of  GO  and  under  70 
of  70  and  under  80 
of  80  and  under  90 
of  90  and  under  100 
of  100  and  upwards 


920,104 

751,649 

639,003 

597,713 

915,662 

555,565 

355,425 

222,928 

130,866 

58,034 

17,572 

2,484 

234 


5,167,299 


Vol.  II. 


Total  number  of  free  whites  10,526,058 


31 


^r 


230 


APPENDIX. 


RECAPITULATION  continued. 


SLAVES. 


Males  under  10  years  of  age 
of  10  and  under  24 
of 24  and  under  36 
of  36  and  under  55 
of  55  and  under  100 
of  100  and  upwards 


Fbmales  under  10  years  of  age 
of  10  and  under  24 

i  of  24  and  under  36 

of  30  and  under  55 
of  55  and  under  100 
of  100  and  upwards 


•^■' 


353,845 
313,676 
185,654 
118,996 
41,456 
718 


fit 


1,014,345 

347,566 
308,793 
186,082 
111,753 
41,422 
668 


966,284 


Total  number  of  slaves  2,010,629 


FREE  COLORED  PERSONS. 


Males  under  10  years 

of  10  and  under  24 

«  of  24  and  under  36 

>  of  30  and  under  55 

t  of  55  and  under  100 

of  100  and  upwards 

Females  under  10  years  of  age 
of  10  and  under  24 
of  24  and  under  36 
of  36  and  under  55 
of  55  and  under  100 
of  100  and  upwards 


48,737 
43,126 
27,629 
22,262 
11,475 
266 


153,495 

47,347 
48,125 
32,504 
24,266 
13,369 
361 


165,972 


Total  number  of  free  colored 
Total  aggregate 


379,467 


12,856,154 


m 


White  persons  included  in  the  foregoing — 

Who  are  deaf  and  dumb,  under  fourteen  years  of  age        -  1,640 

Do.        do.        of  fourteen  and  under  twenty-five  1,874 

Do.        do.        oftwenty-five and  upwards  1,730 

*^         VSTio  are  blind            ....            .  3^983 

Aliens.    Foreigners  not  naturalized     -  -  -     106,544 

Slaves  and  colored  persons  included  in  the  foregoing — 

Who  arc  deaf  and  dumb,  under  fourteen  years  of  age        -  232 

Do.        do.      of  fourteen  and  under  25        -  247 

Do.        do.     of  twenty-five  and  upwards          -  205 

Who  are  blind            .....  1,402 


*Mr 


APPENDIX. 


231 


I.  MAINE. 

Tabic  of  the  Counties  and  Covnty  Towns. 


(JoiintieB, 

rop.  i!Uo. 

i'op.  11U((. 

County  Towns. 

Pop. 

Cumberland 

60,113 

Portland 

12,691 

Hancock 

17,850 

24,347 

Ciistine 

1,155 

Kennebec 

40,150 

52,491 

Augusta 

(Wiscasset 

3,980 
2,443 

Lincoln 

46,843 

57,181 

<Topsham 
(Warren 

1,664 
2,030 

Oxford 

27,104 

35,217 

Paris 

2,337 

Penobscot    - 

13,870 

31,530 

Bangor 

2,868 

Somerset 

21,787 

35,788 

Norridgcvvock 

1,710 

Waldo 

22,253 

29,790 

Belfast 

3,077 

Washington 

12,744 

21,295 

Machias 
^Yoik 

1,021 
3,485 

York 

40,283 

51,710 
;{9'J,4<'>2 

j  Alfred 

1,453 

Total 

21)N,;^;i5 

I!. 

Nl'lW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Rockingham 

40,520 

44,i;:,2 

^Porlsmouth 
JExeter 
r  Dover 

8,082 
2,759 
5,449 

Strafford 

41,415 

58,916 

Gilmanton 
■  Gilford 
^Rochester 

3,816 
1,872 
2,155 

Merimac 

32,743 

34,619 

Concord 

3,727 

Hillsborough 

35,781 

37,702 

Amherst 

1,657 

Cheshire 

20,753 

27,016 

Kcene 

2,374 

Sullivan 

18,628 

19,687 

Newport 
(Haverhill 

1,913 
2,153 

Grafton 

32,989 

38,691 

j  Plymouth 
Lancaster 

1,175 
1,187 

Coos 

5,151 
244,161 

8,390 

Total 

209,r)33 

VERMONT. 

Addison 

20,409 

24,940 

Middlebury 
(Bennington 

3,468 
3,419 

Bennington 

1.6,125 

17,470 

^Manchester 
Danville 

1,525 
2,631 

Caledonia 

16,669 

20,907 

Burlington 

3,526 

Chittenden 

16,055 

21,775 

Gildhall 

481 

Essex 

3,284 

3,981 

St.  Albans 

2,375 

jPranklin 

17,192 

24.525 

North  Hero 

638 

prand  Isle 

3,527 

3,0t)0 

Chelsea 

1,958 

Qrange 

24,681 

27,285 

Irasburgh 

860 

Orleans 

(),97(> 

13.980 

Rutland 

2,753 

Rutland 
Washington 

29,983 

31,295 

MoNTPELIER 

1,193 

14,113 

21,394 

Nevvfmc, 

1,441 

Windham 

28,659 

28,758 

vWindsor 
^Woodstock 

3,134 
3,044 

Windsor 

38,233 

40,023 
280,679 



Total 

225,764 

%*^  l^i 


-11^'' 


232 


APPENDIT. 


f: 


IV.  MASSACHUSETTS. 

Tabic  of  the  Counties  and  County  Towns. 


Counties. 

Suffolk 
Essex 

Middlesex 

Plymouth 
Norfolk 

Bristol 

Barnstable 

Nantucket 

Dukes 

Worcester 

Hampshire 

Hamden 

Franklin 

Berkshire 

Total 


MnlcH. 

J''U1III||CH, 

31,093 

ColrM. 

"17^83 

Tot-  pop. 

28,580 

t)2,102 

39,431 

42,929 

527 

82,887 

38,107 

39,348 

513 

77,908 

20,905 

21,078 

410 

42,993 

20,430 

21,290 

109 

41,901 

23,300 

25,178 

930 

49,474 

13,097 

14,303 

105 

28,525 

3,339 

3,584 

279 

7,202 

1,702 

1,708 

48 

3,518 

41,545 

42,449 

371 

84,305 

14,999 

14,995 

225 

30,210 

15,288 

10,003 

349 

31,040 

14,447 

14,705 

132 

29,344 

18,310 

18,510 

1,005 

37,825 

294,449 

308,559 

7,000 

010,014 

County  towns 

Boston 

(Salem 

<Newburyport 

(Ipswich 

j  Cambridge 

I  Concord 
Plymouth 
Dcdham 

J  New  Bedford 

^Taunton 

Barnstable 

Nantucket 

Edgartown 

Worcester 

Northampton 

Springfield 

Greenfield 

Lenox 


Pop. 


01,392 
13,886 
6,388 
2,951 
6,071 
2,017 
4,751 
3,057 
7,592 
6,045 
3,975 
7,202 
1,509 
4,172 
3,613 
6,784 
1,540 
1,355 


V.  RHODE  ISLAND. 


Counties. 


Providence 

Newport 

Washington 

Kent 

Bristol 


Total 


i'op.  1820. 


35,780 
15,771 
15j087 
10,228 
5,(537 


83,059 


Pop.  1830. 


47,014 
10,534 
15,414 
12,784 
5,400 


97,212 


County  Towns. 


PUOVIDENCE 

Newport 
South  Kingston 
East  Greenwich 
Bristol 


Pop.  1830. 


16,832 
8,010 
3,663 
1,591 
3,054 


VI.  CONNECTICUT. 


Fairfield 

Hartford 
Litchfield 

Middlesex 

New  Haven 

New  London 


Tolland 
Windham 


Total 


42,739 

47,204 
41,207 

22,405 

39,010 

35,943 

14,330 
25,3:U 

1^7lV^48 


4(5,950 

51,141 
42,855 

21,845 

43,848 

12,295 

18,700 
27,(^77 

"297,7Tl 


puirfidel 
JDanbury 

Hartford 

li  itch  field 
(Middlctown 
^Haddam 

New  Haven 
(New  London 
/Norwich 

Tolland 

Brooklyn 


4,226 
4,311 
7,076 
4,456 
6,892 
3,025 
10,180 
4,356 
3,144 
1,698 
1,413 


Al>PENOIX.  « 

VII.  NEW  YORK. 

Table  of  the  Counties  and  County  Towns. 
Soufh  District. 


'J33 


Counties. 

Pop,  1820. 

I'op.  llt.JO. 

County  Towns. 

1       Pop 

Columbia 

38,330 

39,")52 

Hudson 

5,395 

Dutchess 

46,(J1."> 

50,92(5 

Poughkeepsio 

7,222 

Greene 

22,\yM 

29,525 

Catskill 

4,868 

King's 

11,187 

20,537 

Flatbush 

1,143 

New  York. 

123,70(> 

203,007 

INew  York. 

203,007 

Orange 

41,213 

45,372 

JGoshen 
Newburgh 

3,361 
6,424 

Putnam 

11,208 

12,701 

Carmel 

2,379 

Queen's 

21,519 

22,270 

N.  Hempstead 

Richmond 

0,135 

7,084 

Richmond 

Rockhmd 

8,837 

9,388 

Clarkstown, 

2;298 

Suffolk 

24,272 

20,980 

Suffolk  C.  H. 

Sullivan 

8,900 

12,372 

Monticello, 

Ulster 

30,931 

30,551 

Kingston 

4,170 

Westchester 

32,038 

3(5,450 

Bedford 

2,750 

Total  S.  Dlst. 

428,550 

537,041 

North.  District.                                             \ 

Albany 

38,110 

53,509 

Albany 

24,238 

Alleghany 

9,320 

20,218 

Angelica 

998 

Broome 

11,100 

17,582 

Binghampton 

1,203 

Cataraugus 

4,090 

10,720 

Ellicdttsville 

626 

Cayuga 

38,897 

47,947 

Auburn 

4,486 

Chatauque 

12,508 

34,057 

MayviHe 

Chenango 

31,215 

37,404 

Norwich 

3,774 

Clinton 

12,070 

19,344 

Plattsburgh 

4,913 

Cortland 

10,507 

23,693 

Cortlandville 

3,573 

Delaware 

20,587 

32,933 

Delhi 

2,114 

Erie 

15,008 

35,710 

Buffalo, 

8,653 

Essex 

12,811 

19,387 

Elizabethtown 

1,729 

Franklin 

4,439 

11,312 

Malone, 

2,207 

Genessee 

39,835 

51,992 

Batavia 

4,271 

Hamilton 

1,251 

1,324 

Wells 

340 

Herkimer 

31,017 

55,809 

Herkimer 

2,486 

Jefferson 

32,952 

48,515 

Watertown 

4,708 

Lewis 

9,227 

14,958 

Martinsburgh 

2,382 

Livingston 

19,190 

27,719 

Geneseo 

2,675 

Madison 

32,208 

30,037 

Cazenovia 
Morrisville 

Monroe 

26,529 

49,862 

Rochester 

9,269 

Montgomery 

27,509 

43,596 

Johnstown  , 

7,700 

Niagara 

7,322 

18,485 

Lockport 
(Utica 

2,022 
8,323 

Oneida 

50,997 

71,326 

<Rome 

( Whitesborough 

4,360 

Vol.  11. 


32 


t 


#^ 


234 


APPENDIX. 


**       NEW  YORK  Continued. 


Countiei. 


Onondaga 

Ontario 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Otsego 

Rensellaer 

Saratoga 

St.  Lawrence 

Schenectady 

Schoharie 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Tioga 

Tomkins 
Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Tates 


r . 


Total  N.  Dist. 
Total  N.  Dist. 


Pop.  1820 


41,401 

35,312 

7,025 

12,374 

44,850 
40,153 
30,052 
10,037 
13,081 
23,154 

17,773 

21,989 

14,710 

20,178 
9,453 

38,831 

20,319 

11,025 


944,202 


Pop.  1R30. 

48,974 
40,107 

18,485 

27,104 

51,372 
49,472 
3(>,016 
30,351 
12,334 
27,910 

21,031 

33,975 

27,704 

30,545 
11,795 

42,015 

33,555 

19,019 


1,300,407 


1,913,508 


County  Towiid. 

Syracuse 

Canandaigua 

Albion 

(Oswego 

I  Richland 
Cooperstown 
Troy 
Ballston 
Potsdam 
Schenectady 
Schoharie 

(Ovid 

\  Waterloo 
Bath 

( Elmira 

\  Owcgo 
Ithica 
Caldwell 

S  Salem 
Sandy  Hill 
j  Lyons 
\  Palmyra 
Penn  Vann 


Pop. 


5,102 


2,703 
2,733 
1,115 
11,405 
2,113 
3,050 
4,258 
5,140 
2,750 
1,837 
3,387 
2,902 
3,080 
5,270 
797 
2,972 


3,603 
3,434 


of  whom  46  are  slaves. 


VIIL  NEW  JERSEY. 


Table  of  Counties. 


Counties. 


Bergen            .            -            -            -  18,178 

BurUngton             -            .            -            .  28,822 

Cape  May.      .            -            -            .  4,205 

Cumberland          ....  12,008 

Essex             -           -            -  30,793 

Gloucester             .           .            .           ,  23,039 

Hunterdon      ....  28,604 

Middlesex             ....  21,470 

Monmouth      -            -            -            -  25,038 

Morris                _-            -            -            -  21,368 

Salem             ....  14,022 

Somerset               ....  10,500 

Sussex            -            -           -            -  32,752 
Warren                  -           -          .  • 

Ofwhom  2,446  are  slaves.            Total  277,575 
Popnlation  of  the  Principal  Towns  in  1830 

Newark                10,952        Paterson    7,731  Elizabethtown 
New  Brunswick    7,831         Trenton      3,925 


Pop.  1820. 


Pop.  i8.m 
22,414 
31,066 
4,945 
14,091 
41,928 
98,431 
31,006 
23,157 
29,233 
23,580 
14,155 
17,689 
20,349 
18,634 


320,779 


3,451 


..^,.f''- 


APPENDIX. 


235 


IX.  PENNSYLVANIA. 

Table  of  the  Counties  and  County  towns. 


Western  District 


Alleghany 

^Pittsburgh  citi/. 

Armstrong 

Beaver 

Bedford 

Bradford 

Butler 

Cambria 

Centre 

Clearfield 

Columbia 

Crawford 

Erie 

Fayette 

Greene 

Huntingdon 

Indiana 

Jefferson 

Luzerne 

Lycoming 

McKean 

Mercer 


27,673 

7,248 
10,324 
15,340 
20,248 
11,554 
10,193 

2,287 
13,796 

2,342 
17,621 

9,397 

8,553 
27,285 
15,554 
20,144 

8,882 

561 

20,027 

13,517 

728 

11,681 


37,964 
12,542 
17,625 
24,200 
24,.536 
19,669 
11,683 

7,079 
18,765 

4,8U3 
20,049 
16,005 
17,906 
29,237 
18,028 
27,159 
14,251 

2,225 
27,304 
17,637 

1,439 
19,731 


j  Pittsburgh 

Kittaning 

Beaver 

Bedford        * 

Towanda 

Butler 

Ebensburg 

Bellefonte 

Clearfield 

Danville 

Meadville 

Erie 

Uniontown 

Waynesburg 

Huntingdon 

Indiana 

Brookville 

Wilkesbarrc 

Williamsport 

Smithport 

Mercer 


Eastern  District. 

Cuunties. 

Top   1!120 

I'op.  DUO. 

21,37J> 

Comily  Towns. 

Pop. 

Adams 

19,370 

Gettysburg 

1,473 

Berks 

46,275 

53,357 

Reading 

5,859 

Bucks 

37,812 

45,7401 

( Doyleston 
( Bristol 

1,262 

Chester 

44,451 

50,908 

West  Chester 

1,258 

Cumberland 

23,(506 

29,218 

Carlisle 

2,523 

Delaware 

14,810 

17,361 

Chester 

848 

Dauphin 

21,653 

25,303 

IIarrisburo 

4,311 

Franklin 

31,892 

35,103 

Chambersburg 

2,794 

Lehigh 

18,892 

22,266 

AUentown 

Lancaster 

68,336 

76,558 

Lancaster 

Lebanon 

16,988 

20,546 

Lebanon 

7,704 

Montgomery 

35,793 

39,404 

Norristown 

1,826 

Northampton 

31,765 

39,267 

Easton 

1,089 

Perry 

11,342 

14,257 

New  Bloomfield 

3,529 

Philadelphia 
*Philadelphia  city 

73,295 
63,802 

108,503 

80,458 

j  Philadelphia 

80,458 

Pike 

2,894 

4,843 

Milford 

Schuylkill 

11,339 

20,783 

Orwigsburg 

773 

Wayne 

4,127 

7,663 

Bethany 

327 

York 

38,759 

42,658 

York 

4,216 

12,542 

1,620 
914 
870 

580 
220 
699 


1,070 
1,329 
1,341 


433 


2,233 


656 


.«v. 


:  i 


*  Philadclphta  and  Pittsburgh  exclusive  of  the  suburbs. 
Total  of  iho  former  city  and  suburbs,  for  1830,  167,811. 
Total  of  the  latter  city  and  suburbs  for  1830, 17,000. 


-iite* 


..•*^ 


,    r '*:.*r 


286 


ArPBIfDIX. 


Pcntuyhania  continurd. 


Si 


I'up.  i:i2o. 


CoilMlll'l. 


MiiTiin 
Northumberland 

Potter 

1M({ 

Somerset 

r,i,\m 

Suaquehannah 

Tioga 

Union 

Venango 

Warren 

4,()i.>l 

I8,t;ij) 

i,07(; 

4o,(»;w 

Washington 
Westmoreland 

:{(),r»i() 

I'op-  »i;)o, 

;ii,ws> 

is,  I  (-.8 

17,111 
H  5,777 

{),(I(W 
20,7i\) 

'1,7()(J 
4i>,N(}0 

;{H,1(H) 


C'uiitity  'rowim. 

licwislown 

Simlmry 

('owdcrspnrt 

Soiunrsot 

INloiilroHo 

VVt'llsltorough 

New  l{(;rlin 

Warren 

Washington 

Franklin 

GrocnHhnrj? 


Pop. 

1,057 
415 


1,810 
401) 
810 


X.  DKLAWAHK. 


•  ■ 

Table  of  the  Counties 

(,'oiinllcR 

. 

Top.  1ft2(». 

Pop,  IBtiO. 

Kent 

. 

Si(»,71)3 

19,911 

New  Castle 

■    ■    - 

27,809 

29,710 

Sussex 

are  slaves.              Total 

yi,057 

27,118 

of  whom  3,305, 

7^,r.74 

70,039 

XI.  MARYLAND. 

>»      * 

Western  Shore. 

, 

Alleghony 

. 

8,054 

10,002 

Anne  Arundell 

- 

21,105 

28,295 

Baltimore 

... 

33,(J03 

40,251 

Baltimore  city 

•      .       . 

02,738 

80,025 

Calvert 

... 

8,073 

8,899 

Charles 

.... 

10,500 

17,000 

Frederick 

... 

40,451) 

45,793 

Hartford 

- 

15,924 

10,315 

Montgomery 

- 

10,400 

19,816 

Prince  George's 

-                          •                          " 

20,210 

20,473 

tit  Mary's 

. 

12,974 

13,455 

Washington 

.          '  ,•             • 

23,075 

25,265 

Eastern  Shore. 

. 

Caroline 

-                         •                          - 

10,018 

9,070 

Cecil 

♦-            -            . 

10,048 

15,432 

Dorchester 

. 

17,759 

18,685 

Kent 

_            -             - 

11,453 

10,562 

Queen  Anne's 

"                          ^                          • 

14,952 

14,396 

Somerset 

m                                           m                                           m 

19,579 

20,155 

Talbot 

... 

14,387 

12,947 

Worcester 

Total 

17,421 

18,271 

407,350 

44(5,913 

'•-4„ 


APPENDIX. 


237 


Maryland  continued. 

Population  of  the  principal  Towns. 


Btiltimoro        -        H0,< 

;2r>      1 

;igerstowr 

I 

3,371 

■ 

Frederick         -           4,' 

127         AnnapnliH 

2,tl23 

1 

Xn.  VIIUilNIA.                                         1 

■ 

1 

Table  of  Ihv.  Counties. 

1 

1 

Eastern  District. 

^f         11 

CoiinticH. 

Whites. 

"^T),4r>M 

HIavfft. 

~T,«i54 

l''rce  liliickH. 

2,544 

I'otal  l>op.l830. 

1 

■u 

Accoinac 

19,656 

Albeniurlo 

10,455 

ll,(i89 

484 

22,618 

Amelia 

3,21)3 

7,518 

220 

11,031 

Amherst 

5,871) 

5,927 

203 

32,072 

ra 

Bedford 

11,113 

8,790 

341 

20,253 

Brunswick 

5,31)7 

9,700 

012 

15,770 

!  i'J 

Buckingham 

7,172 

10,928 

245 

18,351 

'1  * 

Campbell 

7,41)7 

7,735 

473 

15,704 

Lynchburg  town 

2,400 

1,751 

385 

4,626 

k1 

Caroline 

0,400 

10,704 

520 

17,774 

i  §' '  J 

Charles  City 

1,782 

2,957 

761 

15,504 

Clmrlotto 

5,583 

9,432 

236 

15,252 

iRi 

Chesterfield 

7,701) 

10,337 

591 

18,637 

Culpepper 

12,044 

11,419 

503 

24,026 

w 

Cumberland 

4,054 

7,309 

320 

11,689 

Wtl 

Dinwiddio 

7,701) 

10,337 

591 

18,637 

Pctersburgh  town 

3,440 

2,850 

2,032 

8,822 

11, 

Elizabeth  City 

2,704 

2,218 

131 

5,068 

li 

Essex 

3,(517 

(i,417 

467 

10,531 

■  f 

Fairfax 

4,892 

3,972 

311 

9,206 

;''< 

Fauquier 

13,110 

12,012 

621 

26,379 

tfi 

Fluvanna 

4,223 

3,765 

203 

8,221 

II 

Franklin 

0,728 

4,988 

196 

14,911 

r 

Gloucester 

4,314 

5,091 

603 

10,608 

i 

i  1 

Goochland 

3,857 

5,700 

795 

10,358 

' 

M\ 

Greenville 

2,104 

4,081 

832 

7,117 

I 

i 

% 

Halifax 

12,915 

14,527 

590 

28,032 

i 

Hanover 

0,520 

9,278 

440 

16,253 

f  rij^! 

Henrico 

5,717 

5,934 

1,089 

12,738 

^' 

Richmond  city 

7,757 

0,345 

1,906 

16,060 

^1''' 

Henry 

4,058 

2,868 

174 

7,100 

jKw^. 

Isle  of  Wight 

5,023 

4,272 

1,222 

10,517 

wKSk. 

James  City 

1,284 

1,983 

571 

3,838 

aJilii 

King  and  Queen 

4,714 

6,514 

416 

11,644 

wSx^ 

King  George 

2,475 

3,035 

287 

6,397 

ISei 

King  William 

3,155 

6,310 

347 

9,812 

Lancaster 

1,970 

2,031 

195 

4,800 

Hi' 

Loudon 

15,517 

5,300 

1,062 

21,938 

Vol.  n. 

3J 

^ 

il:.,.,*. 


238 


APPENDIX. 


Viminia  continued. 


^ 


Cuiinllna. 

VVIllll'N' 

o,nw 

Hliivei, 

~0,3N2 

Vtw  hinihi. 

'  "3Tri 

Tol, l*«|i, 11130- 

i(5,ir7r 

Louisa 

Lunenburg 

4,I71> 

7,233 

215 

n,o:,7 

Madison 

4,:iNs» 

l,N73 

71 

0,23(5 

Mntthows 

:j,iHi5 

3,  IN  I 

1N<» 

7,(5(53 

Mecklenburg 

7,ii:) 

11,050 

S7I 

20,3(5(5 

Middlesex 

1,N7(» 

2,137 

llN 

4,122 

Nansomond 

5,m:{ 

1,013 

1,(508 

ll,7Kl 

Nelson 

5,1  NO 

5,04(5 

122 

11,251 

New  Kent 

i>,5N({ 

3,550 

312 

(5,157 

Norfolk 

H,1N() 

5,812 

0(5(5 

14,008 

Norfolk,  borough 

5,i:u 

3,757 

028 

0,810 

Northampton 

:i,57:i 

3,734 

1,334 

8,(544 

Northumberland 

4,(KIJ) 

3,357 

507 

7,0,53 

Nottoway 

ii,JMl) 

(5,085 

223 

10,141 

Orange 

0,15(5 

7,083 

108 

14,(537 

Patrick 

5,IJ)4 

1,782 

117 

7,303 

Pittsylvania               ;• 

11,(5t)() 

10,002 

340 

2(5,022 

Powhatan 

i.V5r>i 

5,472 

381 

8,517 

Prince  Kdward 

5,().'J1) 

8,503 

475 

14,107 

Prince  Oeor^o 

»,(H5t5 

4, 5!  IS 

700 

8,308 

Prince  Williiim 

5,1"J7 

3,S|2 

3(51 

0,330 

Princess  Anne 

5,0-J.*l 

3,73(5 

343 

0,102 

Richmond 

y,975 

2,(530 

451 

(5,05(5 

Southampton 

(5,57.'J 

.  7,75r. 

1,745 

1(5,073 

Spottsylvnnia 

4,(5N5 

(5,02.» 

310 

11,020 

Fredericksburg,  town 

1,71)N 

1,125 

384 

3,307 

Stafford 

4,71  a 

4,1(54 

485 

0,3(52 

Surry 

'^,N(55 

3,377 

8(5(5 

7,108 

Sussex 

4,1  IS 

7,(530 

80(5 

12,720 

Warwick 

01}) 

802 

27 

1,570 

Westmoreland     - 

3,718 

3,845 

848 

8,411 

York 

2,]2\) 

2,508 
11(5,250 

(527 
1(^,780 

5,354 
832,070 

Total 

375,«4() 

VI 

Western  J) 

intrict. 

Alleghany 

2,15>7 

57  J 

48 

2,81(5 

Augusta,  North 

7,208 

1,(57" 

257 

0,112 

Augusta,  South 

8,048 

2,5NS 

147 

10,783 

Bath 

2,803 

1,110 

(55 

4,008 

Berkley 

823 

1,010 

270 

10,528 

Bottetourt            » 

11,808 

4,170 

380 

1(5,354 

Brooke 

0,774 

227 

30 

7,040 

Cabell 

5,2(57 

501 

50 

»,884 

Frederick,  East 

8,104 

5,242 

053 

1^1,009 

Frederick,  West 

0,200 

2,088 

508 

11,946 

Giles 

4,779 

r,o 

49 

5,298 

Grayson 

7,101 

4(r2 

52 

7,675 

APPENDIX. 


23U 


Virffinin  cnnlinnrd. 


L'uuntiuii, 

WIlltCH. 

7,701 

Hlavi'N-          Frou  Itlm  kR  ^ 

rut.i'o|).i)uo. 

~~  o,(M!r 

(iri!(!iil(rirr                 ^ 

1,150 

05 

l{ariiH()ii,  I'liiHt     - 

0, 1 !.'{ 

(WO 

5(» 

10,110 

Ilarrison,  West 

1,101 

115 

10 

4,558 

llllllipNilil'U 

0,7 '.Ml 

i,:<:io 

I5:j 

11,270 

Ilnrdy 

r.,ioM 

1,107 

22:1 

0,708 

JcillrrHon               • 

h,-i:jn 

:j,ooo 

402 

12,027 

Koiiliawa 

7,05N 

1,718 

75 

0,201 

Leo 

r),N:{o 

012 

10 

0,401 

Lewis 

0,00(i 

io:t 

13 

(J,241 

TiO^'uii 

:j,r)ii 

l(i:i 

(( 

:j,(5no 

Monongalia,  Enst 

ti,:ir)2 

233 

103 

(J,088 

Mononguliu,  West 

7,22:1 

120 

10 

7,308 

MiiHon 

r.,770 

713 

45 

0,534 

Monroe 

7,(Kja 

0N2 

83 

7,708 

Mont;,'oincry 

10,212 

2,o:{7 

•  Ill 

12,304 

Mor^'im 

2,r»i7 

15:1 

2,002 

Nicliolas 

:»,220 

110 

1 

:{,310 

Ohio 

1 5,0:1a 

:{02 

105 

15,500 

Pendleton 

5,750 

408 

2:1 

0,271 

Pocahontas 

2,207 

227 

17 

2,541 

Prcaton 

1,017 

125 

27 

5,000 

Raiulolph 

4,12(1 

250 

115 

5,000 

Kockhridge 

10,105 

:{,008 

:{81 

14,244 

Rockingham 

17,814 

2,:{3i 

548 

20,003 

Russell 

0,002 

(»70 

30 

0,717 

Scott 

5,:mo 

3;{8 

15 

5,702 

Slicnandonh,  East 

7,171 

902 

l(i4 

8,327 

Shenandoah,  West 

00,08 

1,431 

204 

11,423 

Tazewell 

4,012 

820 

18 

4,104 

Tyler 

:i,ooi 

fl08 

5 

5,750 

Washington 

12,785 

2,5(58 

201 

15,014 

Wood 

5,487 

873 

40 

0,400 

Wythe 

0,052 

2,004 

117 
0,123 

12,103 

Total  of  Western  District 

318,505 

53,4()5 

378,203 

Total  of  Virginia 

004,445 

400,724 

47,103 

1,211,272 

Population  of 

the  Principal  Towns  in  1830. 

Richmond        10,000    Peter 

sburgh    8,322     Fredericksbu 

rg      3,307 

Norfolk              0,810     Whee 

ling         5,221     Staunton 

1,720 

i 


>fl 


? 


240 


AFFENDIX. 


XIII.  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Table  of  the  Counties. 


Counties, 


Anson 

Ashe 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen 

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke 

Cabarras 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Chatham 

Chowan 

Columbus 

Cravdn 

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Davidson 

Duplin 

Edgecombe 

Franklin 

Gates 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Haywood 

Hertford 

Hyde 

IredeU 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Martin 

Mecklenburg 

Montgomery 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange 


Pop.  1820. 


12,584 

14,081 

4,335 

6,991 

9,850 

10,949 

10,805 

12,276 

7,276 

7,301 

5,480 

6,623 

10,542 

16,259 

13,412 

17,727 

7,248 

8,796 

6,347 

6,721 

5,609 

6,607 

13,253 

15,188 

12,661 

15,499 

6,464 

6,688 

3,912 

4,141 

13,394 

14,325 

14,446 

14,824 

8,098 

7,664 

13,421 

9,744 

11,373 

13,276 

14,933 

9,741 

10,665 

6,837 

7,866 

18,222 

19,343 

4,533 

6,313 

14,611 

18,736 

17,237 

17,738 

4,073 

4,593 

7,712 

8,641 

4,967 

6,177 

13,071 

15,262 

9,607 

10,938 

5,216 

6,628 

6,799 

7,635 

18,147 

22,626 
5,390 
8,644 

6,320 

16,895 

20,076 

8,693 

10,918 

7,128 

7,753 

8,186 

8,492 

10,866 

10,769 

13,242 

13,103 

7,016 

7,814 

23,492 

23,875 

Pop.  1830. 


.f 

»i;^ 


«*/ 


»,^- 


Vii 


;. 

APPENDIX. 

f. 

241 

North  Carolina 

continued.                 - 

-- 

Counties.                                              1 

Pop.  1820. 

Pop.  183U. 

Pasquotank 

- 

. 

8,008 

8,616 

Perquimans 

. 

6,857 

7,417 

Person 

- 

- 

9,029 

10,027 

Pitt 

- 

10,001 

12,174 

Randolph 

- 

. 

11,331 

12,400 

Richmond 

-  , 

7,537 

9,326 

Robeson 

- 

••                         ■•                         r 

8,204 

9,355 

Rockingham 

- 

11,474 

12,920 

Rowan 

- 

■  -             - 

26,009 

20,796 

Rutherford 

i 

15,351 

17,557 

Sampson 

- 

. 

8,908 

11,768 

Stokes 

r 

14,033 

16,196 

Surry 

- 

.  - 

12,320 

14,501 

Tyrrell 

-                  . 

4,319 

4,732 

Wake 

- 

20,102 

20,41? 

Warren 

. 

11,004 

10,916 

Washington 

- 

- 

3,986 

4,562 

Wayne 

.    ■   - 

9,040 

10,902 

Wilkes 

-- 

9,967 

11,942 

Newbern 
Fayetteville 


-         . .    ■  Total    I  638,829  \  738,470 

Population  of  the  Principal  Towns  in  1830.'  .       ^  '^ 

.       3,776    Raleigh  1,700    Tarborough     971 

2,808     Salisbury    ,      1,613    Warrenton       962 

PlymouUi        660 


XIV. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Population  of  the  Districts  and  other  Divisions, 

as  given 

in  the 

■■ 

Census  of  1830. 

Abbeville             District 

28,134 

Chester 

District, 

19,182 

Anderson           >      da* 

17,170 

Chesterfield 

do. 

8,472 

Barnwell                  do. 

19,236 

Colleton 

do. 

27,256 

Charleston              City. 

30,289 

Edgefield 

do. 

30,511 

Charleston  Neck 

10,054 

Fairfield  . 

do. 

21,546 

St.  Andrew's         Parish 

3,727 

Georgetown 

do. 

19,943 

St.  John's  Colletoo. 

10,045 

Greenville 

do. 

16,476 

St.  James,  Goose  Creek 

8,032 

Horry 

do. 

5,323 

St.  Stephen's 

2,416 

Kershaw 

do. 

13,545 

Christ  Church       '     -  ~. 

3,412 

Lancaster 

do. 

10,361 

St.  James,  Santee 

3,743 

Laurens 

do. 

20,863 

St.  Thomas  and  St.  Dennis 

i      3,055 

Lexington 

do. 

9,076 

St.  Peter's             Parish 

3,834 

Marion 

do. 

11,208 

St.  Helena 

8,799 

Marlborough 

do. 

8,578 

St.  Luke's      . 

9,659 

Newberry 

do. 

17,441 

Prince  William's 

9,040 

Orangeburgh 

do. 

18,455 

Vol.  n. 


all 


34 


^• 


M^' 


S43 

APrKNTHX. 

■  -t,^ 

< 

South  Carolina  continvrd 

• 

' 

Pickons 

Dinti'kt 

M,47r) 

Union 

do. 

17,l»0h 

Riclilnnd 

do. 

ii,mr» 

WnHliinj?lon 

do. 

l.'l,72N 

Columhia 

Town, 

:),:n() 

WilliuiiiHburgli 

do. 

0,0  ir» 

Spartanburgli, 

Duitrirt, 

21, HH 

York 

do. 

17,785 

Sumpter, 

do. 

iJN,'37H 

•    M 

Vopiihttion 

of  Chorh'nUm  and  Columl 

tin. 

Chnrloslon,     IH.'M), 

:»(),wi»      Cohiinbiii   in:u),   :i,;no 

XV.  (JKOJKJIA. 

Tabh't 

tf  tJhr  (JomUh's,  \KH). 

i!oiintiMi 

1 

WhUxK. 

rolori'il.  1 

'        IH4 

Totnl  l'o|,. 
1,400 

Appling 

- 

- 

i,yiM 

Bakor      - 

- 

- 

!»77 

270 

1,253 

Baldwin 

- 

"                                  m 

2,724 

4,5(55 

7,209 

Bibb 

- 

- 

4,i;ut 

3,005 

7,143 

Bryan 

- 

- 

723 

2,410 

3,139 

Bullock    - 

- 

- 

l,!)33 

053 

2,600 

Burke 

- 

• 

5,l)(;(5 

0,7«7 

11,033 

Butts 

- 

- 

3,22r. 

1,007 

4,0  J  2 

Camden 

- 

- 

1,4  mi 

3,120 

4,570 

CampboU 

- 

- 

y,ni)4 

02!) 

3,323 

Carroll 

- 

- 

2,723 

OUO 

3,419 

Chatliam 

- 

- 

4,325 

9,005 

14,230 

Clarko 

- 

- 

5,431? 

4,730 

10,170 

Columbia 

- 

•• 

4,471 

0,135 

12,000 

Cowota 

- 

3,(i34 

1,372 

5,000 

Crawford 

- 

• 

3,591 

1 ,723 

6,314 

Decatur 

• 

•>  *t 

2,541 

1,307 

3,040 

Dekalb    - 

- 

n,37(i 

1,071 

10,047 

Dooly 

- 

- 

1,7117 

340 

2,135 

Early 

- 

- 

1,505 

640 

2,051 

EffiingliaiTi     - 

- 

1  . 

1,746 

1 ,223 

2,009 

Elbert     ■ 

. 

.< 

0,50 1 

5,053 

12,364 

Emanuel 

- 

w                                      w 

2,1  G» 

513 

2,001 

Fayette   - 

- 

■f        ,',  ' 

4,2ti0 

1,233 

6,601 

Franklin 

- 

- 

7,712 

2,423 

10,136 

Glynn 

- 

- 

5U7 

3,970 

4,407 

Qroeno 

- 

- 

5,020 

7,525 

12,651 

Owinnett 

. 

•           ,     , 

10,!)3« 

2,202 

13,220 

IlaberBlmm    - 

m 

. 

J),733 

915 

10,040 

Halt 

• 

' 

10,573 

1,102 

11,765 

Hancock 

- 

',•  '    . 

4,(i07 

7,215 

11,022 

Harris      ■ 

. 

.'  ,  ■"     ,  - 

2,031 

2,274 

6,106 

Henry 

- 

7,!)!)1 

2,570 

10,567 

HouNton 

. 

«                                            « 

5,101 

2,200 

7,309 

Irwin 

. 

it                                      m 

1 ,0(56 

114 

1,100 

Jackson 

- 

- 

0,1 154 

2,0  U 

9,000 

t 


'&" 


i  i' 


1 

,,r4^                             ArrKNDix. 

1^ 

• 

'4 

»     *4i 

U4a 

•i 

1 

nrorffia  rnntinutd.                                                                                  | 

<'()ii>iiipfi.                                             1 

WItllCH. 

C^Olorotl. 

Tutnl  I'op, 

H                    .laHpur 

«;,7<i7 

'  (;,:u;4 

13,131 

1                   .loneraoii                            *<        \ 

H.GO.T 

3,7(h; 

7,309 

if 

H                   JonoM 

<;,4(in 

«;,H73 

13,342 

1                   TtiiurnnH 

:»,iiii! 

2,3!M) 

5,678 

1                             liOO 

\;m\i 

307 

1,074 

I                   Iiiborty    - 

(,r»i{i! 

5.040 

7,234 

t        ; 

■                  .liiiicnln 

2,}I24 

3,.^i;j 

0,137 

- 

1                      fjowiulcs                                -  '      tiy,  • 

2,m:j 

340 

2,463 

*l 

H                 '•  Mailiion         .             . 

:{,;w;r, 

1 ,20 1 

4,626 

H                   Mclntdnli 

1  ,()nr, 

3,903 

4,998 

H                   Marion           .... 

1,:<'27 

100 

1,43G 

!- 

H                   Moriwuthor 

:»,()i« 

1,400 

4,424 

1 

H                  Monroo 

it,n:{(; 

7,300 

10.202 

j 

I                   Monl^ninory 

\YM 

335 

1,209 

H   '}  f 

I                   Morijan 

6,I4(] 

0,»77 

12,023 

•i'i' 

■                           JMUHCO^OO 

2,'ir,\ 

1,247 

3.508 

'- i 

■                   Nowtuii 

n,\'M 

3,023 

11,164 

1 

■                   OgloUiorpo 

r,,r,rA 

li,004 

13,668 

■                   Piko 

4,:u!y 

1,004 

C,U66 

1'' 

1                    Pulaski    .                            .      ,        . 

3,1)7 

i,7n2 

4,t{f^9 

Ji 

I                    Putnani         .... 

5,512 

7,744 

13,066 

If 

9                .  Ilabiiu 

2,114 

01 

2,176 

Ir 

^                   Kundolph 

1,5011 

•  GB3 

2,101 

i 

V                   Itichiuoml 

5,if;:{ 

0,4f{| 

11,044 

1  ff 

Scriven           -                           .             - 

'i,3};7 

2,300 

4,770 

lit'i 

Talbot      .... 

.'5,»:{!) 

2,101 

6,940 

■    11' 

Taliaforro      .             .             -             - 

2,](Vi 

2,770 

4,934 

*f 

Ttttnall    .... 

1,5I!» 

520 

2,039 

Telfair           .... 

1 ,5(10 

507 

2,136 

'^  ( 

ThoinaH                ... 

'2,127 

1,100 

3,296 

Troup            .... 

:j,fi07 

2,102 

6,79i) 

Twi(?gH    -             -             -             - 

4,4!)5 

3,534 

0,029 

,   p; 

1 

Upson             -             -             - 

4,444 

2,560 

7,013 

'       1  P. 

■ 

Walton     -             -             .             -            . 

7,7(;;j 

3,10(1 

10,931 

■"  fM  <- 

Ware 

1,1  ;j2 

02 

1,194 

t  r; 

Warren    -             -             -             -       , 

«;,044 

4,B02 

10,846 

(|' 

Washington  -             -              -              - 

5,005 

3,0  ir 

9,820 

1 

.Wayno     .             -             -             - 

(;7(i 

2fU 

902 

sKi 

1 
) 

WiikOB              .... 

5,205 

«,072      14,237 

J 

B 

/Wilkinson             .             -             - 

4,003 

1,965       G,558 

•'  f  ^ 

'»                                                       '            Voimlalion  of  Ihv  prinnpal  lowm. 

m     ''3  ' 

t                                   Havannah         7,:$():J         Macon            'i.r.OO         IVIiliodgcvillo          1,500 

#  ■ii^ 

^                                   Augusta           (i,GUO         ('oiiinihia        'i.OOO         Atlionn                  1,100 

mm : 

"MM'' 

'-    ■      .         .       1   "    .        ■    '  ■              .    .  •■       ,  '                      .        ■  '  .'i-.^'h,'^  ~    ;•  '*** 

mi 

?. 

13^ 

-s** 
V 


244 


i^^  -. 


i; 


APPENDIX.  '* 

XVI.  ALABAMA. 


#■ 


,.  • 

Table  of  the  Counties.         •■   ' 

■  .  -'      ** 

Counties 

Populatton  18JU.  |     Countieu.                          Population  1830.  | 

Autauga        -         * 

11,872 

Lowndes 

9,421 

Baldwin 

2,824 

Madison 

28,011 

Bibb 

0,305 

Marengo 

7,742 

Blount        '  ^ 

4,233  1  Marion 

4,058 

Butler 

5,634 

Mobile 

3,071 

Clarke 

7,584 

Mobile  City 

3,194 

Conecuh 

-   '      7,444 

Monroe 

8,780 

Covington 

1,522 

Montgomery 

12,694 

Dale 

2,021 

Morgan 

9,053 

Dallas 

'  14,017 

Perry 

11,509 

Fayette 

3,470 

Pickens 

6,620 

Franklin 

11,078 

Pike 

7,103 

Greene 

15,026 

St.  Clair 

5,975 

Henry                - 

^     3,955 

Shelby                      - 

5,521 

Jackson,     »' 

-         12,702 

Tuscaloosa        -     ' 

13,646 

Jefferson 

,   6,855 

Walker 

2,202 

Lauderdale 

11,782 

Washington 

2,472 

Lawrence         -      ^ 

-,      14,984 

Wilcox 

3,468 

Limestone 

14,848 

Tuscaloosa  town  1820 

1,600 

XVII.  MISSISSIPPI.                                      1 

\  '■-''-'  ■. 

Table  of  the  Counties.             •     •     . 

,  l^'^  . 'J 

Adams         ^  ) 

12,129 

Lowndes 

3;342 

Natchez,  city 

2,790 

Madison 

4,973 

Amite 

7,943 

Marion 

3,701 

Claiborne                 -            9,818 

Monroe                   -    . 

3,855 

Copiah 

7,024 

Perry            .     <      '    / 

2,285 

'Covington    ^ 

2,549 

Pike 

5,402 

.    Franklin        - 

4,622 

Rankin 

2,084 

'Greene       ^    .     '  .- 

1,849 

Simpson           . 

2,666 

Hancock     *  - 

1,961 

Warren            -       ■  .  .  " 

7,861 

Hinds 

8,619 

Washington 

1,976 

Jackson 

1,789 

Wayne            -         '      . 

2,778 

Jefferson           '      -^ 

9,755 

Wilkinson 

11,693 

Jones 

1,471 

Yazoo 

6,550 

lAwrence           •"    ^ 

5,321 

-.  ,  •  ■  ,  '■  • 

xvui.  Louisiana: 

Tabic  of  Parishes. 

J.    1    .«-7-    '..           '.',,' 

Eastern  Districtr       -.  '     ,  . 

;  •     •• 

Ascension 

5,400 

Feliciana,  East  '  ,          ^ 

8,247 

Assumption 

5,670 

Feliciana,  West, 

8,629 

Baton  Rouge,  East, 

6,717 

Iberville 

7,050 

Baton  Rouge,  West, 

3,092 

Jeft'erson 

6,846 

Concordia 

4,662 

Lafourche  Interior 

5,500 

# 


APPENDIX. 


245 


Louisiana  continued. 


Population.  I 


Parishea. 


Population      Couiiiles. 


Orleans               -                   'S,V.)2 

St.  Helena 

4,027 

N.  Othdins,  city  Sf  suburbs,  40,310 

St.  James 

7,672 

Plaquemines                           4,189 

St.  John  Baptist 

5,700 

Point  Coupee            -            5,930 

St.  Tammany 

2,864 

St.  Bernard         -                   8,fJ5(> 

Terrc  Bonne 

2,121 

St.  Charles                -            5,107 

Washington 

2,286 

ofwhom  80,421  are  slaves.    Total  Eastern  District  155,3 18| 

Western  District. 

Avoyelles           -                   3,488 

llapidcs 

7,559 

Catahoula                  -            2,570 

St.  Landry 

12,552 

Claiborne           -                    1,701 

St  Martin's 

7,204 

Lafayette                   -            5,000 

St  Mary's 

6,442 

Nachitoches  -                        7,920 

Washita 

5,140 

ofwhom 29,210  are  slaves.    Total  Western  District     00,257 

XIX.  TENiNESSEE. 

Tabic  of  the  Counties. 

Weft  Tennessee. 

Couniies.                                                        \  Pop.  1820. 

Pop,  isso' 

Bedford 

10,012 

30,444 

Carroll 

9,378 

Davidson                -                 -                 . 

20,154  • 

22,523 

Nashville,  town 

5,566 

Dickson                -                 -                 . 

5,190 

7,261 

Dyer 

1,904 

Fayette 

8,654 

Fentress      -                -                 - 

2,760 

Franklin               -                .                 - 

16,571 

15,644 

Gibson 

5,801 

Giles 

12,558 

18,920 

Hardiman 

11,628 

Hardin 

1,462 

4,867 

Haywood 

5,356 

Henderson 

8,741 

Henry                  .                -                - 

12,230 

Hickman 

6,080 

8,132 

Humphreys 

4,067 

6,189 

Jackson 

7,593 

9,902 

Lawrence 

3,271 

5,412 

Lincoln 

14,761 

22,086 

Madison 

11,750 

Maury 

22,141 

28,153 

McNairy 

5,697 

Montgomery 

12,219 

14,365 

Obion 

2,099 

Overton 

7,188 

8,246 

Perry 

2,384 

7,038 

Vol.  ii. 

"T^ 

246 


APPENDIX. 


Tennessee  continued. 


Counties. 

Pop,  1820. 

Pop.  1830. 

Robertson                ... 

Rutherford 

Shelby 

Smith 

Sumner                  ... 

Stewart 

Tipton 

Warren 

Wayne            *      ■ 

Weakley 

White                   ... 

Williamson 

Wilson                 i 

7,270 

19,552 

354 

17,580 

19,211 

8,397 

10,348 
2,459 

8,701 
20,640 
18,730 

13,802 

26,133 

5,652 

21,492 

20,606 

6,988 

5,317 

15,351 

6,013 

4,796 

9,967 

26,608 

25,477 

Total  of  West  Tennessee.    | 

:^          *                      East  Tennessee. 

Anderson               • 

Bledsoe 

Blount 

Campbell 

Carter 

Claiborne 

Cocke 

Granger 

Greene 

Hamilton 

Hawkins 

Jefferson 

Knox 

McMinn 

Marion 

Monroe 

Morgan 

Rhea 

Roane                         a 

Sevier 

Sullivan 

Washington 

287,501 

4,668 
4,005 

11,258 
4,244 
4,835 
5,508 
4,892 
7,651 

11,221 
821 

10,949 
8,953 

13,034 
1,623 
3,888 
2,529 
1,676 
4,215 
7,895 
4,772 
7,015 
9,557 

1  488,448 

5,312 

6,448 
11,027 

5,110 

6,418 
,  8,470 

6,048 
10,066 
14,410 

2,274 
13,683 
11,799 
14,498 
14,497 

5,516 
13,709 

2,582 

8,182 
11,340 

5,117 
10,073 
10,995 

Total  of  East  Tennessee    135,312 
of  whom  17,890  are  slaves. 


196,374 


*■<*?■ 


AFPENDIX. 

XX.  KENTUCKY. 
Table  of  the  counties  and  townSf  1830. 


247 


Counting. 


■'%. 


Adair 
Allen 
Anderson 
Barren 

Bath 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Bracken 


Breckenridgo 


Butler 
Bullitt 

Caldwell 

Callaway 

Campbell 

Casey 

Christian 

Clarke 

Clay 

Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmondson 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming 
Floyd 

Franklin 

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Greene 

Greenup 
Fancock 
Hardin 


PO|l 


Towns. 


8,'.i;J() 

0,480 

4,512 

14,821 

8,799 

9,012 

18,434 

0,392 

7,345 

3,055 
5,000 

8,332 

5,159 

9,893 

4,342 
12,094 
13,052 
3,549 
8,030 
5,218 
2,042 
4,018 

25,174 

13,493 
4,200 

9,251 

0,080 
11,870 
2,987 
2,503 
3,870 

13,718 

5,853 

1,494 

13,148 


Columbia 

Scottsville 

Lawrenceburg 

Glasgow 
lOwingsville 
jsharpsburg 

Burlington 
(Paris 

<Millersburg 
(Middletown 

Augusta 
(Hardinsburg 
|Clovcrport 
(Stephenport- 

Morganton 

Shepherdsville 

Mount  Washington 

Princeton 

Eddyville 

Wadesborough " 
{ Newport 
I  Covington 

Liberty 

Hopkinsville 

Winchester 

Manchester 

Burkcsville 

Owensborough 

Brownsville 

Irvine 
{ Lexington 
I  Athens 

Flemingsburg 

Prestonburg 
^Frankfort 
/South  Frankfort 

Port  William 

Lancaster 

Williamstown 

Mayfield 

Litchfield 

^Greensburg 

^Campbellsville 

Greenupsburg 

Hawsville 

Elizabethtown 


Pop. 


422 
180 
320 
617 
241 
158 
276 
1,219 
470 
195 
691 
316 
194 
64 

278 
226 
366 
167 
163 
717 
743 
118 

1,263 
620 
159 
340 
229 
125 
9 

6,104 

134 

642 

81 

1,680 
307 
324 
570 
197 
44 
166 
665 
126 
204 

601 


^ 


248 


APPENDIX. 


Kentucky  continued. 


ti 


Counlles, 

Pop. 

Towns. 

Pop. 

Harlan 

2,9^8 

Harlan  C.  H. 

Harrison 

13,180 

(Cynlhiana 
^Leesburg 
( ClayviUo 

977 
138 

48 

Hart 

5,292 

^  IVIunfordsville 
( Woodsonville 

193 

48 

Henderson 

0,049 

Ilendersonville 

483 

Henry 

11,395 

New  Castle 

539 

Hickman 

5,193 

J  Clinton 
1  Columbus 

81 
186 

Hopkins 

G,7G3 

Madisonville 

112 

-";, 

r  Louisville 

10,352 

Jefferson 

24,002 

1  Shippingsport 
j  Portland 

607 
398 

LWilliamsville 

70 

Jessamine 

9,901 

INicholasville 
j  North  Liberty 

409 
62 

Knox 

4,321 

Barboursville 

139 

Laurel 

2,182 

(HazlePatch 
( London 

15 

Lawrence 

3,897 

Louisa 

87 

(Clarksburg 

62 

Lewis 

5,206 

<Vanceburg 

93 

(Concord 

34 

Lincoln 

11,012 

j  Stanford 
^Crab  Orchard 

3Q3 
234 

Livingston 

6,607 

( Salem 
jSmithfield 

254 

388 

Logan 

13,002 

Russellville 

1,358 

McCracken 

1,298 

UVilmington 
/Padauch 

12 
105 

Madison 

18,035 

Richmond 

947 

Mason 

16,203 

(Washington 
/Maysville 

868 
2,040 

Meade 

4,111 

Brandenburg 

331 

f  Harrodsburg 

1,051 

Mercer 

17,706 

1  Danville 
Perryville 

849 
283 

^  Salvisa 

78 

Monroe 

5,125 

Tompkinsville 

220 

Montgomery 

10,221 

( Mount  Sterling 
MefTersonville 

561 
33 

Morgan 

2,85V    >est  Liberty               1 

50 

APPENDIX. 


240 


Kentucky  continued. 


Countlei. 


Muhlenburg 

Nelson 

Nicholas 
Ohio 

Oldham 

Owen 

Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Pulaski 

Rockcastle 

Russell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson 
Spencer 

Todd 

Trigg 

Union 
Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 
Whitely 

Woodford 


Total 


I'op.                       Towns.                          1 

Pop. 

217 

5,341 

Greenville 

(Bardstown 

1,025 

14,910 

^Bloomfield 

301 

(Fairfield 

88 

SjSS-i 

Carlisle 

430 

4,913 

Hartford 

242 

Westport 

314 

9,503 

Bedford 

104 

Brownsville 

57 

.  La  Grange 

27 

5,792 

( Owenton 
|New  Liberty 

143 
101 

3,800 

Falmouth 

207 

3,331 

Perry  C.  H. 

2,077 

Pikeville 

49 

9,522 

Somerset 

231 

2,875 

Mount  Vernon 

142 

3,883 

^  Jamestown 

67 

/Creelsburg 

37 

14,077 

Georgetown 

1,344 

( Shelby  ville     ' 

1,201 

19,039 

<Simpsonvil]e 

77 

(Christianburg 

78 

0,099 

Franklin 

280 

0,815 

Taylorsville 

248 

8,801 

j  Elkton 
j  Trenton 

382 

178 

5,889 

(Cadiz 
/Canton 

168 
146 

4,435 

Morganfield 

292 

10,947 

Bowling  Green 

815 

'  Springfield 
Lebanon 

618 

384 

^  Mackville 

83 

Fredericksburg 

58 

L  Newmarket 

43 

8731 

Monti  cello 

207 

3,807 

(Whitely  C.H. 

)  Williamsburg 

50 

12,294 

( Versailles                    , 

904 

( Mortonsville                j 
of  whom  105,350  are  slav 

145 

088,844 

es. 

f-'T* 


250 


APPENDIX. 


f 


/ 


XXI.  OHIO. 

Table  of  the  Counties  and  County  Towns  1830. 


Count  ifig. 

I'op.  l!t;JO.|          Ciiiinty  Towiih. 

I'op. 

Adams 

12,)17H 

West  Union 

429 

Allen 

5  .578 

Wapaghkonctta 

Ashtablila 

14,584 

Jefferson 

270 

Athens 

!),703 

Athens 

729 

Belmont 

28,412 

St.  Clairsvillo 

789 

Brown 

17,8(57 

Georgetown 

325 

Butler 

27,044 

Hamilton 

1,097 

Champaign 

12,130 

Urbana 

1,102 

Clark 

13,074 

Springfield 

1,080 

Clermont 

20,4(U} 

Batavia 

420 

Clinton 

11,292 

Wilmington 

607 

Columbiana 

35,.')08 

New  Lisbon 

1,138 

Coschocton 

11,102 

Coshocton 

333 

Crawford 

4,778 

Bucyrus 

298 

Cuyahoga 

10,300 

Cleavcland 

1,076 

Dark 

0,203 

Grconvillo 

160 

Delaware 

11,523 

Delaware  . 

531 

Fairfield 

24,788 

Lancaster 

1,530 

Fayette 

8,180 

Washington 

300 

Franklin 

14,70C) 

CoLUMntrs 

2,437 

Gallia 

9,733 

Gallipoiis 

755 

Geauga 

15,813 

Chardon,  toivnship 

881 

Green 

15,084 

Xenia 

919 

Guernsey 

18,030 

Cambridge 

518 

Hardin 

Hardy 

Hamilton 

52,321 

Cincinnati 

24,831 

Hancock 

813 

Fmdlay 

52 

Harrison 

29,020 

Cadiz 

820 

Henry 

200 

Damascus 

Highland 

16,347 

Hillsborough 

564 

Hocking 

4,008 

Logan 

97 

Holmes 

9,133 

Millersburg 

319 

Huron 

13,345 

Norwalk 

310 

Jackson 

5,974 

Jackson 

329 

Jefferson 

32,489 

Steubenville 

2,937 

Knox 

17,124 

Mount  Vernon 

1,021 

Lawrence 

5,300 

Burlington 

149 

Licking 

20,804 

Newark 

999 

Lorain 

5,090 

Elyria 

668 

Logan 

0,442 

Belle  Fontaine 

266 

Madison 

6,190 

London 

249 

Marion 

6,558 

Marion 

287 

Medina 

7,500 

Medina,  toumship 

622 

Meigs 

6,159 

Chester 

164 

Mercer 

1,110 

St.  Mary's 

92 

Miami 

12,806 

Troy 

504 

■|iS' 


APPENDIX. 


251 


Ohio  continued. 


CoiintiM, 


Mod  rue 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Muskingum 

Paulding 

Perry 

Pickaway 

P;ko 

Portage 

Preble 

Putnam 

Richland 

Ross 

Sandusky 

Scioto 

Seneca 

Shelby 

Stark 

Trumbull 

Tuscarawas 

Union 

Van  Wert 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Williams 

Wood 


I'op.  ItUO. 

ll,V.)ti 

2U,3.i5 

100 

14,()1H 

15,035 

0,024 

18,827 

10,255 

230 

24,007 

24,052 

2,851 

8,730 

5,148 

3,071 

20,784 

2(5,154 

14,208 

3,102 

40 

21,403 

11,731 

23,344 

377 

1,005 


County  'J'ownH. 


Total 


Woodstield 
Dayton 

McConnelsvillo 
Zancsville 

Somerset 

Circlevillo 

Pikcton 

Ravenna,  township 

ICaton 

Sugar  Grove 

Mansfield 

Chillicotho 

Lower  Sandusky 

Portsmouth 

Tiflin 

Sydney 

Canton 

Warren 

New  Philadelphia 

Maysville 

Willshire 

Lebanon 

Marietta 

Wooster 

Defiance 

Perrysburg 


037,070 


XXII.  INDIANA 


Tabic  of  the  Counties  1830. 


Pop. 

"157 

2,JXJ5 

207 

3,004 

570 
1,130 
271 
8(MS 
511 

840 

2,840 

351 

1,004 

248 

240 

1,257 

510 

410 

142 

1,157 
1,207 

077 
52 

182 


Counties. 

Population. 

1,000 

Counties. 

Population. 

Allen 

Elkhart 

035 

Bartholomew 

5,480 

Fayette 

0,112 

Boone 

622 

Floyd 

6,363 

Carroll 

1,014 

Fountain 

7,044 

Cass 

1,154 

Franklin 

10,100 

Clark 

10,710 

Gibson 

5,417 

Clay 

1,010 

Greene 

4,253 

Clinton 

1,423 

Hamilton 

1,750 

Crawford 

3,184 

Hancock 

1,560 

Daviess 

4,512 

Harrison 

10,288 

Dearborn 

14,473 

Hendricks 

3,007 

Decatur 

5,854 

Henry 

6,408 

Delaware 

2,372 

Jackson 

4,804 

Dubois 

1,774 

JeflTerson 

11,465 

■-.*:■ 


# 


263 


APPENDIX. 


Indiana  continued. 


I 


Coiintlc*. 


Johnson 

Knox 

Lnwrcnco 

Madison 

Marion 

Martin 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Orange 

Owen 

Parke 

Perry 

Pike 

Posey 

Putnam 

Randolph 

Ripley 


I'opiilntion. 
^,950 
4,i;J9 

7,1N1 


2,010 
(5,578 

7,:}S() 

5,579 
7,!K)9 
4,000 
7,534 
3,37S 
52,4(}4 
C,H83 
81,95 
3,912 
3,957 

Population  of  the  principal  towns  in  1831. 

New  Albany,  about  2,500  Richmond,  about  1,500 

Madison  «       2,000  Indianapolis    "     1,200 

Vincennes  "       1,800 Salem 1,000 

XXIII.  ILLINOIS. 


CniintleH. 


Populntlon 


Rush 

St.  Joseph 

Scott 

Sholl.y 

Spencer 

Sullivan 

Switzerland 

Tippecanoe 

Union 

Vanderburgh 

Vermillion 

Vigo 

Wabash 

VVurron 

Warrick 

Washington 

Wayne 


9,918 
287 
3,097 
6,294 
3,187 
4,096 
7,111 
7,107 
7,957 
2,610 
5,706 
5,737 


2,854 

2,073 

13,072 

18,587 

Total  341,582 


• 

Table  of  the  Counties  1830. 

Adams 

2,180 

Jefferson 

Alexander 

1,390 

Jo-Daviess 

Bond 

3,124 

Johnson 

Calhoun 

1,0,90 

Lawrence 

Clarke 

3,940 

Macau  pin 

Clay 

755 

McLean 

Clinton 

2,330 

Macon 

Crawford 

3,113 

Madison 

Edgar 

4,071 

Marion 

Edwards 

1,649 

Mercer 

Fayette 

2,704 

Monroe 

Franklin 

4,081 

Montgomery 

Fulton) 

Morgan 

Henry  > 

2,156 

Macdonough 
Schuyler 

Knox    ) 

Gallatin 

7,407 

Peoria  i 

Green 

7,664 

Putnam 

Hamilton 

2,620 

Perry 

Hancock 

484 

Pike 

Jackson 

1,827 

Pope 

2,555 
2,111 
1,596 
3,661 
1,989 

1,122 
6,229 
2,021 
26 
2,119 
2,950 
12,709 

1,309 

1,309 

1,215 
2,393 
3,223 


c 


^% 


APPENDIX. 


858 


lllinoia  continued. 


M'     •  %< 


Counlle* 


Topulatlun  18J0.  i    Couiitiei. 


PcpnlatiM 


Randolph 
St.  Clair 
'  Sangamon 
Shelby 
Tazewell 
Union 
Vermillion 


4,  I'M 

7,(M)\J 

12,1UJ0 

4,710 

5,830 


Wabash 
Warren 
Washington 
WiiyiiO 

While     1^ 


Total 
of  whom  746  are  slaves. 


3,709 
807 
1,674 
3,568 
6,081 

157,676 


Boono 

Callaway 

Cape  Girardeau 

Chariton 

Clay 

Cole 

Cooper 

Crawford 

Franklin 

Gasconade 

Howard 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Lafayette 

Lincoln 

Madison 

Marion 

Monroe 

[n  1820 


XXIV.  MISSOURI. 
Table  of  the  Counties. 


8,880 
0,102 
7,430 
1,770 
5,342 
3,00(J 
0,010 
1,700 
3,848 
1,548 
10,844 
2,822 
2,580 
2,921 
4,000 
2,371 
4,839 


Montgomery 

New  Madrid 

Perry 

Pike 

Ralls 

Randolph 

Ray 

St.  Charles 

St.  Francois 

St.  Genevieve 

St.  Licuis 

Saline 

Scott 

Washington 

Wayne 


8,000 
3,351 
3,377 
6,133 
4,346i 
3,963 
2^7 
4,333 
3,386 
3,188 
14,007 
3«89a 
3,136 
6,797 
3,354 


Total        140,074 
I  Of  whom  24,990  are  slaves. 
Population  of  St.  Louis. 
4,508  In  1830  5,853 


XXV.  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


CountlM.          Population  Chief  Towns. 

Alexandria       9,008  Alexandria 

Washington    30,250  Washington 

Total      39,858 


Population. 

1810.  1820.  1830. 
Washington  8,208  13,247  18,837 
Alexandria  7,227  8,218  8,363 
Georgetown  4,948    7,360    8441 


XXVI.  FLORIDA  TERRITORY. 


West 
Florida. 


Middle 
Florida 


f  Escambia 
Jackson 
Walton 
^  Washington 
Gadsen 
Hamilton 
Jefferson 
Leon 
.Madison 


Table  of  the  Counties. 
3,3SG 

(  6,092 


i 


4,894 

553 

3,312 

6,493 


Alachu 
Duvall 


East         ,,        .. 

L  St.  Johns 
S.  Florida.   Monroe 

Total 


3,304 
1,970 

733 
1,511 
2,535 

617 


feifk 


34.7?5 


T^i.  n. 


.525  '  Of  whom  15,510  are  slaves. 

36 


M 


I'd  va 


t 


I 


'# 


354 


APPENDIX. 


XXVII.  MICHIGAN  TERRITORY. 
Table  of  the  Counties.  1830. 


dbunties. 

Populntion.jCounties. 

Population. 

Berrien 

323 

Oakland 

4,910 

Cass 

V        928 

St.  Clair 

1,115 

Jackson 

St.  Joseph 

1,313 

Lenawee     • 

1,191 

Van  Buren 

5 

Macomb 

2,414 

Washtenaw 

4,042 

Michilimackinac 

877 

Wayne 

4,565 

Monroe 

3,187  '  Detroit,  city 

2,222 

Counties  west  of  Lake  Michigan. 

Bro\7n 

904 

Iowa 

1,589 

Chippewa 
Crawford 

62.5 

692 

Total 

31,260 

Of  whom  27  are 

slaves 

. 

V        >,#            ^ 

CVITT. 

ARKANSAS  TERRITORY. 

Table  of  the  Counties. 

Arkansas 

1,423 

Lawrence 

2,806 

Chicot 

1,165 

Miller 

358 

Clark 

1,369 

Monroe 

461 

Conway 

982 

Phillips 

1,152 

Crawford 

!  ■ 

2,440 

Pope 

1,483 

Crittenden 

1,272 

Pulaski 

2,395 

Hempstead 

2,507 

St.  Francis 

L505 

Hot,  or  Warm  Springs 

458 

Sevier 

636 

Independence 
Izard 

2,032 

Union 

640 

1,266 

Washington 

2,181 

JnrlfQnn 

333 

Jefferson 

772 

Total 

30,383 

Lafayette 

748 

Of  whom  4,578  are 

slaves. 

% 


'■■^JF. 


# 


MISCELLAiVEOVIS  (STATISTICAL  TABLE. 


Executive  of  the  General  Government.  President  and  Vice-President 
of  the  United  States.  Salary  of  the  former,  $25,000  per  annum  ;  of  the 
latter  $5,000.  The  president  must  be  35  years  of  age,  14  years  a 
resident  in  the  U.  S.  and  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  at  the  time 
of  the  adoption  of  the  constitution.  The  vice-president  is  elected  at 
the  same  time  and  manner,  and  for  the  same  term,  as  the  president.  He 
is  ex'ojicio  president  of  the  senate ;  and  in  case  of  the  death  of  the  pres- 
ident, takes  his  place,  until  the  next  term.  At  the  last  election  there 
were  261  electors.  There  have  been  7  diflferent  presidents,  and  a? 
many  vice  presidents. 

The  legislature  of  the  general  government  consists  of  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives.  The  present  number  of  senators  is  48. 
The  pay  both  for  senators  and  representatives,  is  8  dollars  a  dayj  and  9 
dollars  for  every  20  miles  travel,  going  and  returning.  The  present 
number  of  representatives  is  213.  The  present  census,  on  the  existing 
ratio,  will  increase  the  number  to  more  than  250. 

The  Judiciary  of  the  U.  S.  consists  in  one  supremo  court,  and  such 
subordinate  courts  as  congress  shall  from  time  to  time  appoint.  The 
judges  of  the  supreme  and  inferior  court,  hold  their  offices  during  good 
behaviour.  The  present  supreme  court  consists  of  one  chief  justice, 
and  six  associate  justices.  Salary  of  the  chief  justice,  $5,000  and  of 
the  others  ^4,500  each.  Attorney  General,  salary  ^3,500.  The  district 
court  consists  of  30  judges,  distributed  in  the  several  states,  each  having 
an  attorney,  marshal  and  clerk,  as  constituent  officers  of  the  court.  The 
government  having  very  extended  relations,  and  acting  over  a  vast  surface, 
has  a  numerous  corps  of  officers  of  departments;  marshals,  clerks,  and 
the  like.  The  officers  of  the  army,  now  in  commission,  are  560  ;  of 
the  navy  about  1000,  and  of  the  marine  corps  50;  22  ships  of  war  are 
in  commission,  and  16  in  ordinary.  Five  ships  of  the  line  and  six 
frigates  are  now  building.  The  militia  of  the  United  States  amounts  to 
1^00,000.  Extent  of  the  U.  S.  2,257,  374  square  miles.  Of  canals 
there  are  about  3,000  miles  in  operation,  in  progress,  or  survey.  Of 
rail- road,  the  extent  made  or  making,  is  1,403  miles.  Number  of  post 
offices  in  1831,  8,610.  Extent  of  post  roads  in  1830, 115,176  miles. 
We  have  60  literary  institutions,  chartered  as  colleges,  the  names  of 
which  are  given  under  their  proper  heads,  in  the  body  of  this  work. 
The  number  of  academies  and  high  schools  amount  to  between  six  and 
seven  hundred.    The  pupils  in  all  the  schools  in  the  U.  S.  amount  to 


M 

■  '  f 
1/1 


858 


APPENDIX. 


4 


about  1^00^000.  Of  periodicals  Ihero  are  circulated  about  1,550.  Of 
religious  societies  there  arc  about  14,000  iixed  congregations,  and 
10,000  settled  ministers.  Advancing  in  the  game  ratio  of  population, 
as  between  the  census  of  1820,  and  1830  the  U.  S.  will  contain  35  mil- 
lions of  people,  of  which  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  will  contain  more 
jthan  half.  The  tides  along  the  coast  of  the  U.  S.  diminish,  as  we  advance 
fcoaa  Maine  shore  towards  Florida.  On  the  Bay  of  Fundy  they  rise  40 
ieet.  In  the  centre  of  the  interior  curve  of  Cape  Cod,  they  rise  18 
jfeet,  and  on  the  opt).osite  convex  land  of  the  cape,  about  9  feet.  They 
whence  diminish  along  the  open  shore  from  9  to  8  and  7  feet,  until  we 
pass  Cape  Florida  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  where  the  tide  on  the  open 
fshore  is  not  more,  on  an  average,  than  4  f^et.  The  annual  mean  temper- 
ature of  Maine  is  about  43°  Faht.  of  the  centre  of  Pennsylvania  55°; 
Cincinnati  54°;  St.  Louis  on  the  Mississippi  55°;  New- York  harbor  52° 
Newport,  Rhode  Island  51°;  Baltimore  53°;  Richmond  Virginia  56°; 
Washington  D.  C.  56°;  Charleston  harbor  G0°;  St.  Augustine  72°; 
Pensacola  68°;  New  Orleans  79°;  Fort  Howard,  southern  extremity 
of  Green  Bay  44°:  Prairie  du  Chien  4r>°;  Council  Bluffs  on  the  Mis- 
;30uri  50°.  Lake  Erie  is  565  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic;  Pitts- 
burgh 800;  Cincinnati  350;  Louisville  343;  mouth  of  the  Ohio  321. 
highest  spring  source  of  the  AUeghanies  2,509.  Foot  of  the  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  at  the  sources  of  the  Yellow  Stone  1 ,870.  Middle  course  of 
the  Illinois  401 ;  Ouisconsin  River  1,161;  Prairie  du  Chien  580;  Lake 
Superior  641. 

The  prevalent  winds  in  the  northern  states  of  the  Atlantic  slope  are 
W.  and  N.  W.  In  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  S.  W.  Thunder  storms  in 
the  U,  S.  generally  form  in  the  W.  and  N.  W.  and  pass  off  to  the  E. 
This  general  rule  has  many  exceptions.  They  often  descend  the  Ohio, 
passing  over  Cincinnati  and  Louisville  from  the  E.  to  the  W.  They  very 
commonly  ascend  the  valley  of  Red  River  from  S.  E.  to  N.  W.  It  is  a 
eingular  fact,  that  along  the  whole  Atlantic  sea  shore,  those  disagreeable 
and  fierce  storms,  called  N.  E.  storms,  commence  in  the  S.  W.  and  travel 
with  a  rotatory  motion,  horizontal  to  the  horizon,  in  other  words  as  whirl- 
winds, from  the  S.  W.  to  N.  E.  at  the  rate  of  about  30  miles  an  hour. 
Violent  blows,  called  hurricanes,  sweeping  forests  and  buildings  from 
their  course,  seldom  many  miles  in  length,  and  often  less  than  a  half  a 
mile  in  width,  are  common,  especially  in  summer,  in  all  parts  of  the  U. 
S.  They  are  most  frequent  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  Their  distinctive 
ravages  are  seen  in  a  thousand  places.  The  prostrate  forest  in  their  path 
is  technically  called  a  hurricane  tract.  These  gales  also  move  in  a  rota- 
tory progress,  sometimes  ascending  wiioUy  above  the  forests,  and  then 
descending  again  with  the  same  unsparing  fury. 

The  U.  S.  have  all  the  temperatures,  that  can  be  requisite  for  any  class 
of  invalids,  between  the  sea  breezes  of  Maine,  the  mountain  breezes  of 
New  Hampshire,  the  climate  of  the  Council  Bluffs,  Charleston,  St.  Au- 
gustine, New  Orleans,  or  the  portion  of  Cape  Florida  South  of  28°,  and 
beyond  the  reach  of  either  snow  or  frost. 

The  U.  S.  possess  every  species  of  useful  building  stone  and  marble 
in  unlimited  abundance — all  the  valuable  fussils — particularly  the  great- 
est profusion  of  fossil  coal.  It  has  the  most  ample  amount  of  all  the 
important  metals,  except  platina,  tin  and  mercury.  These  metals  have 
no  where  been  discovered  in  such  abundance,  as  to  have  become  of  any 


mm 


APPENDIX. 


m 


0.  Of 
is,  and 
ilation, 
35  mil- 
n  more 
idvance 
rise  40 
rise  18 

They 
intil  we 
lie  open 
temper- 
lia  55°; 
•bor  52° 
nia  56°; 
ine  72°; 
ictremity 
he  Mis- 
c;  Pitts- 
hio  321. 
e  Rocky 
;ourse  of 
0;  Lake 

slope  are 
storms  in 
to  the  E. 
he  Ohio, 
^hey  very 
.     It  is  a 
igreeable 
nd  travel 
as  whirl- 
an  hour. 
ngs  from 
I  a  half  a 
of  the  U. 
istinctive 
heir  path 
in  a  rota- 
and  then 

any  class 
breezes  of 

1,  St.  Au- 
28°,  and 

id  marble 
the  great- 
of  all  the 
etals  have 
me  of  any 


utility.  Cleveland  and  Silliman,  I  know  not  on  what  authority,  have 
assigned  the  greatest  abundance  of  the  ores  ol  Mercury  to  the  northern 
shores  of  the  lakes.  We  do  not  recollect  to  have  seen*  the  fact  mentioned 
by  Schoolcraft,  Long  or  other  mineralogists,  worthy  of  credit.  We  hold 
this  important  fact,  if  it  be  one,  in  entire  doubt.  Future  observation 
will,  no  doubt,  bring  to  light  these  metals  inthewidestextcntof  our  terri- 
tory. 

The  number  of  signers  of  American  Independence  was  50,  of  whom 
Pennsylvania  furnish')d  .\  the  greatest  number  from  any  one  state.  Vir- 
ginia furnished  7,  ano  V^assachu setts  5.  The  continental  army,  in  1783, 
consisted  of  a  commander  in  chief,  15  major  generals,  and  21  brigadier 
generals.  The  number  of  continental  troops  furnished  by  the  different 
states,  during  the  revolutionary  war,  was  231,931.  The  mihtia  called 
out  amounted  to  56,103.  Of  the  continental  troops,  Massachusetts  furnish- 
ed 67,907,  that  is  to  say,  more  than  double  the  number  of  any  other  state 
in  the  Union.  There  were  15  different  presidents  of  congress,  during 
the  revolutionary  war. 

The  free  inhabitants  of  the  free  states  amount  to  6,013,015;  leaving 
to  the  slave  states  5,942,792 

Synopsis  of  the  political  statistics  of  the  states  in  their  order.  Maine 
settled  1620,1652  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts.  Purchased 
by  that  colony,  1677.  Remained  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts, 
by  the  name  of  the  District  of  Maine,  until  1820,  when  it  became  an 
independent  state.  Constitution  went  into  operation- in  1820.  The 
legislative  body  is  entitled  the  Legislature  of  Maine.  It  is  vested  in  a  sen- 
ate and  house  of  representatives,  elected  annually  by  the  people  on  the 
second  Monday  of  September.  The  number  of  Representatives  cannot 
be  less  than  100,  nor  more  that  200.  A  town  with  1500  inhabitants 
sends  one  representative.  No  town  can  send  more  than  7.  Number  of 
Senators  cannot  be  less  than  70,  nor  more  than  31.  The  legislature 
meets  at  Augusta.  Governor  elected  annually  by  the  people.  A  council  of 
7  is  elected  annually  by  the  joint  ballot  of  the  Senate  and  Representatives. 
The  right  of  suffrage  is  granted  to  all  persons  over  21,  but  paupers, 
persons  under  guardianship,  and  persons  not  taxed.  A  residence  of  3 
months  preceding  the  election  gives  the  right  of  suffrage.  The  judicial 
power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Judicial  court,  and  courts,  that  may  be 
established  by  the  legislature  from  time  to  time.  The  salary  of  the  Gov- 
ernor $1,500  per  annum.  The  members  of  the  Senate  and  house  of 
Representatives  $2  per  day.  Banks  19.  Whole  capital  $'2,175,000, 
exclusive  of  the  U.  S.  Bank.  Sends  7  Representatives  to  Congress,  and 
will  be  entitled  to  2  or  3  additional  members,  by  the  ratio  of  the  present 
census.  Post  offices  397.  This  is  the  12th  state  in  the  union,  in  point 
of  members. 

New  Hampshire.  First  settled  1023.  Belonged  alternately  to  the 
Royal  government  to  Massachusetts  and  New- York.  Constitution  estab- 
lished 1784.  The  legislative  power,  called  the  General  court  of  New 
Hampshire,  is  in  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives.  150  voters  send 
a  representative  and  300  additional  voters  a  second.  The  members  and 
the  officers  of  the  executive  power  are  chosen  annually  by  the  people. 
The  General  court  meets  at  Concord.    Right  of  suffrage  belongs  to  all 


1.^ 


•  »i  •  .1 
!  I 

H 

h'i 


'■.11 

i 


h 


It 


1/  ■'  i 


258 


APPENDIX. 


I     . 


male  inhabitants  cf  21  years,  but  paupnrs  and  persons  not  taxed  at  their 
own  request.  A  »Su|M>rior  Court  antl  Court  of  Common  Pleas  compose 
the  judiciary.  Tlie  judges  bold  tlioir  places,  during  good  behavior,  till 
the  age  of  70. 

Salary  of  governor  .«il(l,200  per  nnnum.  Banks  21.  Capital  ^2,102, 
756,  exclusive  of  tiio  U.  8.  Bunk.  Solids  0  Representatives  to  Congress. 
255  post  ofliccs.  Tiiis  is  the  17lh  state  in  the  union,  in  point  of 
members. 

Vermont.  First  scttlcMnents  in  1721;  1710.  Claimed  by  New  Hamp- 
shire and  New- York.  Constitution  formed  1777, entered  the  union  1791. 
The  general  asK(;nib!y  of  the  slalo  of  Vermont  is  the  legislative  power, 
composed  of  a  single  body,  a  House  of  Representatives,  elected  annually. 
One  member  is  sent  from  every  town.  JMontpelier  is  the  place  of  meeting 
The  officers  of  the  execMitive  j)owor  arc  chosen  annually.  Every  man  of 
21  years,  having  resided  one  year  preceding  the  election  in  the  state, 
who  is  quiet  and  poace:ible,  has  tltn  riglit  of  sullVage.  A  supreme  and 
county  courts  constitute  llie  judiciary;  all  llie  ollicers  being  elected 
annually  by  tlio  general  assembly.  A  council  of  censors,  composed  of 
,  13,  is  chosen  every  7  years,  to  see;  if  the  laws  are  duly  executed.  Sala- 
ry governor  $'11)00  per  anuin.  Banks  10.  Capital  $1,050,001),  exclu- 
sive of  the  U.  S.  Bank.  Sends  5  Representatives  to  Congress.  253 
Post  offices.     This  is  the  18tli  slate  in  the  union,  in  point  of  members. 

Massachmetfs.  First  settlcmonts  11520,  1028.  The  two  settle- 
ments remained  under  separate  governments,  until  1G85 — 0  when  they 
were  united  under  llic  royal  govenimont.  The  constitution  was  formed 
1780.  The  legislative  i)ow(!r  is  styled  Tiie  General  court  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  composed  of  a  Senale  and  House  of  Representatives,  elected 
annually,  one  for  l.W  voters,  and  another  for  an  additional  225.  Senate 
is  composed  of  40  iiieniliers.  The  governor  is  elected  afmually.  The 
General  Court  meets  at  Boston.  Residence  of  one  year  in  the  common" 
wealth,  and  six  calendar  uionlhs  in  the  district,  and  paying  a  state  or 
county  tax  within  the  two  years  preceding  the  election,  constitutes  a 
person  21  years  of  age  a  voter.  Tiie  judiciary  is  a  Supreme  court  and 
court  of  Common  Pleas.  Salary  governor  ,<|'8,0G()  67  per  annum. 
Banks  f)().  Cajjifal  $2(),l^i0.0()0,  exclusive  of  the  United  States  Bank. 
Sends  13  Repnisentalives  to  Congress.  Post  Offices  425.  This  is  the 
ninth  stale  in  tlio  Union  in  point  of  numbers. 

Rhode  Island.  First  selllempnts,  163(5,  1638.  Clmrtered  1644. 
Rechartercd  Il56i5,  by  Charles  11.,  which  charter  is  the  basis  of  its  pres- 
ent government.  Unlike  all  the  oilier  states,  it  has  no  written  constitution. 
The  legislaliv<!  ])ower  is  a  Cii/neral  Assembly,  c(>mposed  of  Senate  and 
House  of  Repvesontnlives,  which  consists  of  12  members,  elected  from 
the  towns  semi-annually;  and  the  Senate  of  10.  The  latter  are  chosen 
annually.  The  Covcrnor  is  elected  annually.  The  General  Assembly 
meets  four  times  in  a  year  at  dillLMcnt  towns.  Judges  are  appointed  an- 
nually by  the  General  Assembly.  Judges  of  the  Courts  of  Common 
Pleas  have  no  salaries,  but  are  jiaid  by  entries.  Salary  Governor  ^400. 
Banks  47.  Capital  $(5,0i)8,307,  exclusive  of  the  United  States  Bank. 
Sends  two  Representatives  to  Congress.  Post  Offices  41.  This  is  the 
twenty-third  state  in  the  Union  in  point  of  numbers. 


APPENDIX. 


259 


Connecticut.  First  settlements  1035,  1038.  Clmrtercd  1665.  The 
charter  was  suspended,  and  restored,  aiul  formed  the  basis  of  the  govern- 
ment till  1818,  when  a  constitution  was  formed.  A  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives  form  the  General  Asscmldy.  The  members  of  the  latter 
are  chosen  by  the  dillerent  towns,  and  are  208  in  number.  The  Sena- 
tors must  not  full  below  18,  nor  exceed  24.  All  the  oflicers  of  govern- 
ment are  elected  annually.  Tiic  (ieneral  Assembly  meets  once  a  year, 
nlternatoly  at  Hartford  and  New  Haven.  A  residence  of  six  month?, 
the  holding  a  freehold  estate  valued  yearly  at  i^7,  or  having  performed 
military  duty  for  one  year,  paying  taxes  for  one  year,  and  a  good  moral 
character,  qualify  a  voter.  A  supreme  court  of  errors,  a  superior  court, 
and  such  inferior  courts  as  may  be  created  from  time  to  time,  compose 
the  judiciary.  The  Judges  are  appointed  by  the  Ceneral  Assembly,  and 
hold  their  offices  during  good  behavioiir,  fill  the  age  of  70.  No  one  is 
compelled  to  join  in,  or  support  religious  worship;  but  when  united  to 
any  society,  may  be  obliged  to  pay  his  portion  of  its  expenses.  Salary 
Governor  $1,100.  Banks  13.  Capital,  exclusive  of  the  United  States 
Bank,  $4,033,000.  Sends  0  Representatives  to  (.'ongress.  222  Post 
Offices.     This  is  the  sixteenth  state  in  the  Union,  in  point  of  numbers. 

New  York.  First  settlement  1014.  Colonial  government  1629. 
Passed  from  the  Dutch  to  the  English,  iOO  1.  1673  returned  to  the  Dutch 
for  a  few  months,  and  then  to  the  llnglish.  Constitution  formed,  1777. 
A  Senate  of  32  members,  and  an  Assembly  of  128  elected  annually  from 
the  legislature.  Senators  elected  by  districts,  and  Representatives  by 
counties,  in  proportion  to  the  population.  The  executive  offices  are 
chosen  every  two  years.  The  legislature  meets  at  Albany.  The  right 
of  suffrage  belongs  to  every  white  male  citizen  of  the  age  of  21,  who  has 
resided  one  year  in  the  state,  and  six  montlis  in  his  own  county.  A  man 
of  color  cannot  vote  unless  he  possess  an  unincumbered  freehold  estate, 
valued  at  $250.  The  Judges  are  appointed  by  the  Governor,  with  the 
consent  of  the  Senate.  The  Chancellor  and  Justices  of  the  Supreme  and 
Circuit  Courts  hold  their  offices  during  good  behaviour,  or  until  the  age 
of  60.  The  Judges  of  the  County  Courts  are  appointed  for  five  years. 
Salary  Governor  $4,000.  Banks  44.  Capital  ^24,969,600,  exclusive 
of  the  United  States  Bank.  Some  other  Banks  are  either  in  contempla- 
tion, or  operation.  Sends  34  Representatives  to  Congress.  Post  Offices 
1,462.     This  is  the  first  state  in  the  Union  in  point  of  numbers. 

New  Jersey  contained  a  few  families,  1005.  In  1676  divided  into 
two  provinces,  one  under  royal  government,  and  the  other  dependent  on 
New  York.  East  Jersey  was  transferred  to  William  Penn  and  eleven 
associates,  1632.  In  1702  both  provinces  united  under  the  government 
of  New  York,  till  1738,  when  a  separate  government  was  instituted. 
William  Temple  Franklin,  a  son  of  Dr.  Franklin,  was  the  last  royal  gov- 
ernor. Constitution  formed  1776.  The  Governor,  Legislative  Council 
and  General  Assembly  compose  the  Legislature.  The  Legislative  Coun- 
cil and  General  Assembly  are  elected  an  lually.  The  former  is  composed 
of  14,  and  the  latter  of  50.  The  Legislature  meets  at  Trenton  annually. 
The  Governor  is  chosen  by  the  Council  and  Assembly  at  their  first  meet- 
ing after  the  election.  The  (iovernor  is  President  of  the  Council,  which 
elects  a  Vice  President  from  itself.  The  Governor  and  Council  form  a  court 


m^ 


iil 


m 


M.lr 


260 


APPENDIX. 


of  Appeals,  as  the  last  resort  hi  all  law  causes,  and  possess  the  power  of 
pardoning  criminals,  after  condemnation.  All  persons  of  full  age,  worth 
j£25  proclamation  money,  having  resided  one  year  in  the  county  where 
they  vote,  have  the  right  of  suffrage.  By  succeeding  acts,  it  is  deter- 
mined,  that  paying  a  tax  is  equivalent  to  the  former  requisition,  and  that 
females  and  negroes  are  prohibited  from  voting.  The  Judges  of  the 
ISuperiorand  Inferior  Courts  are  appointed  by  the  Legislature,  the  former 
for  7  years,  and  the  latter  for  5.  Both  may  be  re-appointed.  Salary 
Governor,  $2,000.  Banks  18.  Ca])ital  $5,075,000.  Sends  6  Repre- 
sentatives to  Congress.  Post  Offices  242.  This  is  the  fourteenth  state 
i^  the  Union,  in  point  of  numbers. 

Pennsylvania.  First  settlement,  1682.  Governed  by  deputies  of  the 
proprietors,  till  1776,  when  the  Constitution  was  formed.  A  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives  form  the  General  Assembly.  The  Represen- 
tatives are  elected  annually,  being  proj)ortionate  in  number  to  that  of  the 
taxable  inhabitants.  The  Senate  consists  of  33  members,  and  the  House 
of  Representatives  100.  The  Senators  arc  chosen  for  four  years,  one 
and  one-fourth  being  elected  at  the  same  time  with  the  Representatives. 
The  Governor  is  elected  for  3  years,  and  may  hold  his  office  0  out  of  12. 
The  Assembly  meets  at  Harrisburgh.  The  Judiciary  is  a  Supreme 
Court,  Courts  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,  and  goal-delivery  Courts  of  Com- 
mon Pleas,  an  Orphan's  Court,  a  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions,  &c. 
The  Judges  are  appointed  by  the  Goverhor,  and  hold  their  offices  during 
good  behaviour.  The  right  of  suffrage  belongs  to  every  freeman  of  the 
age  of  21,  who  has  resided  two  years  in  the  state,  and  paid  a  tax  six 
months  before  the  election.  Governor's  salary  $4,000.  Banks  31. 
Capital  $10,310,333  84.  Sends  26  Representatives  to  Congress.  961 
Post  Offices.    1  his  is  the  second  state  in  the  Union,  in  point  of  numbers. 

Delaware.  First  settlement  1627.  From  the  Swedes  and  Fins,  it 
passed  into  the  hands  of  tie  Dutch,  and  then  into  those  of  the  English, 
with  New  York.  1682  was  granted  to  Wm.  Penn,  and  included  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Pennsylvania.  1701  Delaware  withdrew  from  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  a  constitution  was  formed  1776.  The  General  Assembly  con- 
sists of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives.  The  members  of  the 
latter  are  elected  annually,  7  from  each  county,  amounting  in  all  to  21. 
The  Governor  is  chosen  every  3  years,  and  he  is  ineligible  for  the  three 
years  which  succeed.  Three  of  the  Senators  are  elected  annually.  The 
General  Assembly  meets  at  Dover.  A  residence  of  2  years  previous  to 
the  election,  and  paying  a  state  or  county  tax  constitutes  all  white  free- 
men aged  21  voters.  The  judiciary  is  composed  of  a  Court  of  Chancery 
a  Supreme  Court,  court  of  Common  Pleas,  <&c.  The  officers  hold  their 
places  during  good  behaviour.  Salary  Governor  $1,333,33.  Sends  one 
Representative  to  Congress.  Banks  4.  Capital  $1,050,000.  36  Post 
offices.     This  is  the  24th  state  in  the  union,  in  point  of  numbers. 

Maryland.  First  settlement  1G34.  1776  constitution  formed.  The 
legislature  is  styled  the  General  Asseuibly  of  Maryland,  and  is  composed 
of  a  senate  of  15  members  and  a  House  of  Delegates  of  80.  Each  county 
furnishes  4  of  the  latter.  They  are  elected  annually,  and  the  Senate 
every  fifth  year,  9  from  the  Western,  and  6  from  the  Eastern  shore.    The 


^' 


^ 


mmm 


APPENDIX. 


261 


Governor  is  elected  annually,  ami  is  eligible  3  years  out  of  7.  The  Gen- 
eral Assembly  meets  at  Annapolis.  A  council  of  5  form  the  executive 
with  the  Governor.  Every  white  freeman  above  the  age  of  2],  having 
resided  12  months  in  the  state,  or  (5  in  tlio  county,  is  qualified  to  vote.. 
The  chancellor  and  judges  nrenominntrd  by  the  Governor  and  appointed 
by  the  council,  and  hold  their  offices  durinfr  good  behaviour.  Salary  of 
Governor  $2,600.  Banks  14.  Capital  $'J, {.'>0,0()0.  Sends  9  Repre- 
sentatives to  Congress.  Post  ofTices  221.  This  is  thp  eleventh  state  in' 
the  union  in  point  of  numbers. 

» 
Virginia.  First  settlement  1607.  Constitution  1770.  It  was 
amended  in  1829,  and  as  it  now  stands.  The  General  Assembly  is  com* 
posed  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Delegatus.  The  number  of  members  in 
the  latter  is  134  chosen  annually.  The  Senate  has  32  members  elected 
every  four  years,  one  and  a  fourth  vacating  their  seats  every  year.  Voters 
for  all  places  of  trust  honor  or  profit  are  given  viva  voce.  The  execu- 
tive is  in  the  hands  of  the  Governor  who  is  chosen  for  3  years,  and  in- 
eligible for  the  next  term.  There  is  a  council  of  state  of  3.  The  judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Appeals  and  the  Superior  courts  are  appointed 
by  the  General  Assembly,  and  hold  their  oflices  during  good  behaviour, 
or  till  they  are  removed  by  a  concurrent  vote  of  the  Assembly.  Owning 
a  freehold  of  the  value  of  2.5  dollars,  or  an  interest  in  one  to  that  amount^ 
or  possessions  equivalent  to  this,  or  having  been  a  housekeeper  and  head 
of  a  family  for  12  months,  and  paid  taxes,  constitutes  a  free  white  man 
of  21  a  voter.  Salary  of  Governor  $3,333  33  cents.  TJherc  are  three 
banks  with  branches  amounting  in  all  to  10,  and  1  in  Wheeling.  Wholo 
Capital  $5,607,000,  exclusive  of  the  U.S.  Bank.  Sends  22  Repre- 
sentatives to  Congress.  Post  offices  778.  This  is  the  third  state  in  th» 
union  in  point  of  numbers. 

Nortih  Carolina.  First  settlement  about  the  middle  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. 1727  became  a  distinct  province.  Constitution  formed  1776.  A 
Senate  and  House  of  Commons  constitute  the  General  Assemb]^,  both 
chosen  annually  by  the  people.  Each  county  furnishes  1  senator  and  2 
members  of  the  House  of  Commons  and  one  of  the  latter  from  each  of  6 
large  towns.  The  Governor  is  the  chief  executive  officer,  is  elected  an- 
nually by  the  2  houses,  and  eligible  for  one  term  of  3  years  out  of  six. 
The  judges  of  the  Supreme  and  Superior  courts  are  appointed  by  the 
assembly,  and  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior.  All  freemen  aged 
21,  who  have  resided  in  the  state  12  months  immediately  preceding  the 
election,  are  entitled  to  vote  for  members  of  the  House  of  Commons;  but 
to  vote  for  a  senator,  the  possession  of  a  freehold  of  fifty  acres  of  land  is 
required.  Assembly  meets  annually  at  Raleigh.  Salary  of  Governor 
$2,000.  Banks  3  with  their  branches.  Capital  exclusive  of  the  U.  S. 
bank  ^3,200,000.  Sends  13  Representatives  to  Congress.  Post  offices 
470.     This  is  the  fifth  state  in  the  union  in  point  of  numbers. 

South  Carolina.    First  Settlement  about  1663.    Constitution  formed 
1775.     The  legislative  power  is  in  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives.   45  members  compose  the  senate.    They  are  elected  by  districts 
for  4  years.    Half  are  chosen  biennially.    The  Representatives  are  124 
Vol.  n.  37 


mw 


m 


! 


i'i 


i-  { 


4 


■■><? 


#■ 


^*., 


862 


APrUNDIX. 


in  number,  and  apportioned  according  to  tlio  white  inhabitant!:)  and  taxa- 
tion. Elected  for  2  years.  A  governor  holds  the  c.:ccutivo  power  for  the 
term  of  2  years,  and  is  then  inclij,Mblo  for  4.  'V\^G  assembly  meets 
annually  at  Columbia.  The  chancellor  and  judges  are  appointed  by  the 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  nnd  hold  their  ofTices,  during  good 
behavior.  Every  free  white  male  of  the  age  of  21,  who  has  resided  in  the 
state  two  years,  previous  to  the  election,  and  possessing  a  freehold  of  50 
acres,  or  town  lot,  or  resided  in  the  district,  in  which  he  offers  his  vote, 
six  months  before  the  election,  and  having  paid  tax  of  3  shillings  sterling 
in  support,  of  the  governor,  is  qualified  to  vote.  Salary  of  Governor 
3,900  dollars.  Banks  4,  and  the  stale  bank  with  3  branches.  Capital 
exclusive  of  the  U.  S.  bank  $4,(531,833.  Sends  9  Representatives  to 
Congress.  278  Post  offices.  This  is  the  tenth  state  in  thcunion^in 
point  of  numbers. 

Georgia.  First  settlement  1733.  Of  the  states  belonging  to  the 
union  at  the  time  of  the  declaration  of  independence,  this  was  the  last 
settled.  Constitution  formed  1777.  The  legislative  power  is  the 
General  Assembly  composed  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 
The  members  of  both  are  chosen  annually.  A  county  furnishes  one  senator 
and  Reps,  in  proportion  to  population,  including  three  and  one  fifth  of  the 
people  of  color.  A  Governor  elected  by  the  people  for  two  years,  holds 
the  executive  power.  TJie  Assembly  meets  at  Alilledgeville.  AH  citi- 
zens of  21  years,  who  have  paid  required  taxes,  and  resided  6  months  in 
^.  the  county,  are  allowed  to  vote.     The  judicial  power  is  a  superior  eourt, 

and  such  inferior  ones,  as  may  be  established  by  the  legislature.  The 
superior  judges,  are  elected  by  the  legislature  for  3  years,  and  the  infe- 
rior quadrennially  by  the  people.  The  clerks  biennially.  Salary  of 
Governor  $3,000.  Banks  10, beside  branches;  capital  $5,882,349, exclu- 
sive of  the  United  States  Bank.  Post  offices  251.  Sends  57  Repre- 
sentatives to  congress.  This  is  the  sixth  state  in  the  union,  in  point  of 
numbers. 

Ohio.  First  settlement  1788.  1789  territorial  government;  1802 
independent  state;  constitution.  The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  the 
General  Assembly  composed  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 
The  latter  are  chosen  annually,  apportioned  among  the  voters  according  to 
the  number  of  the  voters.  The  number  cannot  exceed  72,  nor  fall  short 
of  36.  Senate  elected  biennially  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  voters. 
The  number  cannot  be  less  than  a  third,  nor  more  than  half  that  of  the 
Representatives.  The  Governor  holds  the  executive  power,  and  is  elect- 
ed by  the  people  for  two  years.  The  Assembly  meets  at  Columbus. 
Residence  of  one  year,  immediately  preceding  the  election,  and  paying  or 
being  charged  with  a  state  and  county  tax,  constitutes  every  white  citizen 
of  81  a  voter.  The  judiciary  is  a  supreme  court,  courts  of  common  pleas, 
&c.'  The  judges  are  elected  by  both  houses  for  seven  years.  Salary  of 
Governor  $1,200.  Banks  12  exclusive  of  the  United  States  Bank.  Capital 
not  ascertained.  Sends  14  Representatives  to  congress.  Post  offices 
702.     This  is  the  fourth  state  in  the  union  in  point  of  numbers. 


Michigan. 
dtr  the  U.  S. 


First  settlement  1670.     1805  territorial  government  un- 
1812  taken  by  the  British  under  General  Brock.     1813 


.r'^ 


APPENDIX. 


263 


recovered  by  the  United  States.  The  legislative  council  is  compoied  of 
13  members,  elected  for  2  years.  Judges  4.  Salary  of  Governor  $2,000 
Banks  2.  Capital  not  specified.  Sends  one  delegate  to  congress.  Post 
offices  79. 

Kcnhichj.  First  settlement  177.').  Apart  of  Virginia,  until  1790. 
1790  Constitution  formed.  Admitted  into  the  Union  1792.  A  senate 
and  House  of  Representatives  compose  the  legislative  power.  It  is  called 
the  General  Assembly.  100  is  the  highest  number  of  Representatives 
allowed  and  58  the  lowest.  Elcctjd  annually,  and  apportioned  every  4 
years  among  the  electors.  Senators  elected  for  4  years,  one  fourth  part 
chosen  annually.  They  cannot  exceed  38,  or  fall  short  of  24.  A  gov- 
ernor holds  the  executive  power,  chosen  for  4  years,  and  ineligible  for  the 
succeeding  7.  Elected  by  the  people  vive  voce.  The  assembly  meets  at 
Frankfort.  Every  male  free  white  citizen  of  21,  having  resided  in  the 
state  two  years  or  in  the  district  one  year  next  preceding  the  election 
is  qualified  to  vote.  The  judiciary  is  a  court  of  appeals  and  inferior  courts. 
These  officers  hold  their  places  during  good  behavior.  Salary  Governor 
^2,000.  Banks  2  exclusive  of  the  Uniled  States  Bank.  Capital  not  spe- 
cified. Post  Oflices  322.  Sends  12  Representatives  to  congress.  This 
is  the  6th  state  in  the  Union,  in  point  of  numbers. 

Indiana.  First  settlement  near  the  commencement  of  the  present 
century.  Territorial  government,  1800.  Constitution  formed  and  ad- 
mitted into  the  union  1810.  The  legislative  authority  is  a  Senate  and 
House  *of  Representatives,  which  compose  a  General  assembly.  The 
Senators  are  chosen  for  3  years,  and  the  Representatives  annually.  The 
latter  cannot  exceed  100,  nor  fall  short  of  30.  The  former  must  not  be 
less,  than  one  third,  nor  more  than  one  half  the  number  of  Representa- 
tives. The  members  of  both  houses  are  apportioned  among  the  voters. 
The  Governor  is  chosen  for  3  years,  and  may  be  once  reelected.  The 
Assembly  meets  at  Indianopolis.  The  right  of  suffi-age  belongs  to 
all  free  male  citizens  of  21,  who  have  resided  one  year  in  the  state  im- 
mediately previous  to  the  election.  The  judiciary  consists  of  a  supreme 
court,  circuit  courts,  and  inferior  courts.  The  supreme  judges  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  Governor  with  the  consent  of  the  Senate;  those  of  the 
circuit  court  by  the  legislature,  and  the  associate  judges  by  the  people. 
Salary  of  Governor  1,000.  Sends  3  Representatives  to  congress.  Post 
offices  218.     This  is  the  13th  state  in  the  Union  in  point  of  numbers. 

Illinois.  First  settlement  in  the  latter  part  of  the  17th  century.  Passed 
from  France  to  Great  Britain,  1763.  Settlements  began  by  the  citizens  of 
the  United  States  about  1800.  Territorial  government  1809.  1818 
constitution  formed,  and  admitted  into  the  Union.  The  legislative 
authority  is  vested  in  a  General  assembly.  Composed  of  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives  until  the  inhabitants  shall  amount  to  100,000, 
the  number  of  Representatives  is  confined  within  36  and  27,  and  the 
Senators  must  be  not  less  than  one  third,  nor  more  than  one  half  the 
number  of  Representatives.  The  governor  is  the  executive  power,  and 
chosen  for  4  years,  ineligible  for  the  succeding  term.  The  Representa- 
tives are  chosen  annually,  and  the  Senators  every  four  years.  The  As- 
sembly meets  every  second  year  at  Vandalia.  The  requisitions  for  a 
voter  are  the  same  as  in  most  of  the  other  states,  except  that  only  six 


!  li 


I  1 


# 


% 


% 


m 


Sfl4 


APPENDIX. 


,naontli8  previous  rcsidonco  is  iiu(;u8s;iry.  A  Huprciiie  court  and  inferior 
.courts constitute  (lie  judiciary.  The  jtul^'oH  are  nppoiiitod  by  thoGcneral 
Assembly,  nnd  hold  liiciroilircsduiiiii^'^^md  bcliiivior.  Sahiry  of  Governor 
$1,000.  Post  oflicci  217.  Illinois  soiulsonc  IJcproFcntativo  to  congress 
This  is  the  2Utli  state  in  tho  Union,  in  point  of  niunhcrs. 

Minsouri.  First  scttloninnts  170-1.  1801  srpnrn ted  from  the  rest  of 
Louisiana,  nnd  1820  constitution  formed,  nnd  1821,  admitted  into  the 
Union.  A  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  form  a  (jieneral  Assem- 
bly. One  Representative  at  least  from  fachtoiuity,  but  the  whole  number 
may  not  exceed  100.  The  Senators  arc  ohu-tcd  for  four  years,  the  seats 
of  half  bein/i?  vacated  every  two  years.  Liniikul  between  14  and  33. 
Chosen  by  districts,  and  apportioned  amon<i[  tho  vot(Ts.  Tho  Governor 
is  the  executive  officer,  elected  for  four  years,  and  ineli(i;ible  for  tho  four 
succeeding.  The  Asscujbly  meets  every  second  y«'iir  at  the  city  of  Jeffer- 
son. A  voter  must  be  twenty  one,  have  resided  in  the  state  one  year  be- 
fore the  election,  and  3  months  in  the  county.  The  judiciary  is  a  Supreme 
i50.urt,  chancery  circuit  courts,  &.c.  The  jiidfjes  are  appointed  by  tho 
Governor  with  the  Senate,  and  hold  their  odiceg  durin;[»  jjood  behavior, 
until  tho  agoofHS.  Salary,  Governor  $1,500.  No  bank,  but  that  of 
the  United  States.  Post  offices,  00.  Sen<ls  one  Representative  to  Con- 
gress.    Missouri  is  the  21st,  slate  in  the  Union  in  point  of  numbers* 

Tennessee.  First  settlement  between  1705  and  70.  Included  in 
North  Carolina,  till  1700.  1700  Constitution  formed  and  admitted  into 
the  Union.  A  General  Assembly  composed  of  a  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives  composes  len;islative  power.  Tho  members  of  both 
houses  are  elected  biennially  The  number  of  Representatives  is 
sixty.  They  arc  apportioned  among  the  voters.  The  Senate  can- 
not be  less  than  one  third,  nor  more  than  half  tlie  number  of  Repre* 
sentatives.  A  Governor  is  tho  executive  officer,  elected  at  the  same  time, 
and  for  tho  same  term  with  the  members  of  the  Assembly.  Eligible  6 
years  in  8.  The  Assembly  meets  at  Nashville  biennially.  Every  free- 
man of  21,  owning  a  freehold  in  the  county,  also  any  freeman,  who  has 
been  an  inhabitant  of  any  county  in  the  state  6  months  next  preceding 
the  election  is  entitled  to  vote.  The  judiciary  is  composed  of  such  supe- 
rior and  inferior  judges,  as  the  legislature  may  establish,  appointed  by 
both  houses.  They  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior.  Salary  of 
Governor  2,000  dollars.  The  United  Stales  has  a  bank  at  Nashville. 
Sends  9  Representatives  to  congress.  Post  offices  350.  This  is  the 
7th  state  in  the  Union,  in  point  of  numbers. 

Arkansas  Territory.  Separated  from  Missouri,  and  made  independent, 
1819.  The  legislative  council  is  composed  of  5  members.  The  House 
of  Representatives  composed  of  23  members,  arc  elected  biennially. 
Judges  4.  Salary  Governor  $2,000.  Sends  1  delegate  to  Congress. 
jPost  Offices  52. 

The  following  specific  and  important  information,  touching  the  settled 
regions  of  this  interesting  and  little  known  Territory,  was  received  too 
late  for  insertion  under  its  appropriate  head.  Tiie  writer,  Dr.  McKay, 
has  been,  from  the  early  periods  of  the  settlement  of  that  country,  one  of 
its  intelligent  and  respectable  citizens,  personally  acquainted  with  the 
country  he  describes.  No  apology  is  deemed  necessary  for  introducing 
■ucb  direct,  tangible  and  important  information  here  in  the  form  of  a  note. 


APrCNIUX. 


Mi 


•When  lliis  leriilory  wns  constiliitci)  in  1810,  n  separate  government,  it 
conslitnlcd  only  T)  coiiiitics,  viz:  AiIuiiihh,  L;i\vrence.  PuhiMki,  (Marke, 
and  IIoin|)H|{.';i(l.  Tlie  old  coniitii'H  liavo  hvou  "clipiM'd,"  nnd  new  (»noB 
formed  by  every  pe^^i(•n  of  Uw  |««;risl.iluie  since,  nnlil  llie  nnmiierhas  in- 
crensed  \o*i',\.  Aik;inH:iH,  I'JiiJiipH,  ('lillenden,  Si.  FranciH,  Monroe  jind 
Cliicot  form  llie  enHlcrn  jiidicial  district ;  I'ldaslvi,  Conway,  INtpe,  Crnw- 
ford,lhe  we.slern;  Hot  Spiiiijr,  ("'lark,  llmipstcad,  MilU'r,  htiCayetto,  Se- 
vier, nnd  Tnioii,  tli(!  Himtlicni;  independence,  Iiuwren<;c,  Jaekaon,  Izard 
and  Wnshington,  (lie  mtrtliern. 

Willi  regard  to  the  water  eourses,  1  bansly  know  the  iiiunes  of  the  moat 
important,  such  iis  Arkansas,  White,  St.  Franeirt,  Washita, and  Red  River, 
with  their  branches.  TIk;  prinei|)ul  branches  of  the  ArUunsas,  iiro  tho 
Pawnee,  C-anadian,  or  Main,  Arkan«iis,  Vi-rdij^ris,  (Irand,  or  Six  Bull, 
and  tlio  Illinois.  The  lattctr  rises  near  Six  IJnII,  and  runs  a  southern 
course  thron^di  the  eonntry,  now  occupied  by  the  ('lierokeo  Indians.  It 
is  a  clear,  swift  nnd  IxMUtifid  stream,  about  l.^>()  y;irds  in  width,  nnd 
empties  into  the  Arkansas  on  lii<;  north  shore,  ai);)Ut4()  inih^s  below  tho 
junction  of  Verdi<,'ris  and  (ir.iiid  Kiver,  which  arc;  only  half  a  mile  distant 
from  each  other  at  their  points  of  entrances  The  Verdi<,'ria  is  the  upper 
branch.  Roth  this  and  (irand  River  come  in  from  the  north,  risin;^  in  the 
Osago  country.  The  next  stream  of  any  si/.e  is  the  I'oto,  coming 
from  the  south,  and  emptying  into  the  Arkansas  at  f'ort  Smith.  The 
above  mentioned  bninelu!s  all  belong  t«)  the  j-onntry  assigned  to  the  Indi- 
ans.     Crawford  county  joins  the  ("h(»claw  and  Cherok(.'o  line  on  tho  W. 

Wnshinmon  county  Wvh  N.  of  (^'rawfurd,  and  is  boundthi  on  tho  N.  by 
tho  Missouri  line.  The  f oiiiity  seat  is  Fayelteville.  Lee's  Creek  rises 
in  this  county.  It  is  n  fine,  rapid  stream,  ailordin^  ^'ood  mill  seals,  nnd 
discharges  its  waters  into  tla;  Arkansas  on  the  N.  about  8  miles  below 
Fort  Smith,  'i'his  county  is  the  best  watered  in  the  territory.  It  abounds 
in  tho  finest  springs,  burstinjf  from  the  limestone,  and  often  running  off 
in  bold  streams  suihcient  to  turn  a  mill.  It  is  vt^ry  hilly,  and  in  manj 
places  there  are  precipices  from  1  to  'MO  feet  in  height.  Some  of  the 
main  branches  of  White  Riviu*  traverse  it. 

Pope  county  is  next  in  (h'seending  tlu;  Arkansas.  It  has  no  strenma 
of  any  importance,  except  Illinois  Creek,  on  the  N.,and  Pcttijohn,onthe 
S.  Neither  of  these  arc  navigable  for  any  distance,  Conway  succeeds 
Pope,  and  has  no  stream  of  note,  except  Cadron  Creek,  which  empties 
into  Arkansas  from  thcN.,  and  is  navigable  for  a  short  distance  from  its 
mouth.  The  county  seat  is  Ilurrisburgh.  Pulaski  joins  Conway,  and 
is  also  destitute  of  large  streams.  Little  Rock  is  the  countyseat,  and 
the  seat  of  the  territorial  government.  It  is  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of 
the  Arkansas,  about  2.50  miles  by  water,  and  about  140  by  land  fron\  the 
Mississippi.  The  position  is  high  nnd  commanding,  ascending  gradually 
from  the  river  for  one  mile  and  a  half.  There  are  no  public  buildings  ex- 
cept a  wooden  jail  and  court  Iiouse;  l)Ut  among  the  private  buildings 
there  are  several  hiuidsomc  erections  of  brick  and  wood.  The  town  is 
spread  over  a  considerable  extent  of  ground,  and  contains  5  dry  goods 
stores,  besides  groceries  and  other  shops.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
trade,  and  promises  to  become  a  town  of  consequence.  The  smaller 
steam  boats  are  able  to  reach  (his  point  at  all  seasons.  Jeiferson  county 
lies  below,  and  E.  of  Pulaski.  No  streams  of  note  are  found  in  it,  ex- 
cept Plum  Bayou,  a  branch  of  the  Arkansas,  putting  out  on  the  N.  side, 


h' 


'f 


1  ' 


n 


« 


300 


APPRNDIX. 


and  running;  such  a  course,  as  to  form  nn  islnnti  holwrou  itself  nnd  the 
Arkansns  ot  HO  miles  in  lenytli,  and  from  1  to  N  or  10  in  width.  The 
county  seal  has  no  name  hut  I'inc  Bhill".  This  is  the  (iiMt  hi;L'li  land  ween 
in  nscendin^T  the  Arkansas.  Arkansas  connty  tniiches  .Tellrisitn.  [ts 
principal  streams  arc  IJiyoii  Metcau,  whicli  rises  in  I'niaski  county,  nnd 
runs  a  H.  M.  courno  of  nhout  100  milcv,  <  tnptyin;;  into  the  Arkansas  on 
ihe  N.  nhout  N  miles  al)ove  the  I'usf,  liy  hind,  and  VJO  hy  water,  and  the 
river  Aux  firucH,  or  Crnio  River,  whidi  also  rises  in  I'ulaski,  and  taking 
nn  castwardly  course,  dischar/icM  itsc^if  into  White  Jliver  ahout  l.'i  niilea 
from  the  mouth  of  the  hitter.  These  two  streams  run  alony  of)|)osito 
sides  of  the  liifj  Prairie,  which  ap[)eaM  lo  ho  the  dividin;,'  ridi,'o  hetween 
the  waters  of  «he  Arkansas  and  Wiiite  Kivcr.  This  county  reaches  to 
the  ^Mississippi. 

Crittenden  county  touches  the  Missouri  line  and  extends  to  island 
No.  Cn,  1  think.  Lawrence  joins  it  on  the  \V.  I'hillips  on  the  S.  and 
the  Mississippi  on  the  Kast.  Some  of  the  head  hranches  of  thoSt. 
Francis  pass  thrttuiih  the  western  part  (.f  it.  The  scat  of  justice  is  situ- 
ated at  the  upper  end  of  a  hend  of  the  Mississippi,  ahout  17  miles  nhove 
Memphis.  This  county  contains  lar</el»fidies  of  first  rate  land;  hut  like 
all  those,  which  horder  on  the  Mississippi,  it  is  <;ut  up  hy  lakes  marshes 
and  the  overflow  of  that  river.  Phillips  is  s(»ulh  of  tlie  latter,  I'last  of 
Monroe  and  St.  Francis,  and  north  of  Arkansas,  fts  streams  are  St. 
Francis  River,  and  Uij?  Creek.  The  St.  Francis  is  ahout  200  yards 
wide  at  its  mouth,  and  adbrds  a  considorahlc  loii^'th  of  navitration.  Big 
Creek  rises  in  the  high  lands  hack  of  this  river,  and  runs  nn  castwardly 
course,  cmptyinf,'  into  the  Mississippi  ahout  'JO  irules  helow  the  St.  Fran- 
cis. It  would  admit  of  navigation  for  a  short  distance.  This  cotmty 
has  large  bodies  of  excellent  land.  J  hdena,  the  seat  of  justice,  is  situated 
on  the  West  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  ahout  .^)  miles  below  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  Francis.  Here  is  the  only  point  of  highland,  that  comes  into  tlie 
Mississippi  on  its  west  side,  in  its  wliole  course  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Chicot  county  is  suutli  of  Arkansas,  east  of 
Union  and  Pulaski,  and  norUiof  the  Louisiana  lino.  It  contains  some  good 
land,  but  is  injured  by  lakes,  marshes  and  overflow.  Villemont  is  the 
county  town,  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  formerly  call- 
ed Point  Chicot.  Monroe  is  west  of  Phillips,  north  of  Arkansas,  south  of 
St.  Francis  and  east  of  Independence.  Its  streams  are  White  River  and 
Cachec.  The  former  forms  its  southern  limit,  and  divides  it  from  Ar- 
kansas county,  (^achee  rises  in  marshy  grounds,  and  runs  south  and 
empties  mto  White  river,  about  50  miles  above  its  mouth.  I  know  of 
no  name  for  its  seat  of  justice.  Such  is  the  mania  for  speculation  in 
town  making,  that  the  seat  of  justice,  particidarly  in  the  new  counties, 
changes  every  session  of  the  legislature,  'i'he  country  is  less  broken  in 
this  county,  than  in  those  on  the  Mississippi,  and  contains  large  quanti- 
ties of  fine  land  for  tillage.  St.  Francis  county  is  west  of  Phillips,  south 
ofMonroe,east  of  Jackson,  and  north  of  Lawrence  and  Crittenden.  St. 
Francis,  and  L3nguile,an  inGonsiderable  stream  entering  the  latter  on  the 
S.  side  are  its  chief  streams.  iSoil  and  face  of  the  country  much  the  same  as 
Monroe.  Independence  is  north  of  Pulaski  and  Conway,  west  of  Monroe, 
south  of  Lawrence,  and  east  of  Pope  and  Izard.  It  comprises  a  variety 
of  soil,  from  the  richest  bottom  lands  to  the  most  barren  hills.  The  face 
i;>f  the  country  at  a  distance  from  water  courses  is  very  much  broken  with 


r- 


M 


** 


A: 


f  "..  *l,K  'rr- 


•'^i.'!,n^s 


Al'PUNDlX. 


867 


IiiIIh,  cnvcrnl  with  rockH — linicHtono  iiIioiiihIh.     But  llio  low  \ii\u\a  uloiig 
llio  Hi  renins  .'in;  not  cMccilcd  in  tliocouiitry  ii*  I'iclincHMot'Hoil.     It  ia 
tincly  watoiftl  hy  tiiiincniiis  streams,  iniioii^  wliicli  are  White'  River  and  itn 
trihulnries,  viz.  Li'iMe  \lv<\,  Hiniuherry  and  IMark  rivers.    Hatrsvillo  situ- 
ated on  White  l?i\<'r,  and  .m  tli(f  main  road  hia<liiiij  throii^^'h  tlie  lerrit(»ry 
from  St.  liOiiis  to  'l'(>\a;',  's  the  s 'at  orjiistiee.     .laekson  is  east  of  Indc- 
penchnee,  south  of  I'lda^ki,  west  of  St.  I''nineis  and  imrtli  of  Lawrence. 
It  contains  hut  few  iidiahitanls,  and   n'seml)les  Ituhpendi^net;  in  tho  fuco 
of  tlie  eonntry.     hawreneu  is  N.  of  lii(Ie|>endenc(?  and  .laekson,  cnHt  of 
I/nrd,  w«!st  of  (Jritlenden  and  south  of  tliu  Missouri  line.     Face  of  tho 
country,  soil,«IV:c.  same  as  Independence.     Its  stre'ims  arc  tho  Black 
Jlivcr  and  its  trihutaiies,  Sprin;,'  and  Current  lliver.     Black  Ilivor  is 
navi/s'ahie  to  .hieksmi,  the  seat  of  justice,  and  empties  into  White  Rivor 
nhout  17  miles  heU)w  Batesville.     Steam  boats  have  ascended  White 
RivLT  to  BatesviUe;  and  it  is  presumed,  that  Hinall  steamers  muy  ascend 
Black  River  to  .laekson.  Ahove  t!i(;se  points,  thestrtiains  hecoino  too  rocky 
and  rapid  to  admit  of  safe  nuvi<iation.  .Tai^kson  is  also  on  tiic  road  leading 
from  St  Louis  to   'IVxaa.     I/ard  is  north  of  Pope,  cast  of  Washington 
west  of  TiUwrciice,  and  south  <d'the   Missouri  line.     Some  branches  of 
While  lliver  pasii  lluoujih  it.     The;  staple  |)rodu(!tions  of  these  counties 
at  present  are  cotton  and  corn.     A  considerablo  quantity  of  beef  and 
pork  is  also  exported  from  tliem.     Little  attention  has  been  paid  to  the 
raising  of  small  grain,  allhouj^h  wheat  ai.d  other  grain  grows  well.    Want 
of  proper  mills  prevent  their  cultivation  to  any  extent.     With  regard  to 
tho  njineral  and  fossils  of  the  i»arl  of  the  country,  of  which  I  iiavo  been 
speaking,  I  know  little.     An  ai)Uiidanee  of  stone  coal  is  found,  and  it 
is  known,  that  there  is  iron  ore  in  some  places. 

Hot  Spring  county  is  bounded  N.  by  Pulaski  and  Conway,  E.  by  Union, 
S.  by  Clark,  and  W.  by  Pope.  Tho  surface  of  this  county  is  uneven, 
mountainous  and  rocky,  and  has  but  a  small  portion  of  land  fit  for  culti- 
vation. Notwithstanding  its  poor  soil,  it  has  some  advantages  ovor  most 
of  the  other  counties  in  the  Territory.  Tho  springs,  from  which  it' takes 
its  name,  are  becoming  much  noticed,  and  of  late  years  have  been  visited 
by  persons  from  all  the  Western  States  for  health,  during  the  summer 
months.  They  have,  in  my  opinion,  no  medical  ellicucy,  separate  from 
that  of  an  crpial  temperature  of  increased  heat.  A  salutary  effect  has 
been  produced  in  most  cases  of  chronic  rheumatism.  I  have  known  in- 
dividuals who  have  sulfered  contractions  of  their  limbs  from  this  afflict- 
ing and  paiid'ul  disease,  completely  relieved  by  bathing  in  these  waters 
for  some  length  of  time.  The  water  a[)pears  to  contain  as  little  foreign 
mixture,  as  the  purest  springs  of  the  north;  and  is  as  limpid.  In  the 
neighborhood  of  the  springs  is  an  excellent  quarry  of  whetstone,  said  by 
judges  to  bo  e(iual  to  the  Turkey  stone.  This  county  contains  large 
quantities  of  iron  ore,  some  of  wi)ich  is  highly  magnetic.  The  springs 
issue  from  the  foot  of  two  opposite  hills  of  nearly  equal  elevation,  of 
between  4  and  .500  feet.  The  valley  runs  from  north  to  south.  A  small 
stream  passes  through  it.  Upon  reaching  the  springs,  it  is  so  much  enlarg- 
ed, as  to  alVord  suilicient  water  to  turn  a  mill.  On  the  cast  side  of  the 
valley  alioutUO  springs  boil  up,  the  water  of  which  will  harden  an  egg  in 
15  minutes.  But  one  comes  from  the  western  side.  Tlie  creek  empties 
into  the  Washita,  about  7  miles  south  of  the  springs. 

Clark  county  is  joined  S.  by  Hempstead,  W.  by  Crawford,  N.  by  Hot 
Spring,  and  E.  by  Union.     It  is  (juitc  hilly,  and  alfords  a  considerable 


A 


263 


▲PFI2NDIX. 


proportion  of  good  land,  and  is  well  watered,  as  tho  Washita  and  two  of 
its  branches  run  through  it.  The  names  of  the  branches  are  the  Little 
Missouri  and  the  Fourche  Cado,  which  empties  into  it  on  the  S.  side,  a 
few  miles  above  the  entrance  of  tho  Little  Missouri.  They  both  come 
in  on  the  same  side,  and  bear  a  N.  E.  course.  The  road,  of  which  I  have 
spoken,  leading  from  St.  Louis  to  Texas,  passes  directly  through  this 
county.  Very  little  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  subject  of  minerals  in 
this  region.  Some  salt  is  made.  The  seat  of  justice  has  been  moved 
almost  every  session  of  tlie  lerr-shiture.  In  lact  it  has  been  so  constantly 
on  the  move,  that  we  can  hardly  find  a  re3lin<r  place,  or  name,  for  it. 

Hempstead  is  S.  of  Clark,  E.  of  JMiller  and  Sevier,  N.  of  the  Mexican 
line,  and  W.  of  Lafayette.  A  great  proportion,  of  this  county  is  good 
land.  The  face  of  the  country  is  beautifully  diversified  with  gentle  swells 
and  vallies.  On  the  liighest  ridges  are  found  great  quantities  of  muscle 
shells  of  a  very  large  size.  But  it  is  not  abundant  in  streams.  There  are 
some  springs  of  good  water,  but  they  arc  not  plenty.  -'J'he  only  navigable 
stream  is  Red  River;  and  to  reach  this  county  by  means  of  it,  the  Great 
Raft  must  be  passed.  Tho  bois  d'arc,  yellow,  or  Indian  bow  wood,  grows 
abundantly,  and  to  a  considerable  size  lierc.  The  Little  Missouri  runs 
through  the  northern  part  of  it.     The  seat  of  justice  is  Washington. 

Sevier  is  S.  and  W.  of  Hempstead,  N.  of  the  Mexican  line,  and  E.  of 
Miller.  No  water  courses  of  note,  except  Red  River.  Face  of  the 
country  much  like  Hempstead.  Considerable  quantities  of  salt  have 
been  made  in  it. 

Miller  is  W.  of  Crawford,  E.  of  the  Choctaw  eastern  boundary  line, 
and  N.  of  the  Mexican  line.  Red  River  is  the  only  navigable  stream. 
The  northern  parts  are  hilly;  but  near  tho  banks  of  Red  River,  there  is 
some  very  good  land.  Rio  Micha,  a  considerable  stream,  runs  through 
the  western  part  of  it.  The  mouth  of  this  stream  is  the  point  where  the 
eastern  boundary  line  intersects  Red  River. 

Sevier  is  S.  of  the  Louisiana  line  and  Red  River,  W.  of  Hempstead, 
and  E.  and  N,  of  Union  and  Clark.  It  is  tolerably  level,  and  a  great 
portion  of  it  first  rate  soil,  but  not  well  watered.  The  only  navigable 
stream  is  Red  River.  There  is  a  large  savanna,  or  prairie,  called  Prairie 
Long,  in  it,  running  E.  and  W.  for  a  considerable  distance,  parallel  with 
Red  River. 

Union  joins  the  Louisiana  line  on  the  S.  E.,  Chicot  on  the  E.  Clark 
and  Hempstead  S.;  and  Jefferson  N.  The  character  of  the  soil  of  this 
county  is  various.  It  presents  hills,  swamps,  and  a  portion  cf  first  rate 
land.  The  Washita  runs  through  it,  and  in  it  receives  Saline  Creek,  a 
beautiful,  clear  and  rapid  stream  fron  the  N.  W.  Seat  of  justice  Corea 
Fabre. 

I  have  aimed,  in  the  foregoing  sketch,  to  come  as  near  the  truth,  as 
possible.  Descriptions  have  been  given  of  detached  portions  of  this  ter- 
ritory, greatly  overrating  its  advantages.  Persons  have  visited  it  upon 
the  strength  of  these  representations,  and  being  disappointed,  their  esti- 
mate has  fallen  as  much  too  lovv',  ns  it  had  been  raised  before  too  high. 
I  have  neither  added  nor  diminished,  concealed  any  disadvantages,  nor 
blazoned  any  advantages.  I  am  aware,  that  the  prejudice,  originating  as 
I  have  -"Pntioned,  has  had  a  tendency,  for  some  years,  to  keep  the  terri- 
tory in  the  hack  ground. 

The  exports  of  the  territory  of  Arkansn?  are  cotton,  corn,  beef  hide,?, 
peltries,  live  cattle,  cypress  timber,  plank,  &c, 


'm-i-~i- 


d  two  of 
[he  Little 
S.  side,  a 
oth  come 
ich  I  have 
Dugh  this 
inerals  in 
en  moved 
onstantly 
le,  for  it. 
J  Mexican 
ty  is  good 
itle  swells 
of  muscle 
There  are 

navigable 
the  Great 
3od,  grows 
souri  runs 
ngton. 

and  E.  of 
ice  of  the 

salt  have 

ndary  line, 
le  stream, 
er,  there  is 
ns  through 
;  where  the 

empstead, 

nd  a  great 

navigable 

ed  Prairie 

irallel  with 

e  E.  Clark 
soil  of  this 
if  first  rate 
16  Creek,  a 
itice  Corea 

truth,  as 
of  this  ter- 
ted  it  upon 
their  esti- 
e  too  high 
itages, 
ginating  as 
p  the  terri- 

beef  hides, 


o 

nor 


APPENDIX. 


369 


Alahama.  First  settlement,  long  before  it  contained  many  civilized 
inhabitaiits.  Since  1810  the  increase  of  population  has  been  rapid. 
Territorial  government  1817.  Constitution  1811).  Admitted  into  the 
Union  1820.  Tiie  legislative  power  is  similar  to  that  of  Tennessee. 
The  Ilepvesenlatives  are  elect  pel  annually,  and  in  proportion  to  the  pop- 
ulation. They  (laiuiol  exceed  100  nor  fall  short  of  60.  The  Senators 
are  chosen  ior  three  yeais,  one -tliird  every  year.  The  Senators  cannot 
be  less  than  one-fourth,  nor  more  than  one-third  of  the  number  of  Rep- 
resentatives. The  executive  pov/er  rests  with  the  Governor,  elected  for 
two  years,  and  eligible  four  years  out  of  six.  The  Assembly  meets  at 
Tuscaloosa.  Every  white  male  citizen  of  21,  having  resided  one  year  in 
the  state,  and  tlie  last  three  months  in  the  county  or  town,  is  qualified  to 
vote.  The  judiciary  isasupremo  court,  circuit  courts,  &-c.  The  judges, 
after  1803,  ;i re  to  be  elected  by  both  Houses  every  six  years.  Salary 
(iovernor  $j2,0(H).  Banks  2.  Capital  ,S1  J86,927  09,  exclusive  of  the 
United  States  Bank.  Sends  3  Representatives  to  Congress.  Post  Of- 
liccs  160.     This  is  the  15th  state  in  the  Union,  in  point  of  numbers. 

Mississippi.  First  settlement  1710.  Ceded  to  the  English.  Terri- 
torial govennnenl,  179S.  An  imlf^pendent  state  1817.  Constitution 
same  year.  A  Senate  and  House  of  Re[)iosentatives  form  the  General 
Assembly.  The  Representatives  are  elected  annually,  in  the  ratio  of  one 
to  every  3,000  wliite  inhabitants.  When  the  inhabitants  exceed  80,000 
the  Representatives  cannot  bo  less  tli ;  ;J(),  nor  more  than  100.  The 
Senators  elected  for  three  years,  one-thud  chosen  annually.  Their  num- 
ber is  limited  between  one-fourth  and  one-third  of  that  of  the  Represen- 
tatives. The  Governor  is  the  executive  officer,  elected  for  two  years. 
The  General  Assenibly  meets  at  .lackson  annually.  The  qualifications 
of  a  voter  arc  being  21  years  of  age,  residence  of  6  months  in  the  coun- 
ty, being  enrolled  in  the  militia,  and  paying  taxes.  The  judiciary  is  a 
supreme  and  inferior  courts,  iSoc.  The  judges  are  elected  by  the  General 
Assembly,  and  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  till  the  age  of  65, 
Salary  Governor  ^2,500.  Bank  of  the  state  at  Natchez  has  3  branches, 
and  a  capital  of  i^\  ,000,000.  Sends  1  Representative  to  Congress. 
Post  Olliccs  108.  This  is  the  twenty-second  state  in  the  Union,  in  point 
of  numbers. 

The  following  notices  of  the  state  of  Mississippi,  from  Mr.  Dunbar, 
were  received  subse(iuently  to  the  publication  of  the  Geography  of  that 
fciate,  in  the  1st  volume  cf  this  work.  In  following  an  incompetent  guide 
sc  .ne  mistakes  crept  into  that  work,  in  regard  to  the  names  and  number 
of  the  counties.  This  information,  in  reference  to  the  interior  of  a  state, 
about  which  less  is  known,  perhaps,  than  the  interior  of  any  state  in  the 
Union,  is  deemed  too  important  to  be  omitted,  though  some  parts  of  it 
may  have  been  anticipated.  'The  state  of  Mississippi  is  divided  into 
26  counties.  The  principal  town  is  Natchez,  Adams  county,  containing 
2,790  inhabitants,  of  which  1,447  are  slaves  and  free  colored  persons. 
That  part  of  the  town,  called  "under  the  hill"  is  one  of  the  most  noted 
places,  in  the  view  of  boatmen,  on  the  whole  course  of  .'he  Mississippi; 
and  was  formerly  the  scene  of  more  profiigacy  and  outrage,  than,  perhaps, 
any  otlicr  place  in  the  United  States.  But,  owing  to  the  establishment 
f»f  a  vigilant  and  severe  system  of  police,  and  to  the  decrease  of  trade  by 
Hut  boats,  it  has  become  comparatively  a  sober  place.  Almost  all  tho 
Vol.  II.  88 


"WS^ 


V. 


270 


APPENDIX. 


produce  business  of  the  upper  cotiiiliy  in  carried  on  (here  by  otir  most 
respectable  merchants  in  tlial  line.  It  contains  4  churclies,  the  Presby- 
terian, which  is  a  very  handsome  edifice,  the  Episcopal  also  showing  taste 
in  the  architecture,  and  a  Methodist  and  Baptist  clnirch,  one  of  which  is 
of  brick.  A  Masonic  Ilall  is  situated  on  the  principal  street,  and  pre- 
sents a  specimen  of  good  architectural  taste. 

There  are  3  Banks  in  Natchez;  the  Brancli  Bank  of  the  United  States, 
the  Planter's  Bank,  a  new  institution,  created  at  our  last  session,  and  the 
Bank  of  the  State  of  Mississippi,  dating  its  commencement  in  the  year 
1811.  It  has  branches  at  Woodville,  Port  nil)son,  and  Vicksburgh. 
Fort  Rosalie,  commanding  a  view  of  the  Mississippi,  near  this  place,  is 
strongly  identified  with  the  early  history  of  our  state,  and  the  cruel  wars 
which  ended  in  the  extermination  of  that  gallant  tribe  of  Indians,  whose 
name  was  given  to  our  town.  The  health  of  Natchez  is  uniformly  good, 
except  when  the  epidemic  yellow  fever  visits  us.  lis  first  appearance 
was  in  1817,  since  which  we  have  been  repeatedly  scourged  by  it;  though 
we  have  escaped  it  the  two  last  years.  The  disease  has  always  been  of 
a  particularly  malignant  character  Jiere. 

Tlie  next  town  in  point  of  population,  is  Port  Gibson,  in  Claiborne 
county,  which  contains  1,500  inhabitants.  It  is  a  {dace  of  considerable 
business,  and  is  situated  on  Bayou  Pierre,  about  10  miles  from  its  de- 
bouche  into  the  Mississippi.  It  is  navigable  to  tliis  point  only  in  high 
water;  and  much  of  the  business  is  carried  on  through  a  small  town 
situated  on  u.  point  of  the  Mississipi)i,  called  t)ic  Grand  Gulf.  It  is  some- 
times very  unhealthy,  owing,  probably,  to  the  vicinity  of  extensive  swamps. 
Vicksburgh  is  in  Warren  county,  and  is  a  flourishing  town  of  recent  ori- 
gin, sustamed  by  an  extensive  and  rich  back  country,  and  by  being  the 
only  convenient  site  for  a  town  for  many  miles  above  and  below.  Still 
further  up  is  Manchester,  in  Yazoo  county,  on  the  river  Yazoo,  a  small 
town,  but  rapidly  increasing.  The  conligu<Jus  county  is  very  fertile, 
producing  large  crops  of  cotton,  which  are  shipped  fro»^  Manchester  on 
steam  boats,  which  reach  that  place  in  high  water  with  jut  difficulty. 

Memphis  is  considered  at  present  as  included  within  the  territorial 
limits  of  Tennessee,  though  we  lay  claim  to  it;  and  a  resolution  of  our 
legislature  has  empowered  theexeoutive  to  appoint  a  conmiissioner  on  our 
part,  to  determine  at  what  point  the  35°  of  latitude,  our  northern  bound- 
ary, crosses  the  Mississippi.     The  result  will  soon  be  known. 

As  to  our  seat  of  government,  Jackson,  in  Hinds  county,  the  less  said 
about  it,  the  better.  It  is  on  Pearl  River,  which  is  not  navigable  to  that 
point,  except  in  the  extreme  of  hii>h  water.  The  surrounding  country  is 
the  picture  of  sterility.  The  public  buildings  are  mere  temporary  struc- 
tures, and  it  contains  few  inhabitanis,  beside  the  officers  of  governnient. 
The  necessity  of  removing  the  scat  of  government  lo  a  more  eligible  po- 
sition is  so  apparent,  that  no  new  appropriation  willbe  made  for  buildings, 
which  would  soon  be  abandoned.  Clinton,  in  the  same  county,  is  a 
pleasant  little  village,  a  place  of  resort  ta  iho  suniir  m*  for  i-  salubrity, 
and  for  drinking  the  waters  of  itssu![)h;:,  sprl.t^.  '..>.,'•■  .  n  Wilkin- 
son county,  is  a  handsome  village,  rontainiiifi  about  SOO  iiiliabiumis,  and 
being  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  county,     if  a  projocti'd  rail  roiid,  tu<'oi> 


nect  it  with  St.  Francisvillo  in  Louisianfi, 
become  a  place  of  commercial  importance. 
according  to  the  returns  of  the  marshal,  a 


siioiild   be  ctmtploioilj  li  will 

l^he  p'^puiatiou  of  oi<r  stiut, 

136,80G.     Free  while  males 


■'t#^' 


APPENDIX. 


271 


38,407 


Females  32,1 -il.  I'otal  70,618.  Male  slaves  33,072.  Fe- 
male 3"J,r)87.  Total  Shi ves  05,Gr>J),  Free  colored  males  292.  Females 
237.  Total  of  free  colored  i)ersoiis  521).  In  the  appointment  of  Rep- 
resentatives to  Conyress,  our  population  will  therefore  be  rated  at  110,330; 
and  \vc  are  therefore  entitled  to  another  vote  on  the  lloor  of  Congress. 


town 


Louisiana.  First  Hettlemont  lO'.K).  Purchased  by  the  United  States 
1803.  1801  sot  aparf,  as  the  Territory  of  Orleans.  Admitted  into  the 
Union  1812.  ^Joiisiilutiiin  same  year.  A  Senate  and  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives I'orrn  the  loffislative  |)o\v('r,  styled  tlie  (Jenoral  Assembly. 
The  Roi)reseiitativ<!s  canno)  exceed  .^)(),  iii»r  fall  short  of  2.">,  and  are  ap- 
portioned according  to  the  muiibfr  ol"  electors, as  a?ccrtaiiied  by  enumer- 
ation every  1  years.  Thi;  slate  is  divided  into  1(»  senatorial  districts, 
each  of  \vl»ich  furnishes  one  Senator.  They  are  elected  for  4  years,  half 
chosen  every  1\vi>  vears.  A  (Joveruor  is  the  executive,  eleeted  for  4  years. 
The  people  vole  for  (lovernor  at  I  Ik;  same  time  with  the  Representatives 
and  Senators.  The  two  (lou^^ns  then  elect  one  of  the  Ivvfi  c;mdidates 
elected  by  the  jieople.  The  Assomljly  meets  annually  at  Donaldsonville. 
Every  white  citizen  of  21,  who  has  resided  one  year  in  the  county  next 
preccdinjT  the  election,  and  paid  a  si  ile  tax  within  ti  months  preceding, 
is  entitled  to  vote.  A  supreme  court  and  inferior  courts  constitute  the 
judiciary.  The  judges  are  appointed  by  the  Governor  with  the  Senate, 
and  hold  their  offices  durinjj  fjood  behaviour.  Salary  Governor  ,•^7,500. 
Banks  4.  One  of  them  has  .'i  branches.  Whole  capital  jf^8,500,000,  ex- 
clusive of  the  United  States  IJank.  S.;nds  3  Representatives  to  Congress. 
Post  Offices  03.  Louisiana  is  the  nineteenth  state  in  the  Union,  in  point 
of  numbers. 

Florida.  Conquered  by  llie  Spaniards  1739.  Ceded  to  Great  Britain 
1703,  and  divided  into  R.  and  W.  Florida.  1781  recovered  by  Spain. 
1821  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States.  1822  two  divisions  united 
imder  one  government,  called  the  Territory  of  Florida.  Legislative 
council  composed  of  10  members,  meets  at  Tallahassee.  Judges  4. 
Salary  Governor  $2,500.  Capital  of  the  Bank  of  Florida  $600,000. 
Post  Offices  38.     Sends  1  Delegate  to  Congress. 

District  of  Columhia.  Ceded  to  the  United  States  1700,  and  is  under 
the  immediate  government  of  Congress.  The  City  of  Washington 
within  the  district  became  the  seat  of  the  United  States  Government, 
1800.  The  Congress  of  the  United  States  meets  here  every  year  on  the 
first  Monday  in  December,  and  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
annually  on  the  second  Monday  in  January.  Banks  in  the  District  13, 
exclusive  of  llie  United  States  Bank.     Post  Offices  3. 


# 


CONTENTS  OF  VOL.    II. 


Brigf  General  View  of  the  United  States,  3 ;  Mountains,  4 ;  Lakes, 
Rivers,  Geology,  and  Physical  Aspect,  Climate,  5;  Soil,  Productions, 
Articles  of  Export,  6;  Rankof  Chief  Towns,?;  Canals  and  Rail  Roads, 
7;  Schools,  Religion,  9;  Military  Torce,  Revenue,  Federal  Constitution, 
10;  Aborigines,  11;  Public  Lands,  12;  Public  iJebt,  Appropriations, 
Manufactures,  General  Remarks,  13. 

Atlantic  States.  Maine,  General  Aspect,  Climate,  Productions, 
17;  Harbors,  Bays,  Population,  Rivers,  Lakes,  Manufaclu>cs,  Towns, 
18;  Education,  Religion.  19;  Government,  Panoramic  View,  20. 

New  Hampshire,  Divisions,  Population,  20 ;  Aspect,  Lakc«i,  Rivers, 
21;  Towns,  22;  Literary  Institutions,  Character  of  the  Population, 
Rivers,  Lakes,  Towns,  25;  Religious  Character,  Literature,  Exports, 
26. 


Massachusetts,  Divisions,  Population,  Aspect,  27;  Education,  28; 
Religion,  Mountains,  Rivers,  Bays,  Chief  Towns,  20;  Islands,  Roads 
an*'  Ganals,  Productions,  History,  36. 

Rhode  Island,  Counties,  Population,  Physical  Aspect,  Rivers,  Bays  and 
Islands,  Productions,  37;  Chief  Towns,  38;  Exports,  39. 

Connecticut,  39;  Divisions,  Population,  Physical  Aspect,  Productions, 
Rivers,  Religion,  40;  Literature,  Manufactures,  Towns,  41 ;  Roads  and 
Canals,  &c.,  Manners,  Minerals  and  Fossils,  4S. 


■■— ^-  ii»^:- 


CONTENTS. 


27.3 


New  York,  Divisions,  Population,  44;  Physical  Aspect,  Islands, 
Mountains,  Rivers  and  Lakes,  45;  Canals,  40;  Watering  Places,  Mineral 
Waters,  47;  Productions,  Exports,  Climate,  Natives,  Chief  Towns,  48; 
Scenery,  55;  Education,  56 ;  General  Statistics,  Manufactures,  57. 

New  Jersey,  Physical  Aspect,  Rivors,  Divisions,  Population,  Climate, 
Products,  58;  Manufactures,  Religious  Denominations,  Literature,  59; 
Chief  Towns,  00;  Roads  and  Canals,  01, 

Pennsylvania,  01 ;  Divisions,  Population,  Physical  Aspect,  02;  Soil, 
and  Productions,  Religion,  Rivers,  03;  Canals  and  Rail  Roads,  04; 
Manufactures,  Education,  05 ;  Chief  Towns,  00. 

Delaware,  Physical  Aspect,  Divisions,  Population,  Shipping,  Manufac- 
tures and  Commerce,  71 ;  Canals,  Literature,  Religion,  Chief  Towns, 
72;  History,  7(3. 

Maryland,  Divisions,  Population,  Physical  Aspect,  73;  Productions, 
Rivers,  Climate,  74;  Religion,  Literature,  Exports,  Roads  and  Canals, 
75;  Chief  Towns,  77;  Manners  of  the  People,  79. 

District  of  Columbia,  Divisions,  Population,  Towns,  79. 

Virginia,  81;  Divisions,  82;  Population,  Physical  Aspect,  Rivers,  82; 
Productions,  Minerals  and  Fossils,  81;  Canals,  Climate,  Curiosities,  80; 
Religion,  87;  Education,  Exports,  Chief  Towns,  88;  Character  and 
Manners,  90. 

North  Carolina,  Divisions,  Population,  Physical  Aspect,  91 ;  Soil  and 
Productions,  Minerals,  Rivers,  92;  Climate,  ('hiof  Towns,  93 ;  Educa- 
tion, Roads  and  Canals,  Cicncral  Remarks,  95. 

South  Carolina,  Divisions,  Population,  Physical  Aspect,  90;  Climate, 
Productiors,  97 ;  Minerals,  River,--,  98 ;  Exports,  Literature,  Chief  Towns, 
99;  Roads  and  Canals,  Religion,  General  Remarks,  101. 


I 


Georgia,  Divisions,  102;  Population,  Physical  Aspect,  Climate,  102; 
Productions,   Exports,  Canals  and  Inlernnl   frnprovements,  Education, 


274 


<'ONTENTS. 


Natives,  101;  Rivers,  Islands,  Cliinf  Towns,  105;  Minerals,  100;  Re- 
ligion, General  Remarks,  107. 

Danish  Possessions  in  North  America,  Position,  (/liniuto,  Soil  and  Coun- 
try,  108;  Smoke  of  Fee,  Animals,  I'lxports,  Natives,  Lan<,nmj;e,  Imple- 
ments and  Canoes,  101);  Character,  Religion,  l*opulation,  Towns,  110. 

Iceland,  110;  Rocks,  Mountains,  Volcanoes,  Hot  S[)rings,  Fossils, 
Air,  Cliniatc,  111;  Vegetation,  Domestic  v\riimals,  Fish,  Divisions, 
Towns,  112;  Comnjercc,  InliabitPiits,  lUf. 

Spitsbergen,  113;  Whale  fishery.  Floating  Wood,  114. 

New  Siberia,  Russian  America,  Physical  Aspect,  114;  Natives,  Com- 
merce of  the  Russians,  11.^). 

British  Possessions  in  North  America,  Physical  Aspect,  Rivers,  110; 
Climate,  Soil,  Fish,  Animals,  Vogetation,  Trade,  Lord  Selkirk,  Natives, 
117;  Knisteneaux  [ndians,  IIH. 

Labrador,  118;     Moravians,  Icy  Archipelago,  111). 

British  America,  111);  New  Fotmdland,  Productions,  Climate, Banks, 
Fish,  Dog,  130;  Population,  Inhabitants,  121. 

Nova  Scotia,  Climate,  Trees,  Chief  Towns,  121 ;  Cape  Breton,  Prince 
Edward's  Island,  and  Anticosti,  122;  New  Brunswick,  St.  John's  River, 
Population,  Towns,  122;  (Jaspee,  123. 

Lower  Canada,  Divisions,  Rivers,  123;  Montmorency  Cascade,  Soil 
and  Climare,  Agriculture,  124;  Animals,  Metals,  Chief  Towns,  125; 
Commerce,  Population,  12();  Amusements,  Society,  Government, 
Revenue,  Expenses,  127;  Military  Importance,  Savages,  History, 
128. 


Upper  Canada,  Divisions,  Population,  12S;  Rivers,  Soil  and  Produc- 
tions, Climate,  Animals,  Towns,  Lakes,  121):  Canals.  130. 


ile- 


CONTENTS. 


275 


Mexican  Republic,  Physical  Aspect,  I'M ;  Provinces,  Square  Miles, 
Population,  Chief  Towns,  1.'12;  Divisions,  Mountains,  l.'Jli;  Mines,  Riv- 
ers, liakes,  int;  Ifarhors,  Climate,  Piiriodical  Rains,  13.5;  New  Mexico, 
Vegetable  Productions,  ll{(»;  Edible  Plants,  137;  Zoology,  137;  Popu- 
lation, 138;  Langiingcis,  To])ography,  MO;  Bavagcs,  14ii;  Provinces, 
Chief  Towns,  and  Mines,  1 12;  History,  110. 


•  (I 


South  America,  General  Aspect,  H7;  Rivers,  I'lH;  Moimlains,  149; 
T(!nii>erature,  150;  Animals,  Caraccas,  151;  Population,  152;  Spanish 
Guiana,  Chief  Towns,  Black  Waters,  I/lanos,  153;  New  (irenada, 
Chief  Towns,  151;  Volcanoes,  The  Gallipagos,  Peru,  157;  Mines, 
Towns,  15H;  Population  and  Character  of  the  lnlial)itants,  15i); 
Paper  Insect,  1(50;  Chili,  Paraguay,  Terra  Magellanica  or  Patagonia, 
100;  Aspect  of  Chili,  and  Productions,  1(»();  Animals,  101 ;  Towns,  101 ; 
Cuyo,  101;  Tucuman,  1(>2;  Paraguay,  1(')2;  Towns,  ir»2;  Monte  Video, 
Missions,  Buenos  Ayres,  103;  Adjacent  Provinces,  101;  Patagonia, 
Straits  of  Magellan,  104;  History,  lf>5;  Government,  100;  Brazil,  In- 
habitants, Soil,  100;  Climate,  Minerals,  Precious  Stones,  6lc.  107; 
Plants,  108;  Birds,  Departments,  (!hief  Towns,  100;  Rio  Grande,  St. 
Catherine,  Plain  of  Corritiva,  District  of  Santos,  San  Paulo,  Minas 
Geraes,  170;  Goycz,  Baliia,  Pernambuco,  Piauhy,  Grand  Para  and  Rio 
Negro,  171;  Natives,  Government,  Guiana,  Seasons,  172;  Diseases, 
Inundations,  Medicinal  Plants,  Forest  Trees,  173;  Quadrupeds,  174; 
Essequibo,  Demarara  and  Berbice,  174;  Surinam,  Revolted  Negroes, 
175;  Cayenne,  Indians,  170. 


*l 


West  Indies  or  Columbian  Archipelago,  17(5;  Animals,  177;  Inhabit- 
ants, Population,  178;  Cuba,  17f);  Jamaica,  180;  St.  Domingo,  180; 
Porto  Rico,  181 ;  Bahamas,  182;  Santa  Cruz,  Anguilla,  182;  St.  Mar- 
tin''s,  St.  Bartholomew,  St.  Eustatia,  Antigua,  St.  Christo|)ber''s,Guada- 
loupe,  183;  Martinico,  Barbadocs,  Tobago,  Trinidad,  185;  Curacoa, 
185;  Bonair  and  Aruba,  180,  'J'nuh;  of  the  West  Indies;  Morning  m  the 
Antilles,  188. 


Ajtkndix,  180;  Area  of  the  country  wi^-jrcl  hy  the  principal  rivers 
and  branches  in  the  llniled  Stales,  180;  Meteorological  Tal)lc,  101; 
Trees  common  to  liouisi^ina,  l'.K>;  l''lora  of  [iOuisv>!ic,  100;  Cryptoga- 
niia,201;  Flora  of  r\'acliituches,  205;  l.isl  of  tiie  Aiiiniais  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,207;  Catalogue  of  I'irds  most  connnouly  seen  betweiMi 
the  Lakes  and  the  Sabine,  208;  ljcligii)us  Deiiontiiiations  in  the  Wcstiun 
Countiy,  200;  Religious  Denoniinatioiis  in  the  United  Statef',210;  Kx- 


270 


CONTENTS. 


4 


ports  from  Cincinnati  and  New  Orleans,  211;  Steam  Bouts,  on  the  West- 
ern Waters;  Prices  of  passage  from  different  points,  212;  Military  Posts 
and  Arsenals,  212;  Census  of  the  United  States  for  1830;  Number  of 
free  white  males, 214;  Free  white  females,  21("»;  Male  slaves,  220,  Fe- 
male slaves,  221;  Free  colo.  d  males,  222;  Free  colored  females, 223; 
White  persons  included  in  the  foregoing  who  are  deaf  and  dumb  or  blind, 
or  aliens,  or  foreigners  not  naturalized,  220;  Slaves  and  colored  persona 
included  in  the  foregoing,  who  arc  deaf  or  dutnb,  or  blind,  227 ;  Recap- 
itulation exhibiting  the  general  aggregate  of  each  description  of  persons 
in  the  United  States. 


4_  -'t 


Population  of  the  Counties  and  County  Towns  of  the  different  States, 
according  to  the  census  of  1830, 231 ;  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
231;  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  232;  New- York,  233 ; 
New  Jersey,  231;  Pennsylvania,  233;  Delaware,  Maryland,  230;  Vir- 
ginia, 237;  North  Carolina,  240;  South  Carolina,  241;  Georgia,  242; 
Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  244;  Tennessee,  245 ;  Kentucky  247; 
Ohio,  250;  Indiana,  251,-  Illinois,  252;  Missouri,  253;  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, Florida  Territory,  253 ;  Michigan  Territory,  Arkansas  Territory' 
254. 

Miscellaneous  Statistical  Table,  255.  Synopsis  of  the  Political  Sta- 
tistics of  the  states  in  their  order,  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  257 ;  Vermont, 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  258;  Connecticut,  New- York,  New-Jersey, 
259  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  260;  Virginia,  North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina,  261 ;  Georgia,  Ohio,  Michigan  262;  Kentucky,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  263;  Missouri,  Tennessee,  Arkansas  Territory,  Note  containing 
specific  and  important  information  relative  to  the  latter,  264 ;  Alabama, 
Mississippi,  Note  containing  important  information  with  regard  to  the 
latter,  269;  Louisiana,  Florida,  District  of  Columbia,  271. 


# 


'^. 


#■ 


"<. 


'''d' 


•^ft 


'  '■*. 


i 


■t  ■* 


•  niiBPIfnltj 


